corn replacement: coproducts & ag residues galen erickson, terry klopfenstein, & many...
TRANSCRIPT
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Corn Replacement: Coproducts& Ag Residues
Galen Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein, & many students
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Byp
rod
uct
s
• WDGS, modified (45% DM) • WDGS, traditional (35% DM)• DDGS, (90% DM)• Syrup, distillers solubles, CCDS
• WCGF (45% DM)• WCGF-Sweet Bran (60% DM)• DCGF• Steep• Synergy
• “new” distillers grains
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Meta-Analysis of UsingDistillers Grains
Virgil Bremer, Terry Klopfenstein & Galen Erickson
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WDGS Meta- Analysis
• 20 feedlot trials at UNL
• 3,365 steers, 350 pens
• WDGS replaced blends of DRC and HMC
• Levels of WDGS up to 50% DM.
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Average Daily Gain
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Ave
rag
e D
ail
y G
ain
, lb
s./
da
y
Diet DM % WDGS
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y = -0.001x2 + 0.0868x + 15.458
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0 10 20 30 40
g o
f G
ain
/10
0 g
Fe
ed
Diet DM % WDGS
WDGS Feed Efficiency
150 143 136 130Feeding Value, % of Corn
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y = -5E-05x2 + 0.0039x + 0.4834
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 10 20 30 40
Fa
t T
hic
kn
es
s, i
n.
Diet DM % WDGS
WDGS 12th Rib Fat
0.52 0.54 0.55 0.550.48
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y = -0.0263x2 + 0.9719x + 528.04400
450
500
550
600
650
700
0 10 20 30 40
Ma
rbli
ng
Sc
ore
, 5
00
= S
ma
ll 0
Diet DM % WDGS
WDGS Marbling Score
y = -0.0263x2 + 0.9719x + 528.04
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
0 10 20 30 40
Ma
rbli
ng
Sc
ore
, 5
00
= S
ma
ll 0
Diet DM % WDGS
535 537 534 525528
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MDGS Meta- Analysis
• 4 feedlot trials at UNL
• 680 steers, 85 pens
• MDGS replaced blends of DRC and HMC
• Levels of WDGS up to 50% DM.
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DDGS Meta- Analysis
• 4 feedlot trials at UNL
• 581 steers, 66 pens
• DDGS replaced blends of DRC and HMC
• Levels of WDGS up to 40% DM.
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0.140
0.150
0.160
0.170
0 10 20 30 40
Feed
Effi
cien
cy
Diet DM % DGS
DDGS (90% DM)MDGS (46% DM)WDGS (32% DM)
DGS Feeding Value(% of DRC & HMC Blend)
10 20 30 40WDGS 148 145 137 131MDGS 128 124 121 117DDGS 107 110 111 112
Diet DM % DGS
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WDGS MDGS DDGS SEM P-value
Performance1
DMI, lb/d 24.8a 26.4b 27.1b0.07 < 0.01
ADG, lb 4.11 4.17 4.05 0.3 0.30
F:G 6.06a 6.33b 6.67c <0.01
Carcass Characteristics2
HCW, lb 882 887 877 6 0.52
Marbling Score 610 599 602 9 0.69
12th rib fat, in 0.63 0.64 0.60 0.1 0.15
LM area, in2 13.3 13.2 13.4 0.15 0.50
a,b,c Means with different superscripts differ (P - value < 0.05).1 DMI - Dry matter intake; ADG - Average daily gain; G:F - gain per lb of feed.2 HCW - Hot carcass wt.; Marbling Score: 400 - slight, 500 - small, 600 - Modest, 700 - Moderate, 800 - Slightly Abundant.
Nuttelman et al., 2011 Beef Report
Dry, Modified, Wet
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Spring 2010
$3.30/bu corn50 miles hauling
DDGS: $100/ tonMDGS: $46/ tonWDGS: $34/ ton
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Effect of Drying Costs on DGS
$3.30/bu corn50 miles hauling
DDGS: $125/ tonMDGS: $54/ tonWDGS: $34/ ton
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Current Prices
$6.25/bu corn60 miles hauling
DDGS: $175/ tonMDGS: $90/ tonWDGS: $75/ ton
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Do we have to feedgrain?
