coral reef research in the philippines and beyond…

7/28/2019 Coral Reef Research in the Philippines and Beyond

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Coral Reef Research in thePhilippines and Beyond

Hazel O. Arceo


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PhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippines Fast Facts:Fast Facts:Fast Facts:Fast Facts:

Composed of 7,107islands

Total area: 300,000 km2

N-S: 1,850 km

E-W: 1,127 km)

Total coastline: 36,289km

Population: 88.5 M (NSO2007)

Tropical wet climate(wet and dry seasons)

How it was formed

LUZON

VISAYAS

MINDANAO

CHINA

Manila

Cebu


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Tracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the periTracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the periTracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the periTracks of tropical cyclones that entered the PAR during the period 1948od 1948od 1948od 1948----2222000000005555

(1128 tropical cyclones)(1128 tropical cyclones)(1128 tropical cyclones)(1128 tropical cyclones)


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LUZON

VISAYAS

MINDANAO

South ChinaSea

NorthPhilippine Sea

Sulu Sea

VisayanSeas

Celebes Sea

SouthPhilippine

Sea

Marine biogeographic regions(modified from Alio and Gomez 1994)

Marine BiodiversityMarine BiodiversityMarine BiodiversityMarine Biodiversity

Coral Reefs 25,819 km2 (Burke et al. 2002)

464 coral species (Licuanan & Capili2003; Veron & Fenner 2002)

915 reef fish species (Hilomen et al.

2000) [>3,000 fish species (FishBase2007) ]

Algae - 820 species (Trono 1999)

Seagrass - 16 species (Fortes & Santos

2004)

Mangroves - 30 species (WRI 2003)

Other species (Pan et al. 2008): Annelida 57

Arthropoda 582 Bryozoa 56

Cnidaria 669

Echinodormata 90

Mollusca 1,982

Mammalia - 31 Porfiera 64

Reptilia - 27


5/43The Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the wThe Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the wThe Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the wThe Philippines is at the center of marine biodiversity in the worldorldorldorld


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Philippine MPAsPhilippine MPAsPhilippine MPAsPhilippine MPAs

Hottest of themarine biodiversityhotspots in theworld (Roberts et al. 2002)

Over 1,000 existingMPAs in thecountry (Arceo et al. 2008)

Only about 25-30%are effectively

managed


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Bachelor of Science in Marine BiologyBachelor of Science in Marine BiologyBachelor of Science in Marine BiologyBachelor of Science in Marine Biology

(1993(1993(1993(1993----1997)1997)1997)1997)

The Effects of Heavy Metals (Pb,Zn, Cd, Hg) on Milkfish (Chanos

chanos), Tiger Prawn (Penaeusmonodon) and Horn Shell

(Rhinoclavissp.)

Department of Biology - Marine Biology SectionUniversity of San Carlos, Cebu City

Previous Research Work


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Master of Science in Marine ScienceMaster of Science in Marine ScienceMaster of Science in Marine ScienceMaster of Science in Marine Science

(1999(1999(1999(1999----2004)2004)2004)2004)

Patterns and Role ofRecruitment on the

Community Dynamics ofReef Fishes in the

Philippines

Marine Science InstituteUniversity of the Philippines - Diliman

Previous Research Work


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MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1. To investigate patterns ofrecruitment in Philippine reef fishes

Spatial (3 scales)

Temporal

2. To examine the role of recruitment

on coral reef fish dynamics


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115.0 116.0 117.0 118.0 119.0 120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0

Longitude (E)

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

21.0

22.0

Latitude(N)

Anda (37)Bolinao (23)

Masinloc (44)

Twin Rocks (40)

Danjugan (35)

SULU SEA

SOUTH CHINA SEA

Aparri (3)

Casiguran (3)

Dinalungan (7)Baler (7)

Mabini (10)

Kiamba (8)

Tabina (7)

Tukuran (7)

Zamboanga (2)

Sibulan (8)

Loon (10)Calape (10)

Talibon (7)Cordova (10)

Puerto Princesa

Bay (17)

Honda Bay (17)

San Vicente (9)

El Nido (20)

Kalayaan Island

Group (9)

North

Palawan (7)

Masbate (7)

Lagonoy Gulf (27)

Calauag Bay (31)

Ragay Gulf (44)

Alaminos (3)Balingasay (45)

CELEBES SEA

PHILIPPINE SEA

5 biogeographic

regions

31 localities in 50

provinces 26 (database)

