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Published by Mason Graves

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Table of Contents

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4

How Safe Is Drinking Water In The United States?......................................................... 5

Where Does Our Water Come From? ......................................................................... 6

The United States' Water Supply System ..................................................................... 7

Water Issues In Developing Countries ........................................................................... 11

Everyday Water - The Issues ............................................................................................ 13

Keeping Up With Drinking Water ................................................................................... 16

Other Sources Of Water .................................................................................................. 18

Quick Tips On Drinking Safe Water ............................................................................ 19

Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 22


Introduction

These days it is unwise to take water for granted. In fact, it is also particularly

unwise to try to understate the importance of having a ready supply of safe,

clean drinking water. In a matter of years, a war over water is very likely to

ensue. More than this, in developed and developing countries, substantial

threats exist to even basic water supply. Safe, cleaning drinking water is

something none of us should take for granted any more. The situation is only

going to get worse.

All around the world, the demand for water is growing as supplies of water

decrease. What you may not realize, too, is that water, as a resource, is the

basic ingredient for many industries. Much of what you consume, drinks and

food, all depend on water at some point in their manufacture, Water shortages

are increasingly inevitable and the effects of such a shortage likely to be

increasingly severe as demand, the need for water, continues to grow.

And this, of course, brings us to the problem of this report: what can you do to

keep your water safe? What types of threats are the most significant for you?

What are the sorts of threats faced on a global scale? What can you do today

to try to ensure that you can do your bit to keep your water safe?

The goal of this report is to help you start to develop answers to these questions.

The emphasis is upon explaining some of the components of today’s global

water crisis. This report also strives to make it possible for you to be a responsible

water consumer.


How Safe Is Drinking Water In The

United States?

You know what they say about knowing

where your food comes from, where it’s

been? Today that old rule of thumb applies

even more dramatically to water. As we

grapple with the possibility of a major global

water crisis, recognizing where your drinking

water comes from and how it is treated

becomes that much more important to your

overall health and safety?

Why, though? What has the possibility of a water crisis got to do with water

sources? Well, for one thing, a potential cause for any global water crisis could

well be an act of terrorism or a water source contamination. Terrorists could very

easily target a region of the United States, or anywhere else in the world, for that

matter, by introducing a contaminant into a major water supply. Even if you are

not much of a water drinker, you rely on water every day for cooking and

hygiene.

One chemical agent inserted into a municipal water supply could cause

horrendous damage, affecting the safety of hundreds of thousands, perhaps

millions of people. But it doesn’t have to be an act of terrorism, though. You

could find the water supply for a municipal area compromised by a broken

water pipe, flooding, or other damage. Even an accidental pollution of the

water supply could be deadly. Yes, this sounds like a story from some backward

world (there are plenty of stories in which contaminated water was found to be

responsible for mass epidemics, particularly in large urban regions in the 19th

century, for instance) but such scenarios remain alarmingly possible today, even

today.

In fact, you should forget about that “then and now” comparison all together.

We are no safer off than we were then. In fact, our risk today may be even

greater than it was then. Today we face the risk of contaminants both

accidental and deliberate. We also face the risk of natural disaster disruptive to

water supply – and all this with so few people actually prepared to act, even to


take the most basic precautions to ensure that they have a minimal emergency

water supply or even just the secured daily means for ensuring access to quality

and above all, safe drinking water.

Where does our water come from?

But why is the source of your drinking water part of a water crisis risk? Surely the

where and how only becomes relevant in an emergency. You only need to

know where your water comes from I n the event of an emergency. Isn’t that

also correct?

The answer to this last question is yes and no. Yes, in theory, the source of your

water only becomes relevant in an emergency. But no, where your water

comes from is not irrelevant to the maintenance of your overall health (even

before there is the risk of a water crisis). Indeed, if you lived somewhere like

Africa or the Middle East, you would know that your water source is vital to your

health. You would be decidedly conscious of health risks posed by water

sources that are less than exemplary.

Unfiltered, unpurified water can make you sick – and you would be aware of this

if you were in those regions. You would actively seek to ensure that you

controlled the quality of your water, that you had some strategy for ensuring

that it was appropriately filtered and purified before you used it, either for

drinking or for cooking. In those regions of the world, poor access to safe

drinking water is a substantial issue.

