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States of Matter
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Some definitions
• Matter: has mass and volume
• Chemistry is the study of matter– The properties of different types of matter– The way matter changes and behaves when
influenced by other matter and/or energy
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Properties of Matter
• Physical Properties: the inherent characteristics of matter that are directly observable.
– Color
– Melting point
– Boiling point
• Chemical Properties: the characteristics of matter that allow it to form new substances
Alcohol ignites in a flame.
Wood is burned in a fireplace.
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Classify each of the followingas a physical or chemical property:
• Ethyl alcohol boiling at 78°C.
• Hardness of a diamond.
• Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol.
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Changes in Matter
• Physical changes: changes to matter that do not result in a change the inherent make-up of the substance– State changes: boiling, melting, condensing
• Chemical changes: changes that involve a change in the fundamental components of the substance– Chemical reactions: Reactants Products
e.g. propane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
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Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change:
• Iron metal melting
• Iron combining with oxygen to form rust
• Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol
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Elements and Compounds
• Elements: substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions
• Most substances are chemical combinations of elements. These combinations are called compounds.– Compounds are made of elements.– Compounds can be broken down into elements.
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Classification of Matter
• Homogeneous: uniform composition throughout– Pure substances– Solutions (homogeneous mixtures)
• Heterogeneous: non-uniform; contains regions with different properties than other regions
P u re S ub s ta n ceC o n s tan t C o m p o s it ion
H o m o ge n e o us
M ix tu reV a ria b le C o m p o s it ion
M a tte r
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Pure Substances
• Pure substances– All samples have the same physical and chemical
properties.– Constant composition: All samples have the same
composition.– Homogeneous
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Mixtures
• Mixtures– Different samples may show different
properties.– Variable composition.– Homogeneous or heterogeneous.– Separate into components based on physical
properties• All mixtures are made of pure substances.
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Solutions
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
• Phase can be gaseous, liquid, or solid.
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Identity each of the following as a pure substance, homogeneous mixture, or heterogeneous mixture.
• Gasoline
• A stream with gravel on the bottom
• Copper metal
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Gas Chromatogram of Unleaded Gasoline
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Separation of a Mixture
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The organization of matter (Figure 3.10)
Matter
Homogeneousmixtures
Heterogeneousmixtures
Pure substances
Physical methods
Elements CompoundsChemicalmethods