5 (primary data)

514 transects

Fish Visual Census

Juveniles (100 m2)

Adults (500 m2)

LIT (secondary

data)

Video Transects(primary data)

STUDY AREAS:STUDY AREAS:STUDY AREAS:STUDY AREAS:


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Spatial Pattern: Biogeographic RegionSpatial Pattern: Biogeographic RegionSpatial Pattern: Biogeographic RegionSpatial Pattern: Biogeographic Region

0

50

100

150

200

250

SCS

(n=83)

NP

(n=40)

VIS

(n=54)

SS

(n=32)

CEL

(n=22)

no.ofjuveniles/100m2

*p


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0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Danjugan Honda Bay PPC Bay Zamboanga

SULU SEA (4 localities)SULU SEA (4 localities)SULU SEA (4 localities)SULU SEA (4 localities)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Ragay Masbate Cordova Sibulan Talibon Loon Calape

VISAYAN SEA (7 localities)VISAYAN SEA (7 localities)VISAYAN SEA (7 localities)VISAYAN SEA (7 localities)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Kiamba Tabina Tukuran

CELEBES SEA (3 localities)CELEBES SEA (3 localities)CELEBES SEA (3 localities)CELEBES SEA (3 localities)

AcanthuridaeAcanthuridaeAcanthuridaeAcanthuridae

AnthiinaeAnthiinaeAnthiinaeAnthiinae

LabridaeLabridaeLabridaeLabridae

ScaridaeScaridaeScaridaeScaridae

PlotosidaePlotosidaePlotosidaePlotosidae

PomacentridaePomacentridaePomacentridaePomacentridae

Other FamiliesOther FamiliesOther FamiliesOther Families

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%100%

Masinloc Anda Balingasay Twin

Rocks

Bolinao Alaminos Mabini San

Vicente

El Nido KIG NW

Palawan

SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities)SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities)SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities)SOUTH CHINA SEA (11 localities)

Composition of Reef Fish Families

NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities)NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities)NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities)NORTH PHILIPPINE SEA (6 localities)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Calauag Lagonoy Dinalungan Baler Casiguran Aparri


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High (>200 ind/100mHigh (>200 ind/100mHigh (>200 ind/100mHigh (>200 ind/100m2222)

Medium (51Medium (51Medium (51Medium (51----200 ind/100m200 ind/100m200 ind/100m200 ind/100m2222)

Low (15 species/100m2222)

Medium (5Medium (5Medium (5Medium (5----15 species/100m15 species/100m15 species/100m15 species/100m2222)

Low (


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AbundanceAbundanceAbundanceAbundance(NS at p


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0

400

800

1200

1600

Sep-01 Apr-02 no data Mar-03

no.of

individuals/10

0m2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

no.ofspecies/1

00m2

DANJUGANDANJUGANDANJUGANDANJUGAN

0

400

800

1200

1600

Sep-01 Dec-01 Sep-02 Jan-03

no.

of

ind

ividuals/100m2

05

10

15

20

25

30

no.o

fspecies/100m2

TWIN ROCKSTWIN ROCKSTWIN ROCKSTWIN ROCKS

0

40

80

120

160

200

Aug-01 Jan-02 Sep-02 Jan-03

no.of

ind

ividuals/100m2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

no.o

fspecies/100m2

ANDAANDAANDAANDA

0

40

80

120

160

200

Aug-01 Jan-02 Sep-02 Jan-03

no.of

individuals/1

00m2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

no.ofspecies/100m2

BALINGASAYBALINGASAYBALINGASAYBALINGASAY

040

80

120

160

200

Sep-01 Jan-02 Sep-02 Feb-03

no.of

in

dividuals/100m2

05

10

15

20

25

30

no.

ofspecies/100m2

MASINLOCMASINLOCMASINLOCMASINLOC

Sp RichnessSp RichnessAbundanceAbundanceANOVAANOVA

p


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0.00 0.19 Very weak0.20 0.39 Weak0.40 0.69 Modest

0.70 0.89 Strong0.90 1.00 Very strong

Fowler and Cohen 1990

FAMILY (26 families/subfamilies)