But even if you do not live or plan to visit these regions, even if you are in the

United States and it appears now that you have a ready access to safe drinking

water – and will have for the foreseeable future – it is time to realize the potential

risks to water that do exist, that do apply, even in the developed world. It is time

to realize the benefits of preparation.

You need to learn how to utilize appropriate water sources so that you will have

that knowledge at your disposal in the event of a water crisis. The genuine risk of

a water crisis is also why you need to know where you obtain your water and

what you can do, in an emergency, to guarantee that you have a sustained

supply of safe water.


Depending on the circumstances, there are two principle sources of water.

There is ground water and water that you obtain via aquifers, which are layers of

sand or gravel that allow water to seep out. There is also surface water.

The water cycle, as you may remember from school, goes something like this in

our environment. Water comes off the ocean, rivers, and other water sources,

and from the earth in the form of dew, evaporating and then moving upwards

in the environment, amassing as clouds and as part of the upper atmosphere

over the earth. Rain, sometimes referred to by the technical name of

precipitation, calls on the earth. Sometimes we get ice and snow.

Variously, water travels into the ground and creates underground sources of

water. It also collects at the surface, as surface water, in springs that rise up from

the ground in rivers and lakes, eventually moving out in to the ocean. And from

the various portions of the cycle, water moves off back up into the environment,

evaporating and then condensing again to produce renewed rainfall.

As part of our utilization of water, human beings tap water supplies at different

stages and, if we can, we attempt to make the water as safe as possible to drink

and to otherwise consume by applying different filtration and purification

methods at stages of the water cycle.

The United States' Water Supply System

As a developed nation, the United States is fortunate to have

relatively sophisticated strategies for securing and utilizing

water. Although you may know little about it, you may think

about it even less, in the United States, you have the benefit of

a fairly stable public water (PWS) and an equally sophisticated

community water system (CWS) that tends to do a good job

of delivering safe water to people’s homes and to municipal

buildings.

A bit about public water systems or PWSs: these are built up underground

systems that transport water from source centers and treatment centers over to

homes and businesses. They are also the principle systems for delivering water in

the US. That is, most people are serviced by public water systems and sewer

utility companies. In other words, most of us in the United States have our water


supply – input and output – managed by public companies and actually most

of us also pay for this service – the provision of water and the management of

water waste.

You may also be interested to know that both public water systems and

community water systems – public water systems that serve people year-round –

are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. Indeed, the two terms

we just introduced you to – PWS and CWS are actually terms defined, by and

large, by the EPA and as part of the Safe Water Act, through which all water

designated for human consumption is regulated.

Of course, the EPA applies various subcategories for water suppliers. There are

the Community Water Systems, the Non-Transient Non-Community Water

Systems (NTNCWS), and there are also the Transient Non-Community Water

Systems or TNCWS.

As we said, the CWS serve communities year-round. The NTNCWS serve the

same people for at least six months but not year round. Examples of those that

use these systems include schools and office buildings, which may not be open

all year or may have their own systems for water and thus not so absolutely rely

on public sources.

Finally, the TNCWS are water systems that serve people only for very limited

periods and usually for less than six months of the year. Camp grounds, for

instance, use these types of water systems in the US. The idea is that these are

water suppliers that do not have to provide much water to people on any kind

of regular basis.

The EPA, of course, established these categories and a variety of other

regulations for water suppliers in the US for a purpose, though. As you may

already know, concerns about water in the US triggered the legislation we know

as the Safe Water Act, which establishes the quite extensive regulation for water

supply management.

Obviously, one of the reasons for the Safe Water Act and all of its regulations

and categorizations of water suppliers is that we obtain water from many

different sources. That is, water supply companies obtain water from many

different sources and often there are potential problems with those various

supplies.


The United States obtains its water for consumption from rivers, lakes, and, in

some lesser cases, from pond-type structures or reservoirs. This is all very typical

and appropriate except that, if you refer back to the water cycle, you will

probably appreciate the potential for a variety of different pollutants to enter in

to these types of water systems.

