copyright © 2012 pearson education inc. orbital motion, final review physics 7c lecture 18 thursday...
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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Orbital motion, final review
Physics 7C lecture 18
Thursday December 5, 8:00 AM – 9:20 AMEngineering Hall 1200
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Newton’s law of gravitation
• The gravitational force can be
expressed mathematically as
• Fg = Gm1m2/r2,
• where G is the gravitational
constant. Note G is different from
g.
• G = 6.67 E -11 N m2/kg2
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Gravitation and spherically symmetric bodies
• The gravitational interaction of bodies having spherically symmetric mass distributions is the same as if all their mass were concentrated at their centers.
• This is exact, not approximation! Let’s prove it mathematically.
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Gravitational potential energy
• The gravitational potential energy of a system consisting of a particle of mass m and the earth is U = –GmEm/r.
• This assumes zero energy at infinite distance.
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The motion of satellites
• The trajectory of a projectile fired from A toward B depends on its initial speed. If it is fired fast enough, it goes into a closed elliptical orbit (trajectories 3, 4, and 5 in Figure 13.14 below).
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Circular satellite orbits • For a circular orbit, the speed of a satellite is just right to keep its distance
from the center of the earth constant. (See Figure 13.15 below.)
• A satellite is constantly falling around the earth. Astronauts inside the satellite in orbit are in a state of apparent weightlessness because they are falling with the satellite. (See Figure 13.16 below.)
• Follow Example 13.6.
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Kepler’s laws and planetary motion
• Each planet moves in an elliptical orbit with the sun at one focus.
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Kepler’s laws and planetary motion
• A line from the sun to a given planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times (see Figure at the right).
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Kepler’s laws and planetary motion
• The periods of the planets are proportional to the 3/2 powers of the major axis lengths of their orbits.
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Some orbital examples• The orbit of Comet Halley. See Figure below.
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A point mass inside a spherical shell
• If a point mass is inside a spherically symmetric shell, the potential energy of the system is constant. This means that the shell exerts no force on a point mass inside of it.
what is the motion of the small ball?
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A point mass inside a spherical shell
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Black holes • If a spherical nonrotating body has radius less than the Schwarzschild radius,
nothing can escape from it. Such a body is a black hole. (See Figure 13.26 below.)
• The Schwarzschild radius is RS = 2GM/c2.
• The event horizon is the surface of the sphere of radius RS surrounding a black hole.
• Follow Example 13.11.
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Detecting black holes
• We can detect black holes by looking for x rays emitted from their accretion disks. (See Figure below.)
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Review for final exam