copyright © 2011 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. transferring behavior to new settings...
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Transferring Behavior to New Settings and Making It
Last: Generality of Behavior Change
Chapter 16
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Generality
• Trained behavior transfers from training situation to natural environment
• Training leads to development of new behavior that has not been specifically trained
• Trained behavior is maintained in the natural environment over time
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Stimulus Generalization
• Behavior becomes more probable in the presence of the stimulus or situation as a result of having been reinforced in the presence of another stimulus or situation– Physical similarity– Stimuli in common-element stimulus class
– Stimuli in stimulus equivalence class
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Response Generalization• Behavior more probable in the presence of a stimulus or situation as a result of another behavior having been strengthened in the presence of that situation– Considerable physical similarity of responses
– Minimal physical similarity of responses– Functionally equivalent responses
• Different responses that produce the same consequences– Cooking dinner – different methods, food produced
• Behavioral momentum – as a result of reinforcement, probability of other functionally equivalent responses increases
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Programming
• Two important situations:– Training situation– Target situation – where we want the generality to occur
• The more physically similar the training and the target situations are, the more stimulus generalization will occur
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Programming OperantStimulus Generalization
• Train in the target situation– Want the final stages to be in a situation as close to target as possible
– Best way train in target situation
• Vary the training conditions– Greater variety of stimuli during training means there is a greater probability that the stimuli will be present in target situation
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Programming OperantStimulus Generalization
• Program Common Stimuli– Use stimuli that are present in both the training and target settings
• Train Sufficient Stimulus Exemplars– Training occurs in a large number of situations and to a large number of stimuli
– General case programming
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Programming OperantResponse Generalization
• Train sufficient response exemplars– EX: Programming for generality of plural•Star, stars•Apple, apples, plant, plants
• Vary the acceptable response during training– Creativity
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Programming OperantBehavior Maintenance
• Want behavior to last• Depends upon whether behavior will continue to be reinforced
• Behavioral Trapping– Design program so it matches the contingencies available in natural environment
– Behavior will be trapped – maintained – by natural environment
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Programming OperantBehavior Maintenance
• Change the behavior of people in the environment– Work with people in the environment to teach them to reinforce appropriate behaviors
• Intermittent schedules of reinforcements in target situation
• Give control to individual– Assess and reinforce own generalized behavior
– Recruit a natural community of reinforcement• Feedback from people around
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Pitfalls of Generality
• Some behaviors should not be generalized– May be inappropriate in some situations
• Sometimes learning fails to be generalized