copyright © 2013 pearson education, inc. the atmosphere: an introduction to meteorology, 12 th...
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The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, 12th
Lutgens • Tarbuck
Lectures by:Heather Gallacher,Cleveland State University
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Atmosphere
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Focus on the AtmosphereFocus on the Atmosphere
Weather in the United States:The weather in the U.S. varies greatly.Weather influences our daily lives.
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Focus on the AtmosphereFocus on the Atmosphere
Meteorology, Weather, and Climate:Meteorology
Study of atmosphere
Weather State of atmosphere at any given time & place
Climate “Average weather” Generalized weather variation for a given place Climate data can not predict weather.
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Focus on the AtmosphereFocus on the Atmosphere
Meteorology, Weather, and Climate
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Focus on the AtmosphereFocus on the Atmosphere
Weather and Climate: Weather and climate are expressed in the same elements.
Air temperature Air humidity Type and amount of clouds Type and amount of precipitation Air pressure Speed and direction of wind
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Atmospheric Atmospheric HazardsHazards: : Assault by the ElementsAssault by the Elements
Lightning
Thunderstorms
Hurricanes
Cold waves
Tornadoes
Blizzards
Heat waves
Fog
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Atmospheric Atmospheric HazardsHazards: : Assault by the ElementsAssault by the Elements
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The Nature of Scientific InquiryThe Nature of Scientific Inquiry
Scientific inquiry is a collection of facts, observations, or measurements.Hypothesis:
Explanation of facts Test
Theory: Hypothesis that has passed many tests
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The Nature of Scientific InquiryThe Nature of Scientific Inquiry
Scientific Methods:Are not recipes Involve creativity and insightRaise questionsCollect data Raise questions leading to hypothesesCause hypotheses to be accepted or rejectedCreate results shared with the scientific community for
further testing
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Earth’s SpheresEarth’s Spheres
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Earth’s SpheresEarth’s Spheres
The Earth is made up of four spheres.GeosphereAtmosphereHydrosphereBiosphere
All the spheres are intertwined.Soil is part of all 4 spheres.
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Earth’s SpheresEarth’s Spheres
Geosphere:The geosphere consists of the solid Earth. It extends from the surface to the center, which is
approximately 6400 km.
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Earth’s SpheresEarth’s Spheres
Atmosphere:99% of the atmosphere is within 30 km of Earth’s surface. It protects the Earth.Weather occurs in the atmosphere.Without the atmosphere our planet would be lifeless like
the Moon. The surface of the Moon has not changed in nearly 3 billion years.
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Earth’s SpheresEarth’s Spheres
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Earth’s SpheresEarth’s Spheres
Hydrosphere:Oceans make up 71% the Earth’s surface.Additional parts of the hydrosphere:
Lakes Rivers, streams Glaciers Underground water
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Earth’s SpheresEarth’s Spheres
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Earth’s SpheresEarth’s Spheres
Biosphere:The biosphere includes all life on Earth.
On the ocean floor In boiling hot springs On air currents in the lower atmosphere
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Earth as a SystemEarth as a System
Earth system science:Scientists have recognized they must learn how the
Earth’s individual components (land, water, air, and life-forms) are interconnected.
System:A system is a group of interacting or interdependent parts
that form a complex whole.
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Composition of the AtmosphereComposition of the Atmosphere
Major components:The composition varies
from time to time. Oxygen and nitrogen
make up 99% of the volume.
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Composition of the AtmosphereComposition of the Atmosphere
Carbon dioxide:0.0391% of atmosphereAbsorbs energyPart of the carbon cycle
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Composition of the AtmosphereComposition of the Atmosphere
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Composition of the AtmosphereComposition of the Atmosphere
Variable components:Water vapor
0–4% by volume Clouds and precipitation
Aerosols Very small solid and liquid particles like dust, soot, sea salts Absorb radiation Cause cloud formation and red/orange sunrises and sunsets
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Composition of the AtmosphereComposition of the Atmosphere
Variable components:Ozone (O3)
There is much less ozone in the lower atmosphere. At higher altitudes (10–50 km), ozone absorbs UV radiation.
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Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion——A Global IssueA Global Issue
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): CFCs break down ozone in the upper atmosphere.CFCs are common in refrigerants and aerosol products.
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Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion——A Global IssueA Global Issue
The Antarctic ozone hole
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Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion——A Global IssueA Global Issue
Effects of ozone depletion: It causes more UV radiation to reach the surface.
UV radiation is known to cause cancer. It impacts the human immune system. UV radiation can also promote cataracts.
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Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion——A Global IssueA Global Issue
Montreal Protocol: It was concluded under the auspices of the UN in late
1987.190 nations eventually ratified the treaty.The protocol created legal controls on production and
consumption of ozone-depleting chemicals.
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Vertical Structure of the AtmosphereVertical Structure of the Atmosphere
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Vertical Structure of the AtmosphereVertical Structure of the Atmosphere
Pressure changes:An increased altitude decreases pressure.
Temperature changes: Increasing altitude causes a decreased temperature in the
troposphere.
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Vertical Variations in CompositionVertical Variations in Composition
Homosphere:Lower layer, < 80 kmRoughly the same proportion of component gases
Heterosphere:Uppermost layer, > 80 kmOccurs in shells
Lower shell—N2
Next shell—O2
Next shell—He Outermost shell—H
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Vertical Variations in CompositionVertical Variations in Composition
Ionosphere:The ionosphere is located 80–400 km above the Earth’s
surface.At this altitude, atoms of oxygen and nitrogen become
ionized and absorb shortwave solar energy.
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Vertical Variations in CompositionVertical Variations in Composition
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Vertical Variations in CompositionVertical Variations in Composition
Troposphere:Temperature decreases with altitude.
Environmental lapse rate 6.5° C/km (variable)
The tropopause marks the top and the lowest temperature.
Stratosphere:Temperature increases with altitude.The ozone layer is concentrated in the stratosphere.The stratopause marks the top and the highest
temperature.
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Vertical Variations in CompositionVertical Variations in Composition
Mesosphere:Temperature decreases with altitude.The mesopause marks the top and its lowest temperature.
Thermosphere:The thermosphere has no well-defined upper limit.Temperature rises.There are 3 layers of varying ion density, D, E, and F.
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Vertical Variations in CompositionVertical Variations in Composition
Auroras:Aurora borealis (northern hemisphere)Aurora australis (southern hemisphere)
Occur in the ionosphere
Earth’s magnetic field traps solar particles.Auroras emit light.
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End Chapter 1End Chapter 1
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