4 WCGF:WDGS combination experiments (Loza, Loza, Buckner, Benton)
2 experiments with >60% WDGS (Wilken, Rich)
Feeding straight WCGF or Sweet Bran
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High Levels of Wet Corn Gluten Feed (ADM)
DRC 17.5% 35.0% 52.5% 70.0% 87.5%Item Control WCGF WCGF WCGF WCGF WCGF
ADG 3.45 3.58 3.74 3.59 3.56 3.39DMI 22.81 23.58 23.83 23.71 22.71 22.53Feed/gain 6.59 6.56 6.36 6.61 6.37 6.64
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0102030405060708090
100
0 25 50 75
WDGS
WCGF
BP (50:50 Blend)
(%D
M)
Loza et al., 2003
Sweet Bran/WDGS combination
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3.99
4.63 4.56
3.9
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 25 50 75
BP
ADG
Loza et al., 2003
Sweet Bran/WDGS combination
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5.995.685.71
6.1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 25 50 75
Feed Conversion
Q = <0.05
L = 0.32BP (%DM)
Loza et al., 2003
Sweet Bran/WDGS combination
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0102030405060708090
100
0 45 60
WCGF
MDGS
BP (% DM)
(%D
M)
Benton et al., 2009
ADM Synergy concept
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MDGS (%DM): 30 30 30 P-Value
WCGF (%DM): 0 15 30 Lin Quad
DMI, lb/d 22.3 22.5 22.0 0.15 0.04
ADG, lb 4.03 4.05 3.86 <0.01 <0.01
F:G 5.52 5.54 5.70 <0.01 0.13
Feedlot Performance
Benton et al., 2009
ADM Synergy concept
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MDGS (%DM): 30 30 30 P-Value
WCGF (%DM): 0 15 30 Lin Quad
HCW, lb 837 839 818 <0.01 <0.01
LM area, in2 14.1 14.0 14.2 0.81 0.35
12th rib fat, in 0.56 0.58 0.53 0.10 0.07
Marbling score1 511 512 487 0.03 0.15
≥Choice, % 51.6 53.6 41.6 0.11 0.19
Yield Grade 2.97 3.05 2.79 0.02 0.01
1Marbling score: 400 = Slight, 450 = Slight 50, 500 = Small 0, etc.
Carcass Characteristics
Benton et al., 2009
ADM Synergy concept
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Corn 82.5 43.8 - - 21.9 -WDGS - 43.8 65.6 43.8 32.8 32.8Sweet Bran - - - 43.8 32.8 32.8Soyhulls - - - - - 21.9Grass - - 21.9 - - -
Molasses 5.0 - - - - -Alfalfa 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5Supplement 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
High amounts of combination
TRT: 83% corn 44DG: 66DG: 44DG: 33DG: 33DG:-corn -hay 44GF 33GF 33GF
-corn -hulls
Wilken et al., 2009 Nebraska Beef Rep.
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DMI 26.1 25.2 26.6 24.8 26.1 25.8
ADG 4.03 4.47 4.03 3.97 4.16 3.73
F:G 6.48bc 5.65a 6.61c 6.26b 6.28b 6.93d
PEM, n 0 0 0 5 0 2
F:G P = 0.06 for WDG-hay and soyhulls
TRT: 83% corn 44DG: 66DG: 44DG: 33DG: 33DG:-corn -hay 44GF 33GF 33GF
-corn -hulls
Wilken et al., 2009 Nebraska Beef Rep.
High amounts of combination
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0102030405060708090
100
83 corn 44 DG-corn 66 DG-hay
$, s
teer
rela
tive to c
orn 65-$3.50
75-$3.5085-$3.50
Higher DGS-$
Wilken et al., 2009 Nebraska Beef Rep.
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
83 corn 44 DG-corn 66 DG-hay
$, s
teer
rela
tive to c
orn 65-$5.50
75-$5.5085-$5.50
Higher DGS-$
Wilken et al., 2009 Nebraska Beef Rep.
