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DTN2PNU Principles of Human Nutrition Lecture: Macro-Minerals Lecture Prepared by: Dr Regina Belski & Associate Professor Catherine Itsiopoulos Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition

3 La Trobe University

Today

Key questions to be covered:

• Minerals

• Food Sources

• Bio-availability and disease states that may affect bioavailability

• Nutrient-nutrient interactions

• Nutrient-drug interactions

• Deficiency and toxicity


Required readings

• Whitney, E., Rolfes, SR, Crowe, T., Cameron-Smith, D. & Walsh, A. (2011). Understanding Nutrition: Australia and New Zealand Edition. South Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia.

• CHAPTERS 12 and 13


Minerals

• Inorganic elements

• Essential in the diet

• 2 categories

Major or macrominerals >100mg/day needed

Trace or microminerals < 100mg/day needed

• Retain their chemical identity and are not broken down

• They are not destroyed by heat, air, acid or mixing

• Can be lost from foods during the cooking process eg. leaching


Macro-Minerals

• Calcium

• Chloride

• Magnesium

• Phosphorus

• Potassium

• Sodium

• Sulphur


Trace/Micro-Minerals

• Copper

• Fluoride

• Iodine

• Iron

• Manganese

• Molybdenum

• Selenium

• Zinc


Macrominerals


Calcium Physiological Functions

Structural component of bones & teeth

Role in cellular processes- muscle contraction, blood clotting, enzyme activation

Body Content – 1400 g

Enzyme co-factors

Adenylate

Cyclase

Kinases

Ca/Mg- ATPase etc

Deficiency Symptoms

Rickets

Osteomalacia

Osteoporosis

Tetany


Calcium

Food Sources

Milk & Dairy products- 200-400mg/cup

Selected seafoods eg. Salmon & sardines with bones- 400mg per 90g

Turnips, mustard greens, broccoli cauliflower, kale 60-160mg per cup cooked

Legumes & tofu

Dried fruit


Calcium Nutrient-nutrient interactions & Nutrient-drug interactions

Toxicity >2500 mg/d

Milk alkali syndrome (rare), deposition of calcium in soft tissue alongside systemic alkalosis.

Constipation

Interactions between Calcium and selected nutrients/substances

Adapted from: Table 11.2 pg. 433 Gropper, Smith & Groff, Advanced Nutrition & Human Metabolism, 5th Ed. Wadsworth.

Nutrients/Substances enhancing calcium absorption

Nutrients/Substances inhibiting calcium absorption

Nutrients/Substances enhancing urinary calcium excretion

Nutrients whose absorption may be inhibited by excessive calcium

Vitamin D Fibre Sodium Iron

Sugars and sugar alcohols

Phytate Protein Fatty Acids

Protein Oxalate Caffeine

Excessive Zn, Mg

Unabsorbed fatty acids


Chloride

Physiological Functions

Primary anion

Maintains pH balance

Enzyme activation

Component of gastric hydrochloric acid

Body Content approx 105g

Deficiency Symptoms in infants

Loss of appetite

Failure to thrive

Weakness & lethargy

Severe hypokalemia (low potassium)

Metabolic acidosis


Chloride

Food Sources

Table salt

Seafood

Meat

Milk

Eggs

RDI- no RDI


Magnesium


Component of bones

Role in nerve impulse transmission

Protein synthesis

Enzyme cofactor

Body Content approx 35g

Enzyme co-factors

Hydrolysis and transfer of phosphate groups by phosphokinase

Deficiency Symptoms

Neuromuscular hyperexcitability

Muscle weakness

Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles)


Magnesium NRVs

Food Sources

Nuts

Legumes

Whole-grain cereals

Leafy green vegetables

RDI Men 31-50yrs 420mg/d, women 31-50yrs 320mg/d


Magnesium

Nutrient-nutrient interactions

Enhance absorption- Vit D, Carbohydrates (Lactose, Fructose)

Inhibit absorption- Phyate, Fibre, Excessive unabsorbed fatty acids

Other nutrient-nutrient interactions with

Calcium

Phosphorus

Potassium

Protein

Toxicity- unlikely to occur in people with normal renal function


Phosphorus Physiological Functions Structural component of:

Bones Teeth Cell membranes Phospholipids Nucleic acids Nucleotide coenzymes ATP-ADP phosphate transferring system in cells

pH regulation Body Content approx 850g Enzyme co-factors- activates many enzymes in phosphorylation and

dephosphorylation Deficiency Symptoms Neuromuscular, skeletal, haematologic and cardiac manifestations Rickets Osteomalacia


Phosphorus

Food Sources

Meat

Poultry

Fish

Eggs

Milk & milk products

Nuts, legumes, grains, cereals

RDI- Adults 1000 mg/day


Potassium Physiological Functions Water, electrolyte and pH balances Cell membrane transfer Body Content approx 245 g Enzyme co-factors Pyruvate kinase Na+/K+ ATPase Deficiency Symptoms Muscular weakness Mental apathy Cardiac arrhythmias Paralysis Bone fragility


Potassium

Food Sources

Avocado

Banana

Dried fruit

Potatoes

Dried beans

Wheat Bran

Dairy Products

Eggs

RDI Adults- Women 2800 mg/d Men 3800 mg/d


Sodium


Water pH and electrolyte regulation

Nerve transmission

Muscle contraction

Body Content approx 105 g

Enzyme co-factors- Na+/K+ ATPase

Deficiency Symptoms

Anorexia

Nausea

Muscle atrophy

Poor growth

Weight loss


Sodium

Food Sources

Table salt

Meat

Seafood

Cheese

Milk

Bread

Vegetables

Tinned products eg. Soups, meats, veg

RDI- None AI 460–920 mg/d UL 2300 mg/d


Sodium

Nutrient-nutrient interactions

Urinary sodium gets excreted with calcium- so excess urinary sodium excretion= increase urinary calcium excretion


Sulphur Physiological Functions

Component of sulphur containing amino acids, lipoic acid and 2 vitamins (thiamin, biotin)

Body Content approx 175 g

Food Sources

Protein foods

Meat

Poultry

Fish

Eggs

Legumes

Nuts

Dairy


References

Whitney, E., Rolfes, SR, Crowe, T., Cameron-Smith, D. & Walsh, A. (2011). Understanding Nutrition: Australia and New Zealand Edition. South Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia.

http://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/protein.htm (accessed 22/03/12)

The images used in this presentation are from www.office.com, or the presenters own, unless otherwise attributed.

http://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/protein.htm

http://www.office.com/

Thank you

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