That is, much of the water in lakes and rivers, ponds and reservoirs enters into

these systems from either the rain or the ground. The rain, of course, tends to

contain all manner of air pollutants these days (you have no doubt heard of

acid rain) and the water that reaches us from the ground has the potential to

contain pollutants from other forms of human waste. And that is even before we

consider that many industrial units and even many residential water suppliers,

many utility companies, sewage companies, and so forth, deposit their waste in

water sources too – right into our lakes and rivers, especially.

Public water companies, of course, have strategies for treating these open

sources of water and they do treat water quite extensively to make it safe for

human consumption. Water treatment and distribution systems are actually very

elaborate, much as you would expect.

When water is first collected from the open sources we have mentioned, it goes

through a process called coagulation. This involves the removal of dirt and other

larger particles, larger contaminants, that travel in the water. This first treatment

process involves the addition of chemicals, including a chemical called alum, to

the water. The basic idea is that the chemicals applied at this stage actually

attract the dirt particles and then, as the dirt particles combine, drawn together

by the added chemicals, they sink to the bottom of the water system itself. This

sinking down is part of the second stage of the filtration process known as

sedimentation.

During the sedimentation process, as the dirt particles fall to the bottom of the

system through which the water passes, a filtration process removes the clear

water, separating the water itself and leaving behind the initial dirt.

Of course, water is still not clean after coagulation and sedimentation, though.

These are the stages similar to basic filtration, which is the recommended first

stage of the minimal two stage process for making open source water safe to

drink in an emergency.


After sedimentation, however, comes filtration, which involves passing the water

through a variety of filters to remove as much of the additional contaminants as

possible. Filters used even in public water systems include materials such as

sand, gravel, and charcoal, which you are recommended to add to a

makeshift emergency filter you can make yourself in a plastic bottle.

After this filtration process, then, comes the disinfection process. As you are also

recommended to do in an emergency, most public water companies go

ahead and use chlorine in their disinfection process. Sometimes other similar

chemicals may be used but chlorine is among the most effective in terms of

what it kills (bacteria and other microbes) and in terms of cost.

After this process of disinfecting, water then tends to go into a storage unit of

sources before its distribution to consumers via a series of pressure controlled

underground pipes.

Some households and businesses have additional filtration and purification

systems to improve the quality of the water delivered by this public system. The

gist of the process, though, for water treatment, is contained in these five stages

just outlined – coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and storage.

If you imagine how these processes operate on a large scale, too, you can

begin to appreciate just how complex a process it is to obtain safe drinking

water – and why many developing nations struggle with this vital task.


Water Issues In Developing Countries

In the previous chapter, we reviewed the situation of

water on a global scale, looking at the environmental

water cycle, and we talked about some of the key

points of water distribution and treatment in the United

States. We ended the chapter by pointing out the

relative complexity of water treatment systems in the

United States (which model water systems in other

developed countries).

We also emphasized the obvious problem of this complexity for developing

nations – nations around the world that lack the infrastructure and resources to

manage appropriate water treatment programs to deliver safe drinking water to

their people.

Indeed, it is worth considering that perhaps one of the biggest problems for

developing nations is this matter of safe water provision. Many illnesses in

developing countries are caused due to poor water sanitation conditions and

this is simply down to the fact that organizations in these countries and individual

people do not have the means to properly filter and then purify drinking water.

On the same side of the coin is also the matter of actual water scarcity in some

regions as much as it is an economic issue – the lack of funds to invest in water

infrastructure. Sometimes there is just not the water supply available local to a

particular region, that the cost of bringing in water infrastructure would be that

much higher because of location.

You need to be aware of these patterns because they help not only predict

potential obstacles to future water access but they help to demonstrate the

scope of the global water crisis, what is going on around the world that makes

our access to water problematic from a broader, and ultimately global

perspective.

In India, for example, a lack of infrastructure determines that water goes largely

unutilized at present. There are also problems of actual scarcity, too. In some of

the poorer regions of India, particularly, lack of access to water disrupts not only


human life but the lives of animals and the prospective successes of businesses.

Not only is India lacking infrastructure in some areas but it is the lack of water

that also undermines crop production. Many economic issues trace to a lack of

water source in this region. Indeed, 2006 saw the New York Times speaking to the

potential for India to have run through its ground water in a matter of only a few

more years and facing a major water crisis because they o not have the

infrastructure to filter and purify other waters for consumption.