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DMI 22.6 22.9 20.2 19.1 17.8 18.2 19.6
ADG 3.60 4.33 3.65 3.57 2.88 2.49 3.07
F:G 6.29 5.29 5.52 5.38 6.17 7.30 6.37
DOF, n 183 183 183 183 225 225 225
Fat depth 0.42 0.61 0.48 0.43 0.43 0.27 0.50
Higher DGS
TRT: 83% corn 40DG 70DG 77DG 85DG 70DG 77DGcorn 8straw 9straw 10straw 25straw 17straw
Rich et al., 2011 Beef Report
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DMI 22.6 22.9 20.2 19.1 17.8 18.2 19.6
ADG 3.60b 4.33a 3.65b 3.57b 2.88d 2.49e 3.07c
F:G 6.29c 5.29a 5.52b 5.38ab 6.17c 7.30d 6.37c
DOF, n 183 183 183 183 225 225 225
Fat depth 0.42 0.61 0.48 0.43 0.43 0.27 0.50
Higher DGS
TRT: 0DG 40DG 70DG 77DG 85DG 70DG 77DG5straw 5straw 8straw 9straw 10straw 25straw 17straw83corn 40corn 17corn 9corn
Rich et al., 2011 Beef Report
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http://cropwatch.unl.edu/web/bioenergy/2008seminars
http://cropwatch.unl.edu/web/bioenergy/10
http://beef.unl.edu/byproducts.shtml
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Adam Shreck
Replacing corn with chemically treated forage in beef finishing diets
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Use of chemical treatment to enhance digestibility
NaOH:• Anderson and Ralston, 1973• Garrett et al.,1976• Hogan and Weston, 1971• Jared and Donefer, 1970• Klopfenstein and Koers, 1973• Rexen and Thomsen, 1976• Rounds and Klopfenstein,1974• Saxena et al., 1971• Waller and Klopfenstein, 1975• Todorov, 1975
CaOH:• Rounds and Klopfenstein,1974• Waller and Klopfenstein, 1975• Waller et al., 1976• Lesoing et al., 1980
Digestibility:
NaOH > CaONaOH+ CaO = ↑NaOH
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Experiments
• Optimize use of chemical treatments
• Factors:– DM– Chemical– Reaction Length– Ambient Temperature– Forage type– Plant part
Effects on DigestibilityIn Vitro
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Exp 1.• 4X3X2 Factorial 4 reps• Chemical:
– Control– 5% CaO– 4% CaO 1% NaOH– 3% CaO 2% NaOH
• Residue– Cobs– Straw– Stover
• DM– 35%– 50%
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IVDMD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Control 5:00 4:01 3:02
Chemical Treatment CaO:NaOH %
Cobs
Straw
Stalks
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IVDMD Part x Treatment
0 5:0 4:1 3:2CaO: NaOH, %:
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Ingredient, % of DM Con Cobs Straw Stalks
DRC 46 36 36 36 36 36 36
Cobs-treated — 20 — — — — —
Straw-treated — — — 20 — — —
Stalks-treated — — — — — 20 —
Cobs-not treated 3.33 — 20 — — — —
Straw-not treated 3.33 — — — 20 — —
Stalks-not treated 3.33 — — — — — 20
WDGS 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
Supplement 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
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Table 1. Performance characteristics for Exp 1010.Corn Cobs Wheat Straw Corn Stover P-Value
Item Control Treated Native Treated Native Treated Native SE F1 T2 FxT3
DMI 25.81 25.36 25.66 25.83 25.29 26.11 25.06 0.32 0.97 0.11 0.12
ADG 3.78abc 3.73bcd 3.74bc 4.01a 3.55cd 3.83ab 3.49d 0.084 0.30 <0.01 0.01
F:G 6.85ab 6.80ab 6.85ab 6.45a 7.14b 6.82ab 7.19b 0.003 0.31 0.01 0.161Fixed effect of forage fraction2Fixed effect of chemical treatment3Forage fraction x chemical treatment interaction5Calculated as HCW/common dress (63%)6Pen weight before slaughterabcdWithin a row, values lacking common superscripts, differ (P<0.05)
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Table 2. Carcass characteristics for Exp 1010.
