copyright donald w. king and carol h. montgomery 2003. this work is the intellectual property of the...
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Copyright Donald W. King and Carol H. Montgomery 2003.
This work is the intellectual property of theauthors. Permission is granted for this material to be shared for non-commercial, educational purposes, provided that this copyright statementappears on the reproduced materials and notice is given that the copying is by permission of the author. To disseminate otherwise or to republish requires written permission from the author.
COMPARISON OF COST AND USE OF UNIVERSITY ELECTRONIC
AND PRINT JOURNAL COLLECTIONS
Donald W. KingResearch Professor, U. of Pittsburgh
Carol Hansen Montgomery, Ph.D.Dean of Libraries, Drexel University
EDUCAUSE, November 7, 2003
Funded in part by a grant from the IMLS, NR-00027
Institutional Readiness Administrative support Computer literate users Infrastructure in place Poor current journal collection Major budget increase Distance education programs Large commuter & part-time populations One central library Resource-rich environment
Developing and Managing the
Electronic Journal Collection Much more complex Many more variables than print Price/Contract negotiation Required more skilled (i.e. higher
paid) staff Volatility of collections Higher use
Impact on Staff & CostsStudy Funded by IMLS
Infrastructure/Systems & Space Administration Technical Services Circulation/Access Reserve Information Services
IMLS Research Project
Case Study Impact on staff activities Impact on costs: reduced,
increased, or re-allocated?
Develop a methodology
Translate To
Research Question
Hypothesis:
Electronic journals are less expensive
than print journals.
Definitional Issues
What is an Electronic Journal? What costs matter?
[i.e. unit of measure] What is a use?
Methods - 1Distinguish Three Services
Electronic journals
Unbound print journals
Bound print journals
Methods – 2Annualize All Capital Costs
Space for print journals Actual space Shelving
Computing infrastructure for print and electronic journals
Servers Software Workstations
Methods – 3Calculate Operational Costs
Staff costs via time logs22 weekly samples over 1.5 yearsImpacted by transition
Other operational costs
Supplies, binding, printing,copying, etc.
Methods – 4Add Subscription & Use Data
Distinguish three services Annualize all capital costs Calculate operational costs Calculate subscription costs Compile/organize use data
Chart 1Summary Operational Costs
($10,000)$20,000$50,000$80,000
$110,000$140,000$170,000$200,000$230,000$260,000
E-Journals UnboundPrint
Bound Print
Space Staff Systems Sup/ Serv
Chart 2Operational Costs per Title
$60
$135
$16
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
E-Journals UnboundPrint
Bound Print
Chart 3Subscription Costs Per Title
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
Number of Titles Cost per Title
E-J Individual Subscriptions
E-J Publisher Packages E-J Full-Text
E-J Aggregator Print Journals
$500
$135
$60
$6
$100
200
2,500
500
10,000
400
Chart 4 E- Journal Cost per Use
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
Individual Publisher P Aggregator Full-Text
Subscription Costs Operational Costs
$6
$3
$2
$1
Chart 5E-J/Print Cost per Use
$0.00
$5.00
$10.00
$15.00
$20.00
$25.00
$30.00
$35.00
E Journal UnboundPrint*
Bound Print
Subscription Costs Operational Costs*Bound Print Subscription Costs/Use NA
$2
$6
$30
Major Differences
Operational cost per use of print journals higher than for electronic journals
Bound journals have highest cost/use; the major factor is storage space
Electronic journals require more reference support
Major Issue
How do we translate capital cost savings
[i.e. not building new library space to store journals] to:
operating costs to pay for electronic access
Caveats
Study is a first step Case study for one academic library
only Data “messy” in nature Need for more studies, improved
data
Faculty Information Seeking & Reading Patterns
How much do they read? Where readers obtain articles that
are read? What format do readers use? How do readers learn about articles? Trends are revealing
Fig 1. - Average Amount of Reading by Medical Faculty, Non-University Medical Professionals, and Scientists
322
232 228
276
204
98
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
UT Medical Faculty Non-UniversityMedical
Professionals
Astronomers Chemists Physicists Engineers
Ave
. N
o. o
f R
ea
din
gs P
er
Ye
ar
Where Do Readers Obtain Articles?
Reading per Person
% No.
Personal subscriptions 38 78
Library collections 43 89
From another person 7 14
Author Websites 1 2
Free Web journal 6 12
Preprint 2 5
Other 3 6
100 206
Age is Important
Source of Article 1st Year 2-5 Years Over 5 Years Library 33.5 53.2 73.3 Personal 56.3 28.8 9.2 Separate 10.3 18.1 17.5 Total 100.1 100.1 100.0
Sample Size: Total = 397, Scientists = 300, Non-Scientists = 97
Source: University of Tennessee (2000), Drexel University (2002), University of Pittsburgh (2003)
How Do Readers Learn About Articles?
Reading per Person
% No.
Browse 49 101
Online Search 24 49
Citations in publications
11 23
Someone told reader 13 27
Other 3 6
100 206
Format of Reading
58.955
73.2
41.145
26.8
0102030405060708090
100
All Faculty Scientists Non-Scientists
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f R
ea
din
g (
%)
Print Electronic
Source: University of Tennessee (n=96), Drexel University (n=92), University of Pittsburgh (n=209)
Format by Source
Personal Subscriptions 93% of subscriptions in print 90% of reading in print
Library Collections 80% of reading electronic Saves readers about 20 hours per year
Trends in Scientists’ Reading Patterns
They appear to be reading more
They rely on libraries more
Reasons for increased library use
Fig 2 - Average No. of Articles Read per Scientist
Year and Study
150172
188216
0
50
100
150
200
250
1977 1984 1993 2000 - 03(National Survey, n=2,350)
(National Survey, n=865)
(U of TN, n=89) (TN, Drexel & Pittsburgh, n=300)
Fig 3 - Source of Additional Readings
3752
92101
113 120
96115
020406080
100120140
1977 1984 1993 2000 - 03
Library Collection Other Sources
Sci
entis
t R
eadi
ng p
er Y
ear
Fig 4 - Average Number of Personal Subscriptions per Scientist
4.21 3.96 3.863.50
0
1
2
3
4
5
1977 1984 1993 2000 - 03
Fig 5 - Average Number of Articles Identified by Automated Searches Per Scientist
1 2
27
51
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1977 1984 1993 2000-03Avg
. R
eadi
ngs
per
Sci
entis
t
Breadth of Reading Increased
Drexel as an example
Scientists’ Reading Read from about 13 journals in 1977 Over twice that amount now
Library Contribution to Usefulness & Value
Purpose of use Importance in achieving principal purposes Ways article affected the principal purpose How much do readers “pay” for the article? Achievers read more from library collections Readers are more productive than non-readers Make resources available Help users utilize collections
References King, D.W., Tenopir, C., Montgomery, C.H., and Aerni,
S.E. “Patterns of Journal Use by Faculty at Three Diverse Universities.” D-Lib Magazine, 9:10, October 2003. World Wide Web: <http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october03/king/10king.html>
King, D.W. and Montgomery, C.H. “After Migration to an Electronic Journal Collection: Impact on Faculty and Doctoral Students.” D-Lib Magazine, 8:12, December 2002. World Wide Web: <http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december02/king/12king.html>