In Kenya, water supplies are scarce, too, but the same can be said for parts of

China. At least in China there is an hour every five days when there is running

water. In most parts of Kenya, that would seem like a luxury. And, of course, you

can link economic struggles large and small to national water shortages – to the

lack of infrastructure to refine water but also, of course, the very basic means to

access it from open sources.

When countries both lack open sources of water and infrastructure to otherwise

utilize any water supplies they might have, the effects are dire. The

consequences include the most debilitating poverty because there is really no

means to sustain any kind of development or growth.


Everyday Water - The Issues

As we continue developing in our modern

society, there can be a growing number of

activities that are able to contaminate our

drinking water. The Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) estimates that 90 percent of the

world's fresh water is and unsuitable without

some form of purification.

For the most part, contamination is down to some of the activities we mentioned

earlier – the ways in which organizations and sometimes even individuals

unthinkingly deposit chemicals and other pollutants either directly into water

supplies or into areas that ultimately cause the chemicals to reach water

supplies.

Among the most significant issues are things like the improper disposal of

chemicals by industries, the improper disposal of animal and human waste, and

the practice of specifically injecting waste of various kinds into the ground, into

underground areas, which nonetheless cause the waste to enter into water

supplies through movement of water underground.

It is true, of course, that some of the waste that enters our water supply is

actually not the result of human activities. We are not responsible for all of the

water contamination that is going on. Some of the waste that enters the water

enters through a perfectly natural process, part of other natural cycles that have

been going on without our input.

Of course, human and animal activity also causes some pollutants to enter the

water in a more natural way, too, as part of a relatively natural process. We

cannot, after all, cease to produce any waste at all – neither we nor animals are

designed to not to produce some waste. The point is really that we have come

to produce too much additional waste, too much waste beyond what is natural

or part of natural cycles.

Modern, industrialized societies have caused unnatural microbial contaminants,


chemical contaminants, lead contaminants, and even human and animal

waste contaminants to enter into our water supplies at far too higher a rate.

Think about the effects of population growth and other effects that humankind

has had on the environment and you can quickly appreciate the problem is not

just waste in general but perhaps more specifically the amount of waste that we

are contributing to the environment.

Of course, what you can do as an individual to help reduce pollution in general

will translate into an effort to reduce pollution in water, which is helpful and

potentially beneficial in the long run. It is difficult to say. More practically,

though, you should consider what you can do in the short-term to make sure

that you are not drinking or otherwise consuming water that has been exposed

to microbial contaminants, chemical contaminants, or lead contaminants.

Hopefully, any water you encounter that has had such exposure is going to

have been properly treated well before it reaches your taps. However, it is worth

having equipment in your home – filters and purification systems – that will

enable you to address the presence of such toxins, whether it is actual or

imagined.

Detection of microbial and chemical contaminants, however, in water, is not

necessarily something you can undertake every day – you really should not

have to, no matter how rural your home. However, it is perhaps also worth

investing in a water test kit to check that your regular tap water does not

contain lead. Such test kids are available to purchase online. You cannot see,

taste, or smell lead so a home test is really your only option, unless you want to

call out an official to test your water.

For bacterial or other chemical contaminants, again, tests are available and

they are strikingly straightforward and far from expensive. Of course, whether

you can see, taste, or smell chemicals is another story entirely. Probably you can

see, taste, and smell the presence of chemicals in water but the assessment of

this is a quite delicate process. You will again need a specific kit or you will need

to call on an official to test water qualities again. A similar situation applies for

microbe contaminants – you need a shed of some kind, some kind of shelter.

If you find that your water contains any lead, or any chemical or microbial

contaminants, the first thing is going to be to notify your water authority. Your


water should certainly not contain lead and the presence of anything else is

also something that should be addressed with the water company. That said,

you can address these types of problems and minimize them ever constituting a

serious problem by investing in filtration and purification systems. You can also

invest in your own water collection systems, including rainwater collection

systems, that enable you to move away from dependence upon public water

supplies, especially in the event of an emergency.

Because your water supply company is your first port of call for an issue with

water, however, make sure you know how to reach the appropriate person.