Anthiinae - 0.726**

Pomacentridae - 0.645*

Cirrhitidae - 0.622*

Scaridae - 0.514*Labridae - 0.454*

Correlation AnalysesCorrelation AnalysesCorrelation AnalysesCorrelation Analyses

(Pearson r, p


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SpatioSpatioSpatioSpatio----Temporal Trends in the MPAsTemporal Trends in the MPAsTemporal Trends in the MPAsTemporal Trends in the MPAs

No significant differences

in abundance over time(3-way ANOVA & Kruskal-Wallis

ANOVA, p


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Project Involvements

115 .0 116.0 1 17.0 118. 0 119.0 12 0.0 121. 0 122.0 123. 0 124.0 1 25.0 126. 0 127.0 128 .0

Longitude (E)

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

21.0

22.0

atitude

(

)

Bolinao (2 3)

SULU SEA

SOUTH CHINA SEA

Kiamba (8)

Sibulan (8)

Loon (10)Calape (10)

Cordova (10)San Vicente (9)

CELEBES SEA

PHILIPPINE SEA

S a lc e d o

Reef monitoring in 8 MPAsReef monitoring in 8 MPAsReef monitoring in 8 MPAsReef monitoring in 8 MPAs

No significant changes inNo significant changes inNo significant changes inNo significant changes in

coral covercoral covercoral covercoral cover

Fish density increased byFish density increased byFish density increased byFish density increased by

50505050----200%200%200%200%

Fish biomass increased byFish biomass increased byFish biomass increased byFish biomass increased by100100100100----900%900%900%900%

Initial biomass valueInitial biomass valueInitial biomass valueInitial biomass value

influenced rate ofinfluenced rate ofinfluenced rate ofinfluenced rate ofaccumulationaccumulationaccumulationaccumulation ((((NanolaNanolaNanolaNanola et al. 2007)et al. 2007)et al. 2007)et al. 2007)

Participatory Evaluation of theParticipatory Evaluation of theParticipatory Evaluation of theParticipatory Evaluation of theEffectiveness of MPAs in Maintaining ReefEffectiveness of MPAs in Maintaining ReefEffectiveness of MPAs in Maintaining ReefEffectiveness of MPAs in Maintaining Reef

Functional Biodiversity (1997Functional Biodiversity (1997Functional Biodiversity (1997Functional Biodiversity (1997----2003)2003)2003)2003)

Pro ect funded b : UNDP-GEF-SGP & USAID/DENR-CRMP


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Manual for Coral Reef Monitoring


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ArceoArceo et al.et al. 20012001

1998 Massive1998 Massive1998 Massive1998 Massive

Coral BleachingCoral BleachingCoral BleachingCoral Bleaching

EventEventEventEvent

An evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thatttt


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21

An evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thaAn evaluation of the coral reef benthic assemblages suggests thatttt

exacerbated combined effects of human and natural inducedexacerbated combined effects of human and natural inducedexacerbated combined effects of human and natural inducedexacerbated combined effects of human and natural induced

disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;disturbances dictate their recovery and/or denouement;

Changes in major benthic attributes, before, 2-6 months after and a year after the coral bleaching event

Bolinao,Pangasinan (n=3)

WesternPalawan (n=3)

Sulu Sea (n=6)

0

1020

30

40

50

60

70

80

ME

AN%

COVER Jun-98

Aug-98

Jun-99

0

10

20

30

40

5060

70

80

Apr-98

Nov-98

May-99

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

HC SC DC DCA AA OT ABIOTIC UNID

May-98Nov-98

May-99

MEAN%

CO

VER

MEA

N%

COVER

a

b a

abb

a

b bb

b

a

aab a b

a

bab

a b

ab a b bab

a

b

ab

a

Arceo et al. 2002Slide courtesy of MC Quibilan



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Enhancing Sustainable Fisheries throughEnhancing Sustainable Fisheries throughEnhancing Sustainable Fisheries throughEnhancing Sustainable Fisheries throughImproved Marine Fishery ReservesImproved Marine Fishery ReservesImproved Marine Fishery ReservesImproved Marine Fishery Reserves

(2000(2000(2000(2000----2003)2003)2003)2003) ShortShortShortShort----range effectsrange effectsrange effectsrange effects

Spillover effect (FVC, fishSpillover effect (FVC, fishSpillover effect (FVC, fishSpillover effect (FVC, fish

tagging & tracking, fecundity,tagging & tracking, fecundity,tagging & tracking, fecundity,tagging & tracking, fecundity,fisheries monitoring)fisheries monitoring)fisheries monitoring)fisheries monitoring)

