copyright © 2013, 2010 by saunders, an imprint of elsevier inc. chapter 32 antidepressants
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 32
Antidepressants
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2Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Antidepressants Primarily used to relieve symptoms of
depression Can also help patients with anxiety disorders Not indicated for uncomplicated bereavement
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Depression Most common psychiatric disorder 30% of the U.S. population will experience
some form during their lifetime Approximately 5% of adult population is
depressed Incidence in women twice as high as in men Risk of suicide is high in depression Often untreated
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Clinical Features Depressed mood Loss of pleasure or interest Insomnia (or sometimes hypersomnia) Anorexia (or sometimes hyperphagia) Mental slowing and loss of concentration Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness Thoughts of death and suicide Overt suicidal behavior (patient with plan or serious
intent should be hospitalized for therapy) Symptoms must be present most of the day, nearly
every day, for at least 2 weeks
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Pathogenesis Complex and incomplete Possible contributing factors
Genetic heritage Difficult childhood Chronic low self-esteem
Monoamine hypothesis of depression Depression is caused by functional insufficiency of
monoamine neurotransmitters
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Treatment Modalities Pharmacotherapy
Primary therapy Depression-specific psychotherapy (eg, cognitive
behavioral therapy) The two together are better than either one alone,
consider psychotherapy/counseling while waiting for antidepressants to work, which may be 4-8 weeks
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Suicide Risk with Antidepressants
May increase suicidal tendency early in the treatment
Patients should be observed closely for: Suicidality Worsening mood Changes in behavior
Precautions Prescriptions should be written for the smallest
number of doses consistent with good patient management
Dosing of inpatients should be directly observed
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Introduced in 1987 Most commonly prescribed antidepressants As effective as TCAs, but do not cause
hypotension, sedation, or anticholinergic effects
Overdose does not cause cardiac toxicity Death by overdose is extremely rare
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem) Most widely prescribed SSRI in the United States
Other SSRIs
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Mechanism of Action Produce selective inhibition of serotonin
reuptake Produce CNS excitation
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Therapeutic Uses Primarily used to treat major depression Other uses
Obsessive-compulsive disorder Bulimia nervosa Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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Adverse Effects Serotonin syndrome (agitation, sweating, hyperreflexia)
2–72 hours after treatment Withdrawal syndrome – therapy is generally continued for a 9-
12 months, but withdraw from meds gradually) Neonatal effects when used in pregnancy Teratogenesis Extrapyramidal side effects Bruxism Bleeding disorders Sexual dysfunction- drug holiday Friday/Saturday may be
prescribed Weight gain
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Drug Interactions Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Risk of serotonin syndrome- discontinue MAOI 2 weeks prior to starting SSRI
Warfarin Tricyclic antidepressants and lithium
Can elevate levels of these drugs
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Other SSRIs Sertraline (Zoloft) Paroxetine (Paxil) Citalopram (Celexa) Escitalopram (Lexapro) Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
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Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Venlafaxine (Effexor) Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
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Venlafaxine (Effexor) Indications
Major depression Generalized anxiety disorder Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
Blocks NE and serotonin uptake Does not block cholinergic, histaminergic, or
alpha1-adrenergic receptors Serious reactions if combined with MAOIs
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Venlafaxine (Effexor) Side effects
Nausea Headache Anorexia Nervousness Sweating Somnolence Insomnia Weight loss/anorexia Diastolic hypertension Sexual dysfunction Hyponatremia (in older adult patients) Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
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Tricyclic Antidepressants (Imipramine, amitriptyline)
Drugs of first choice for many patients with major depression
Most common adverse effects: sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and anticholinergic effects
Most dangerous adverse effect: cardiac toxicity
May increase risk of suicide early in treatment
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Chemistry Nucleus of the tricyclic antidepressants has
three rings Similar to phenothiazine antipsychotics Produce varying degrees of:
Sedation Orthostatic hypotension Anticholinergic effects
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Mechanism of Action Block neuronal reuptake of two monoamine
transmitters Norepinephrine (NE) Serotonin
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Fig. 32–2. Mechanism of action of tricyclic antidepressants.
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Adverse Effects Orthostatic hypotension Anticholinergic effects Diaphoresis Sedation Cardiac toxicity Seizures Hypomania “Yawngasm”
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Drug Interactions Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Direct-acting sympathomimetic drugs Indirect-acting sympathomimetic drugs Anticholinergic agents CNS depressants
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Toxicity Clinical manifestations
Primarily from anticholinergic and cardiotoxic actions• Dysrhythmias• Tachycardia• Intraventricular blocks• Complete atrioventricular block• Ventricular tachycardia• Ventricular fibrillation
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Toxicity Treatment
Gastric lavage Ingestion of activated charcoal Physostigmine Propranolol, lidocaine, or phenytoin
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (phenelzine, isocarboxacid)
2nd- or 3rd-choice antidepressants for most patients
As effective as TCAs or SSRIs, but more dangerous
Risk of triggering hypertensive crisis if patient eats foods rich in tyramine (see page 32-6)
Drug of choice for atypical depression
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Mechanism of action Block MOA, the enzyme that converts monoamine
neurotransmitters (NE, serotonin, and dopamine) into inactive products
Inactivate tyramine and other biogenic amines
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Fig. 32–3. Mechanism of action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Therapeutic uses Depression Other uses
• Bulimia nervosa• Obsessive-compulsive disorder• Panic attacks
Adverse effects CNS stimulation Orthostatic hypotension Hypertensive crisis from dietary tyramine
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Drug interactions Sympathomimetic agents Interactions secondary to inhibition of hepatic
MAO Antidepressants: TCAs (risk of hypertensive
episodes) and SSRIs (increased risk of serotonin syndrome)
Meperidine- hyperpyrexia
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Fig. 32–4. Interaction between dietary tyramine and MAOIs.