Keeping Up With Drinking Water

Of course, given what we said in chapter two about

places like India, China, and Kenya,, and how these

regions really lack even the most basic sources of water

to sustain their people and any kind of industry, you

may be feeling that you, living in America, a country

with, literally, a world class water supply overall; you

may feel that you have no water worries at all. You are

probably feeling confident now, about drinking water

as much as you like without giving it much of a second

thought. And while your situation is far better than

someone in a developing nation, in the United States,

we still face substantial risks to our water supply, perhaps

more substantial than most other developed regions.

The first type of threat is an organic one. There is always a chance that some

kind of contaminant could enter into a water system and fail to be removed

properly by existing filtration and purification strategies. For instance, you might

find water in the United States that is contaminated with lead. Certain elements

occurring in nature are just in water naturally and sometimes, despite all of the

filtration and purification strategies available, these naturally occurring

contaminants get by defenses. Several decades ago, for instance, some sixty-

nine people died because of contaminated water in Milwaukee.

The second type of threat is a terrorist attack. Contaminating water supplies as a

military strategy, dates back to the Romans at least. And an elaborate water

supply system like America’s has plenty of vulnerabilities. Indeed, vulnerability is

something you should constantly keep in mind about our water supplies. The

United States relies on a massive network of pipes, reservoirs, damns, and other

structures. Water storage towers are everywhere, too, and while there are

security measures, there is always the possibility to overcome such measures

with enough determination. Just as natural contaminants can sometimes slip

through defenses, it is possible for a terrorist threat on water, one day to be

realized.

Finally, there is the possibility of a contamination by accident. In Charleston,


West Virginia, not too long ago, contamination of thousands of gallons of water

by an industrial chemical caused widespread water emergency, depriving

more than 300,0000 residents of safe water for drinking, cooking, and even basic

hygiene. All manner of people were affected and nine counties in the region

declared an emergency, having to close schools, hospitals, and many other

businesses because of the impact of the contamination.

All it took was the improper disposal of chemicals and the water supply for a

substantial population was undermined for days. With water systems across the

United States bursting every two minutes (according to estimates), and with the

water supply system generally underfunded, too, you have to be vigilant about

news of accidental contamination because it may be something that your

water supply company really struggles to deal with. The cost of cleaning up

such a contamination could be quite debilitating.

Accidents happen, though, and terrorist attacks difficult to pull off with the

generally high security that the United States tries to maintain. The presence of

naturally occurring contaminants, well, the best thing you can do to protect

yourself against that type of threat is to make sure that you filter and purify water

that comes into your home (this may not kill more serious contaminants but it is a

start). Making sure that you also have backup water supplies will also help you to

be protected in the event of any threat to your water supply.

The overall is too large to prevent any contamination, either intentional or

accidental, but you can do your bit by first storing emergency water, and also

regularly testing your water using water test kits available to buy. You can further

reduce the potential for drinking contaminated water by applying your own

filtration and purification methods, too, as we said.


Other Sources Of Water

There might be situations, such as spills and treatment problems, where there is

need to look for alternative water supplies or in-home water treatment options.

You may even find yourself in a situation where you have to rely on alternative

sources due to potential health issues or problems with obtaining new drinking

water supplies. In such situations, what can you do to obtain water safely?

One of the often touted alterative sources to tap water is bought bottled water.

Probably you have see water sold at your local grocery store and in vending

machines around and about. These days, the sale of bottled water is quite a

common occurrence. And, of course, bottled water is potentially quite a good

alternative to tap water in the event that such an alternative is needed.

There are a couple of things you need to know to make appropriate use of

bottled water, however, and the first thing is that bottled water quality varies

among brands due to variations in the source water used, costs and company

practices. In other words, you have to do your homework.

There are potential risks to consuming bottled water, that is, and one of the

reasons is that bottled water does not actually undergo the same testing and

reporting as water from a treatment facility. Water that is bottled and sold in the

same state may not, in fact, be subject to federal standards for purity testing.

Again, it is a matter of doing your homework. People with compromised immune

systems should actually be very cautious about consuming bottled water at all.

It is vital that you not only read the label from a water bottle to ensure stringent

treatments have been used but that you also do additional research into the

provider company and its end product.