Corn Cobs Wheat Straw Corn Stover P-Value
Item Control Treated Native Treated Native Treated Native SE F1 T2 FxT3
HCW 834bc 828bc 829bc 857a 811cd 841ab 805d 15.3 0.28 <0.01 <0.01
BF 0.53a 0.47bc 0.48bc 0.50ab 0.44c 0.53a 0.44c 0.018 0.79 <0.01 0.03
REA 12.96 13.03 13.41 13.49 13.20 13.13 12.72 0.221 0.10 0.5 0.10
Marbling4 517 507 516 508 484 501 494 9.4 0.12 0.25 0.14
Calc. YG 3.46 3.23 3.20 3.29 3.12 3.45 3.21 0.101 0.39 0.08 0.59
1Fixed effect of forage fraction
2Fixed effect of chemical treatment
3Forage fraction x chemical treatment interaction
4500=Small, 600=Modest
abcdWithin a row, values lacking common superscripts, differ (P<0.05)
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Assume
• Calcium oxide $230/Ton– Supplement cost: $298 vs $250/T
• As-fed costs/ ton and DM ( ):– Ncobs: $58 (64.40)– TCobs $37.5 (75.00)– Nstraw: $58 (64.40)– Tstraw: $42.5 (85.00)– Nstalks: $58 (72.50)– Tstalks: $40 (80.00)
50% DM
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Corn Price/$ bushel
$3.00 $4.50 $6.00
Control 0.00 0.00 0.00
NCobs 6.91 18.30 29.61
NStalks -13.32 -6.70 -0.16
NStraw -10.28 -2.08 6.04
TCobs 2.06 14.78 27.42TStalks -0.05 13.68 27.33
TStraw 17.37 35.80 54.16
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Future Work
• Treated Stalks w/ MDGS
• 5% roughage in control
• 1” vs 3” grind size
• Increasing pen surface OM
• Response with calf-feds vs yearlings????????
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Potential of Chemically Treated Corn Stover and Modified Distiller Grains as a Partial
Replacement for Corn Grain in Feedlot Diets
J. Russell, D. Loy and J. Anderson (ISU) and M. Cecava (ADM)
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On-farm biomass pre-treatment• Stover chopped to reduce particle size and increase surface area.
• Treated with nothing or 5% wt:wt dry powder CaO and water to create Ca(OH)2
• Compressed and stored in plastic Ag bags, anaerobically for 30 days
• Used in cattle feeding trial with 210 steers. Cattle fed 183 or 195 days.
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On-Farm Treatment Composition of Diets
Ingredient % DMCorn
RationCRF
Ration
Corn grain 70 35
Corn stover* 5 20
Modified distillers grains 20 40
Supplement 5 5*Corn Stover consisted of either
1)baled stover-ground;2) ag bag stover, no treatment; 3)ag bag stover with alkaline treatment. Cattle fed Grain Diet for entire trial, CRF Ration for entire trial or CRF Diet for 112 days and then Grain Diet to termination.
ADM AFR 09-20 Cattle Feeding Trial Iowa State University
“CRF”
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Cattle Performance Response
ADM AFR 09-20 Cattle Feeding Trial Iowa State University
30 bushels less corn versus high grain
control ration
30 bushels less corn versus high grain
control ration
a,b,c Means with unlike superscripts are different (P<.05)
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Feed Conversion
ADM AFR 09-20 Cattle Feeding Trial Iowa State University
a
Means with unlike superscripts are different (P<.05)a,b,c
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Item Corn
Grower/Finish
CRF (bale) Grower
Corn finish
CRF (bagged NT ) Grower
Corn finish
CRF (bagged TRT) Grower
Corn finish
CRF(bale)
Grow/Finish
CRF(bagged NT )
Grow/Finish
CRF (bagged TRT )
Grow/Finish
Hot carcass wt, lb
837a 762b 788b,c 815a,c,d 794c 813a,c 823a,d
Dressing % 61.5a 59.1b 60.1b,c 60.7a,c 60.8a,c 60.6a,c 61.1a,c
Fat cover, in .53a.36b .33b .39b.c .36b,c .39c .49a
KPH, % 2.33a 1.82b 1.79b 2.05a,b 1.88b,c 1.92b,c 2.15a,c
REA, in2 13.54 13.18 13.18 13.45 13.63 13.93 13.49
Marbling score, (1000 = C-)
1088a 1006b 1025b 1027b 1008b 1028b 1027b
Yield grade 3.13a 2.44b 2.47b 2.67b 2.44b 2.50b 2.96a
Value $ 1,276.65 $ 1,135.71 $ 1,186.57 $ 1,225.74 $ 1,186.91 $ 1,215.42 $ 1,231.86
Carcass characteristics
a,b,c,d Means with unlike superscripts are different (P<.05)
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Economics (net return/steer) Ingredient DM
Cost/ton as fed or per bu
Baled Stover, ground 0.73 $ 55 Bagged, not-treated 0.68 $ 59 Bagged, treated 0.47 $ 51 Modified wet DG 0.50 $ 82 Corn 0.88 $ 6.00 Supplement 0.89 $ 400
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Practical application
GrindingAdding CaOAdding WaterWeight measuresStorage options
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Exothermic properties