MediumMediumMediumMedium----range effectsrange effectsrange effectsrange effects

IchthyoplanktonIchthyoplanktonIchthyoplanktonIchthyoplankton surveys (fishsurveys (fishsurveys (fishsurveys (fishlarvae and eggs)larvae and eggs)larvae and eggs)larvae and eggs)

Oceanographic studiesOceanographic studiesOceanographic studiesOceanographic studies

LongLongLongLong----range effectsrange effectsrange effectsrange effects Genetic studiesGenetic studiesGenetic studiesGenetic studies

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

21.0

22.0

Latitude(

)

Anda

Masinloc

Twin Rocks

Danjugan

SULU SEA

SOUTH CHINA SEA

Zamboanga

Guimaras

Balingasay

CELEBES SEA

PHILIPPINE SEA

Pro ect funded b : DA-BAR


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Movement of reef fish

Tagging Danjugan, Cauayan, Negros Occ. April 2001 May 2003

530 fish tagged

99 species, 22 families

Reef fish 1o sedentary

Evidence of crossing boundaries

Spillover ?Flux rates of crossing over?

422 tagged inside reserves

34 recaptured = 8.1% recapture rate

8 of 34 tagged inside caught

outside (23.5%)

108 tagged outside reserves

10/108 = 9.3% recapture rate

All caught outside

Emigration rate (potentialspillover) ~ 23%

Source: AFMA-MFR Project

AurelladoAurellado et al.et al. 20092009


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>100

100

50

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

131415161718

19

20

21

22

23

24

121.80 122.00 122.20 122.40 122.60 122.80

9.80

10.00

10.20

10.40

10.60

10.80 PANAY

Guimaras

NEGROS

>100

100

50

10

>100

100

50

10

>100

100

50

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

131415161718

19

20

21

22

23

24

121.80 122.00 122.20 122.40 122.60 122.80

9.80

10.00

10.20

10.40

10.60

10.80 PANAY

Guimaras

NEGROS

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

131415161718

19

20

21

22

23

24

121.80 122.00 122.20 122.40 122.60 122.80

9.80

10.00

10.20

10.40

10.60

10.80 PANAY

Guimaras

NEGROS

LARVAL & EGG DENSITIES IN PANAY GULF, MAY 2002

Eggs = blue;

larvae = red

Spatial scale of100 km

Source: AFMA-MFR Project



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Philippine Environmental Governance 2Philippine Environmental Governance 2Philippine Environmental Governance 2Philippine Environmental Governance 2Project (2004Project (2004Project (2004Project (2004----2009)2009)2009)2009)

Target outcome: ReducedTarget outcome: ReducedTarget outcome: ReducedTarget outcome: Reduced

overfishingoverfishingoverfishingoverfishing & destructive& destructive& destructive& destructive

fishingfishingfishingfishing

106,700 ha of coastal area106,700 ha of coastal area106,700 ha of coastal area106,700 ha of coastal area

under improvedunder improvedunder improvedunder improved

managementmanagementmanagementmanagement

20 new marine sanctuaries20 new marine sanctuaries20 new marine sanctuaries20 new marine sanctuariesestablished (400 ha)established (400 ha)established (400 ha)established (400 ha)

50 existing marine50 existing marine50 existing marine50 existing marine

sanctuaries managedsanctuaries managedsanctuaries managedsanctuaries managed

(2,500 ha)(2,500 ha)(2,500 ha)(2,500 ha) Map from Ong et al. 2000with marine biogeographic regions(Alino and Gomez 1994)

South China Sea

NorthPhilippi

ne Sea

SouthPhilippin

SeaSulu Sea

VisayanSeas

Celebes Sea

Project funded by: USAID through DAI Inc.


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Coastal ResourceManagementPlanning &Implementation


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MPA Establishment

and Management MPA networks

Current Research Work


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ThesisThesisThesisThesis

(2009(2009(2009(2009----present)present)present)present)

Performance Indicators toPerformance Indicators toPerformance Indicators toPerformance Indicators toAssess the Effectiveness of MPAsAssess the Effectiveness of MPAsAssess the Effectiveness of MPAsAssess the Effectiveness of MPAs

in Sustaining Fisheriesin Sustaining Fisheriesin Sustaining Fisheriesin Sustaining Fisheries

ECOMERSUniversit de Nice - Sophia Antipolis

Current Research Work

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)