You may also want to apply the same level of scrutiny to water offered in

dispensers or bubblers. These types of units are commonly found in office

buildings but they are available to buy for homes, too. Some people prefer

these types of systems for their drinking water, but again, as with bottled water,

you have to do your homework to make sure that the water delivered in these

systems is actually properly regulated and that it therefore also has gone

through sufficiently rigorous processes for filtration and purification.


At the end of the day, you may well find that tap water is your best and safest

option.

Quick Tips On Drinking Safe Water

After reading this report and learning, in particular, about the problem of water

pollution in developed nations like the United States, though, you may very well

be wondering what you can do to ensure that you are drinking the healthiest

water possible. Should you even be drinking water, with all the potential for

chemicals, dirt, and organic pollutants to be present?

Well, you cannot, unfortunately, do without water. Water remains a vital

component for health. And it is not necessarily the case that you are being

exposed to unsafe water. Indeed, your water supplier would face quite stringent

penalties for failing to meet the quite rigorous standards of the EPA on matters of

water purity. However, it never hurts to go the extra mile and to put an

awareness of issues like water purity problems into effect.

The following are recommendations for improving the quality of water for

consumption:

First, avoid bottled water unless you are sure that it is of the very highest

quality and appropriately regulated. A much better alternative, most of

the time, is filtered tap water.

Second, on the subject of tap water, make sure you know where it comes

from and what it contains. It is quite easy to find out who supplies your

water by actually looking up the name of the public water supply

company for your area. Very likely this company will have a website with

information on their practices for filtering and purifying water that they

deliver to your home. You will also be able to find out about whether you

have hard or soft water in your area, which can be good to know for

ensuring the longevity and efficiency of appliances that use water (e.g.

dishwashers, washers, kettles, etc).

Another important recommendation, of course, is that you invest in your

own filtration and purification systems. Whether you decide to buy

something like a Brita Water Filter or something more elaborate, like a


more expansive water filter system, you have your pick of water systems

for consumer use. You can easily research online what type of water filters

fit within your budget.

Look at the capacity of the filter in terms of water volume and look also at

the lifetime of the filter within the system. Usually you will have to change

the filter once every couple of months or so. Find out how much it will cost

to replace an individual filter for any home filtration system you are

interested in and factor the cost of replacement in to your assessment.

Invest in a filtration system for your home and get into the habit of using it.

Filter the water that you drink and the water you cook with. If you do your

homework to find an affordable but effective filter for your home, you can

do wonders to improve your water quality, the quality of all the water you

consume, and so long as you make sure you use your new filter.

You should also make a point of preparing yourself and your family for a

potential water emergency. Although this seems, on the surface, to have

little connection to improved water quality as a whole, actually,

preparation for a water emergency means that you start to invest in

viable water collection options and also filtration and purification systems

even beyond your basic home water filter. If you prepare yourself for a

water emergency too, stockpiling emergency water, you can guarantee

yourself access to quality water in the event of a crisis – which is important.

Becoming more cautious about how you drink water will even help you

on the go. If you start to filter all of your drinking water and if you also push

yourself to take care with the water storage and drinking vessels you use,

you will go a surprisingly long way to improving your overall water quality

again. Making sure that you have fresh water on the go will potentially

improve your health, helping you to move away from drinking caffeinated

drinks or even sugary drinks.

Having access to higher quality water – filtered water – will also be

healthier in a number of special circumstances, too. Expectant mothers

and newborns, babies consuming formula that requires water as an add -

n will potentially be healthier if they have access to properly filtered tap

water.


As you become more aware of water, it may also end up being a viable

investment for you to select what is called a whole house water filter.


Conclusion

As we have established, then, almost nothing is guaranteed about your water

supply – especially your drinking water supply, which also happens to be vital to

your health. Nevertheless, the information contained in this report should help

you to start drinking more consciously and using water more consciously inside

your home and out.

At the end of the day, although the risk of water crises looms large over most

communities, you serve yourself and your family well by educating yourself

about the risks and taking steps now to prepare for such a crisis in the future.

Drinking more consciously is a big part of the process towards having safer

drinking water and also being prepared for a water emergency.

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