copyright © cengage learning. all rights reserved. 10 topics in analytic geometry
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
10Topics inAnalytic
Geometry
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Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
ROTATION OF CONICS
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• Rotate the coordinate axes to eliminate the xy-term in equations of conics.
• Use the discriminant to classify conics.
What You Should Learn
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Rotation
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Rotation
We have learned that the equation of a conic with axes parallel to one of the coordinate axes has a standard form that can be written in the general form
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
In this section, you will study the equations of conics whose axes are rotated so that they are not parallel to either the x-axis or the y-axis.
The general equation for such conics contains an xy-term.
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Horizontal or vertical axis
Equation in xy-plane
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Rotation
To eliminate this xy-term, you can use a procedure called rotation of axes. The objective is to rotate the x- and y-axes until they are parallel to the axes of the conic.
The rotated axes are denoted as the x-axis and the y-axis, as shown in Figure 10.44.
Figure 10.44
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Rotation
After the rotation, the equation of the conic in the newxy-plane will have the form
A(x)2 + C(y)2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
Because this equation has no xy-term, you can obtain a standard form by completing the square.
Equation in xy-plane
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Rotation
The following theorem identifies how much to rotate the axes to eliminate the xy-term and also the equations for determining the new coefficients A, C, D, E, and F.
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Example 1 – Rotation of Axes for a Hyperbola
Write the equation xy – 1 = 0 in standard form.
Solution:
Because A = 0, B = 1, and C = 0, you have
which implies that
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Example 1 – Solution
and
cont’d
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Example 1 – Solution
The equation in the xy-system is obtained by substituting these expressions in the equation xy – 1 = 0.
cont’d
Write in standard form.
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Example 1 – Solution
In the xy-system, this is a hyperbola centered at the origin
with vertices at , as shown in Figure 10.45.
cont’d
Figure 10.45
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Example 1 – Solution
To find the coordinates of the vertices in the xy-system,
substitute the coordinates in the equations
This substitution yields the vertices (1, 1) and (–1, –1) in the xy-system.
Note also that the asymptotes of the hyperbola have equations y = x, which correspond to the original x- and y-axes.
cont’d
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Invariants Under Rotation
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Invariants Under Rotation
In the rotation of axes theorem listed at the beginning of this section, note that the constant term is the same in bothequations, F= F. Such quantities are invariant under rotation.
The next theorem lists some other rotation invariants.
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Invariants Under Rotation
You can use the results of this theorem to classify the graph of a second-degree equation with an xy-term in much the same way you do for a second-degree equation without an xy-term.
Note that because B = 0, the invariant B2 – 4AC reduces to
B2 – 4AC = – 4AC.
This quantity is called the discriminant of the equation
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
Discriminant
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Invariants Under Rotation
Now, from the classification procedure, you know that the
sign of AC determines the type of graph for the equation
A(x)2 + C(y)2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
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Invariants Under Rotation
Consequently, the sign of B2 – 4AC will determine the type
of graph for the original equation, as given in the following
classification.
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Invariants Under Rotation
For example, in the general equation
3x2 + 7xy + 5y2 – 6x – 7y + 15 = 0
you have A = 3, B = 7, and C = 5. So the discriminant is
B2 – 4AC = 72 – 4(3)(5) = 49 – 60 = –11.
Because –11 < 0, the graph of the equation is an ellipse ora circle.
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Example 4 – Rotation and Graphing Utilities
For each equation, classify the graph of the equation, use the Quadratic Formula to solve for y, and then use a graphing utility to graph the equation.
a. 2x2 – 3xy + 2y2 – 2x = 0
b. x2 – 6xy + 9y2 – 2y + 1 = 0
c. 3x2 + 8xy + 4y2 – 7 = 0
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Example 4(a) – Solution
Because B2 – 4AC = 9 – 16 < 0, the graph is a circle or an
ellipse. Solve for y as follows.
Write original equation.
Quadratic form ay2 + by + c = 0
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Example 4(a) – Solution
Graph both of the equations to obtain the ellipse shown in
Figure 10.49.
Figure 10.49
Top half of ellipse
Bottom half of ellipse
cont’d
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Example 4(b) – Solution
Because B2 – 4AC = 36 – 36 = 0, the graph is a parabola.
x2 – 6xy + 9y2 – 2y + 1 = 0
9y2 – (6x + 2)y + (x2 + 1) = 0
cont’d
Write original equation.
Quadratic form ay2 + by + c = 0
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Example 4(b) – Solution
Graphing both of the equations to obtain the parabola
shown in Figure 10.50.
cont’d
Figure 10.50
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Example 4(c) – Solution
Because B2 – 4AC = 64 – 48 > 0, the graph is a hyperbola.
3x2 + 8xy + 4y2 – 7 = 0
4y2 + 8xy + (3x2 – 7) = 0
Write original equation.
Quadratic form ay2 + by + c = 0
cont’d
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Example 4(c) – Solution
The graphs of these two equations yield the hyperbola
shown in Figure 10.51.
cont’d
Figure 10.51