copyright © 2010 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 9 cross-cultural...
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 9
Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads
1
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Classical Era witnessed the growth and consolidation of vast empires, such as
Rome China and Parthia
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chinese Soldier
Roman Soldiers
Parthian Soldier
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The relative political stability, economic prosperity, and close proximity of their borders encouraged an unprecedented growth in long-distance trade.
Regular land and sea trading routes, collectively known as the Silk Roads, became established thoroughfares for the spread of goods from the coast of China to Western Europe. This extensive trading network had several consequences, both intended and unintended.
**Regions began to specialize in certain products that were particularly valuable as trade goods.
**Merchants, traders, mariners, and bankers became much more wealthy and influential than they had ever been before.
**Merchants, travelers, and missionaries carried popular religious beliefs to distant lands via the silk roads. Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Mithraism in particular became much more widespread.
**Disease pathogens were carried to populations that had no immunities to them, causing widespread epidemics throughout Eurasia. Inadvertently, these epidemics contributed to the downfall of the Han and Roman Empires.
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Bezeklik Grottoes along the Silk Road
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The western end of the Great Wall of China
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Long-Distance Travel in the Ancient World
Lack of police enforcement outside of established settlements
Changed in classical period Improvement of infrastructure Development of empires
7
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Along the ancient Silk Road
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Traders on the Silk Road
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Trade Networks Develop Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek
colonization
Maintenance of roads and bridges
Discovery of monsoon wind patterns
Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open routes
11
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Trade in the Hellenistic World Bactria/India
Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls
Persia and Egypt Grain
Mediterranean Wine, oil, jewelry, art
Development of professional merchant class
12
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Silk Roads
Named for principal commodity from China
Dependent on imperial stability
Overland trade routes from China to Roman empire
Sea lanes and maritime trade as well
13
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Silk Roads, 200 BCE – 300 CE
14
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Organization of Long-Distance Trade
Divided into small segments
Tariffs and tolls finance local supervision
Tax income incentives to maintain safety, maintenance of passage
15
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes
India through central Asia to east Asia
Cosmopolitan centers promote development of monasteries to shelter traveling merchants
Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads, 200 BCE – 700 CE
16
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, 200 BCE – 400 CE
17
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Buddhism in China
Originally, Buddhism restricted to foreign merchant populations
Gradual spread to larger population, beginning 5th century CE
19
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Buddhism and Hinduism in Southeast Asia
Sea lanes in Indian Ocean
1st century CE, clear Indian influence in southeast Asia
Sanskrit used for written communication Buddhism and Hinduism increasingly popular faiths
20
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Christianity in Mediterranean Basin Gregory the Wonderworker, central Anatolia,
3rd century CE
Christianity spreads through Middle East, North Africa, Europe
Sizeable communities as far east as India
Judaism and Zoroastrianism also practiced
21
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ancient frescoe portraying Jesus as the good shepherd
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Ancient frescoe of Christ and Apostles
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Jesus entering Jerusalem
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Christianity in Southwest Asia
Influence of ascetic practices from India
Desert-dwelling hermits, monastic societies
After 5th century CE, followed Nestorius Emphasized human nature of Jesus
25
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Spread of Manichaeism Mani, Zoroastrian prophet (216–272 CE)
Influenced by Christianity and Buddhism
Dualist Good vs. evil Light vs. dark Spirit vs. matter
26
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Mani
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Manichaean Society
Devout: “the elect” Ascetic lifestyle Celibacy, vegetarianism Life of prayer and fasting
Laity: “the hearers” Material supporters of “the elect”
28
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Decline of Manichaeism Spread through silk routes to major cities in
Roman empire
Zoroastrian opposition provokes Sassanid persecution
Mani arrested, dies in captivity
Romans, fearing Persian influence, also persecute
29
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Spread of Epidemic Disease Role of trade routes in spread of pathogens
Limited data, but trends in demographics reasonably clear
Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague
Effect: economic slowdown, move to regional self-sufficiency
30
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires
0102030405060
ca. 0CE
ca.200CE
ca.400CE
ca.600CE
Chinese Population, 0-600 CE
Millions
0102030405060
ca. 0 CE ca. 200CE
ca. 400
Roman Population, 0-400 CE
Millions
31
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Internal Decay of the Han State
Court intrigue
Problem of land distribution Large landholders develop private armies
Epidemics
Peasant rebellions 184 CE Yellow Turban rebellion
32
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Collapse of the Han Dynasty Generals assume authority, reduce emperor to
puppet figure
Alliance with landowners
200 CE, Han dynasty abolished, replaced by three kingdoms
Immigration of northern nomads increases
33
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
China After the Han Dynasty, 200 CE
34
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Sinicization of Nomadic Peoples
“China-fication”
Adoption of sedentary lifestyle
35
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Popularity of Buddhism and Daoism
Disintegration of political order casts doubt on Confucian doctrines
Buddhism and Daoism gain popularity
Religions of salvation
36
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Fall of the Roman Empire: Internal Factors The “barracks emperors”
235–284 CE, twenty-six claimants to the throne; all but one killed in power struggles
Epidemics
Disintegration of imperial economy in favor of local and regional self-sufficient economies
37
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Diocletian (r. 284–305 CE) Divided empire into two administrative districts
Co-emperors, dual lieutenants: “Tetrarchs”
Currency, budget reform
Relative stability disappears after Diocletian’s death; civil war follows
Constantine emerges victorious
38
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Fall of the Roman Empire: External Factors Germanic peoples, especially the Visigoths (originally from Scandinavia
and Russia), influenced by Roman law and Christianity, settled in western half of Roman Empire – Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and North Africa
These formerly were buffer states for Roman empire
Roman Empire attacked by Huns under Attila in 5th century CE
Massive migration of Germanic peoples into Roman empire
Under Alaric, the Visigoths sacked Rome in 410 CE, later established
Germanic emperor Odovacer in 476 CE
39
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, 450–476 CE
40
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Cultural Change in the Roman Empire
Growth of Christianity Constantine’s vision, 312 CE Promulgates Edict of Milan, allowing Christian practice Converts to Christianity
380 CE, Emperor Theodosius proclaims Christianity official religion of Roman empire
41
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
St. Helena, mother of Emperor Constantine
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
St. Augustine (354–430 CE) City of Hippo, north Africa
Experimented with Greek thought, Manichaeism
387 CE, St. Augustine converts to Christianity
Major theologian
43
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Augustine arrives in Rome 4th Century A.D.
Augustine teaching in Rome
Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Institutional Church Conflicts over doctrine and practice in early
Church The divinity of Jesus Role of women
Church hierarchy established
45