copyright © 2011 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 16 health and wellness...

Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Chapter 16

Health and Wellness Promotion


Health, Illness, and Wellness

• Health– Process seeking to maintain stable, comfortable

equilibrium

• Illness– Inability to maintain physical and emotional

balance

(continued)



• Wellness– Condition when individual functions at optimal

levels

(continued)



• Physical status

• Emotional well-being

• Social relationships

• Intellectual functioning

• Spiritual condition

• Sexuality


Models of Health

• Clinical• Health belief• High-level

wellness• Social learning

theory

• Host-agent-environment

• Health promotion• Cultural influences

on health• Family influences

on health


Illness Perspectives

• Illness– Result of disease or injury that affects functioning

– Occurs when inability to meet one’s needs exists

– Acute

– Chronic


Wellness Perspectives

• Continuum of health from optimal to maladaptive– From wellness to illness

• High-level wellness– Functioning to one’s maximum health potential

while remaining in balance with environment


Health Behaviors

• Influencing variables:– Lifestyle

– Locus of control

– Self-efficacy

– Health care attitudes

– Self-concept


Health Promotion

• Activities that improve quality of health and well-being

• Aim:– Empowerment through good decision making

regarding lifestyles and activities


Health Promotion Activities

• Respect and support clients’ right to make decisions

• Identify and use client strengths and assets

• Empower clients to promote own health or healing


Health Protection Activities

• Prevention of accidents

• Occupational safety and health

• Efforts to ensure safety of food and drugs

• Environmental strategies


Disease Prevention Activities

• Continuum of disease– Averting its development to limiting its course

• Primary prevention

• Secondary prevention

• Tertiary prevention


Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion

• Teaching

• Motivating

• Considering client’s beliefs and experiences


Health Promotion and Vulnerable Populations

• Children

• Elderly

• Economically disadvantaged

• Immunocompromised

• Homeless


Individuals as Holistic Beings

• Physiological and psychological needs integrated

• Individuals are complete– Rather than fragmented beings


Needs and Health

• Basic human needs:– Physiological

– Psychological

– Sociocultural

– Intellectual

– Spiritual


Physiological Dimension

• Focuses on achievement of basic needs– Oxygenation

– Circulation

– Sleep and comfort

– Nutrition

– Elimination


Psychological Dimension

• Focuses on:– Positive self-esteem

– Trusting relationships

– Appropriate social skills

– Coping


Sociocultural Dimension

• Client’s needs for dependence and independence

• Empowerment– Enabling others to do for themselves


Intellectual Dimension

• Cognitive functions– Judgment

– Orientation

– Memory

– Ability to process information

(continued)


Intellectual Dimension

• Can be impaired by infection, toxins, substance abuse, trauma, and psychological problems


Spiritual Dimension

• Spirituality– One’s relationship with:

• Self

• Others

• Higher power

– Assists in determining sense of meaning or purpose in life


Promoting Sexual Health

• Development of sexuality

• Gender identity

• Needs

• Human sexual response

• Sexuality and health


Development of Sexuality

• Begins with conception

• Develops throughout life

• No universally accepted sexual values


Gender Identity

• View of self as male or female

• Sexual orientation– Heterosexuality

– Homosexuality

– Bisexuality

– Transsexuality


Needs

• Tenderness

• Attachment

• Intimacy

• Caring

• Sensuality

• Procreation


Human Sexual Response

• Phases:– Excitement

– Plateau

– Orgasm

– Resolution


Sexuality and Health

• Threats to sexual integrity:– Illness

– Disability

– Surgery

– Medications

– Hospitalization


Sexuality and the Nursing Process

• Assessment– Ensure privacy and confidentiality

– Use simple, direct language

– Provide explanations

– Allow time for client’s questions

– Have nonjudgmental attitude

– Use open-ended questions

(continued)



• Diagnosis– Sexual dysfunction

– Ineffective sexuality patterns

(continued)



• Planning and outcome identification– Consider age-specific variations

– Know client’s history of possible sexual abuse

(continued)



• Implementation– Communication

– Education• Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases

• Effects of aging

• Disease prevention– E.g., breast and testicular examinations

(continued)



• Evaluation– Observe client and partner for expressions of

intimacy

– Remain open-minded and nonjudgmental

copyright © 2011 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 16 health and wellness...

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