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Protected

Area or sanctuary

Recruitment

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

or Marine/Fish Sanctuariesor Marine/Fish Sanctuariesor Marine/Fish Sanctuariesor Marine/Fish Sanctuaries

Slide courtesy of W Campos, UPV

Spillover

FISHERY BENEFITS OF MPAS


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MAIN OBJECTIVES:MAIN OBJECTIVES:MAIN OBJECTIVES:MAIN OBJECTIVES:1.1.1.1. To determine the effect of protection on fishTo determine the effect of protection on fishTo determine the effect of protection on fishTo determine the effect of protection on fish

recruitment, particularly on density andrecruitment, particularly on density andrecruitment, particularly on density andrecruitment, particularly on density andmortality of recruits; and,mortality of recruits; and,mortality of recruits; and,mortality of recruits; and,

2.2.2.2. To investigate densityTo investigate densityTo investigate densityTo investigate density----dependentdependentdependentdependentexportation of fish to adjacent areas outsideexportation of fish to adjacent areas outsideexportation of fish to adjacent areas outsideexportation of fish to adjacent areas outside

of the MPAs, specifically:of the MPAs, specifically:of the MPAs, specifically:of the MPAs, specifically:

a.a.a.a. the movement of adults (the movement of adults (the movement of adults (the movement of adults (spilloverspilloverspilloverspillover))))

b.b.b.b. the potential export of reproductive propagulesthe potential export of reproductive propagulesthe potential export of reproductive propagulesthe potential export of reproductive propagules


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METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

Cap Roux MPA (SaintCap Roux MPA (SaintCap Roux MPA (SaintCap Roux MPA (Saint

RaphaRaphaRaphaRaphallll)))) No-take zone

450 hectares extending up to

the 80-meter isobath

Established in Dec 2003 by

the Prudhomie de Peche

Initially closed for a 4-year

period but was extended to 6years in Jan 2008

Managed by the city of Saint

Raphal


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A. Determining Protection Effects on

Fish Recruitment

1. Monitoring Juvenile Fish Abundance

Seagrass beds

Shallow coves

(Diplodusspp.)

Rocky substrates(Serranus cabrilla)


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A. Determining Protection Effects on Fish

Recruitment

2. Juvenile Fish Mortality Experiment

Photo by: Marine Clozza Photo by: Marine Clozza


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Full cageFull cageFull cageFull cage

Open setOpen setOpen setOpen set----upupupup

Partial cagePartial cagePartial cagePartial cage

Inside ReserveInside ReserveInside ReserveInside Reserve

Outside ReserveOutside ReserveOutside ReserveOutside Reserve

= Mortality rate= Mortality rate= Mortality rate= Mortality rate

The ResidentsThe ResidentsThe ResidentsThe Residents


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Serranus scriba

Pagrus pagrus

Serranus cabrilla

Serranus hepatus


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Symphodus roissalli

Symphodus sp.

Pagellus bogaraveo

Pagellus bogaraveo


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Pagellus erythrinus

Th P d tTh P d tTh P d tTh P d t


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The PredatorsThe PredatorsThe PredatorsThe Predators

Unexpected guestsUnexpected guestsUnexpected guestsUnexpected guests


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Unexpected guestsUnexpected guestsUnexpected guestsUnexpected guests

The riskThe riskThe riskThe risk


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GENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGY


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GENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGYGENERAL METHODOLOGY

B. Determining Protection Effects on Fish

Recovery and Exportation

1. Adult recovery (reserve effect) Fish Visual Census (Transect, FAST)

2.

Exportation of adult fish (spillover effect) Experimental Fishing

Fish Tagging/Tracking

3. Exportation of reproductive propagules(recruitment effect)

Fecundity Study proxy estimate for potential

egg/larval outputs

Experimental FishingExperimental FishingExperimental FishingExperimental Fishing


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3-4 100-meter nets

deployed at 10-40 m depths

Number of stations

inside MPA = 3 stations(approximately 400m

distance per station)

outside MPA = 5 stations

at varying distances from

the south boundary (i.e.

200m, 400m, 600, 800

m, 1000m

control = 2 stations at

least >2000 m awayfrom the south boundary

Frequency:

2 seasons (spring and

autumn) 2 campaigns per season

p gp gp gp g

DesignDesignDesignDesign


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Maraming Salamat!(Merci beaucoup!)

coral reef research in the philippines and beyond…

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