corrections chapter 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1: Early History
2000 B.C. to A.D. 1800
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Overview
Who are the offenders and what shall we do with them? Rapid changes in the field of corrections Large growth in number of offenders
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Behavior as a Continuum
Proscribed
Prescribed
Folkways
Mores
Laws
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Figure 1.1The Continuum of Behavior
◄◄◄Negative Positive►►►
Proscribed Prescribed
Discouraged Encouraged
Laws Mores Folkways Mores Laws
Behavior
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Redress of Wrongs
Retaliation Blood Feud Vendetta
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Redress: cont.
Retaliation becomes a system of law Tribal customs
Exchange of money Or of property
Atonement Lex salica (or Wergeld) Rank or social status plays a role Still in use in some Middle-Eastern Countries
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Fines and Punishment
Tribal leaders, elders, and, later, Kings play roles in fines and punishments
Requires “public action”
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Early Codes
Babylonian and Sumerian Codes Lex talionis (eye for an eye), based on Sumerian
Codes (1860 B.C.) Code of Hammurabi (1750 B.C.) . . . 500 years
before Book of Covenant (1250 B.C.) The Hammurabic Code was the first comprehensive
attempt at “codifying laws of nations”
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Greek Codes
The Code of Draco
Concept of public good more important than individual injury or vengeance
The Code of Draco
Concept of public good more important than individual injury or vengeance
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Sixth Century A.D. Roman Emperor Justinian wrote his “Code of Laws”
“Code of Laws” creates the scales of justice
Codes: cont.
Roman Codes
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The Middle Ages
Vast changes in social structures and growing influence of the church in everyday life
Sinner had to repay two debts . . . one to society and one to God
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Middle Ages: cont.
Concept of Free Will . . . Responsible for one’s own actions Concept of crime as an offense against the victim gave way to
offense against society
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Middle Ages: cont.
Wergeld was replaced by:
Friedensgeld: administration of punishment became the responsibility of the King
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Middle Ages: cont.
Punishments
Capital = Death! Corporal Punishment –– any physical pain except
death Often matched with crime Liars’ tongues cut off Thieves’ hands cut off
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Punishments: cont.
Ducking stool Flogging Canning or the Skull Crusher Stocks Pinchers The Grill The Sweatbox The Bird Cage
Prisoners were suspended until they confessed The Pillory
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Deterrence?
Widespread use of capital and corporal punishment in the Middle Ages was seen as a deterrence
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Emergence of Secular Law
Conflict arose between Christian philosophers (law made in heaven) and those who supported “Public Good” concepts
St. Augustine (4th Century) recognized the need for justice, but only as decreed by God
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Concepts of Justice Expanded by Thomas Aquinas (13th century)
By recognizing true laws: Eternal law (lex eterna) Natural law (lex naturalis) Human law (lex humana)
All for the common good
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Concepts: cont.
Kings and Monarchs tried to detach themselves from divine law
This created great conflict
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Concepts: cont.
Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) was one of the first to see that prevention may require more than deterrence . . . the foundation of modern criminology and penology
Died on the executioner’s block by not bending to King Henry VIII
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Concepts: cont.
Punishments were to: Repay society Expiate transgressions with God
Did not stop the spread of crime
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Early Prisons
Detention has been a social institution from earliest of times Only recently, concept of imprisonment for “punishment in
and of itself” established Romans used offenders as slaves to build the public works
infrastructure Mamertine Prison . . . 64 B.C. (dungeons below the Roman
sewers) After fall of Rome…castles, fortresses, and town gates used
as places of confinement Christian churches were also used as places of confinement
For transgressions of Canon Law Penitence
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Workhouses
Bridewell established 1557 Based upon work ethic Parliament required in 1576 that “Bridewells” be
established in every county Workhouses by the 17th and 18th century were
riddled by disease, filth, and near starvation conditions
The concept of “out of sight, out of mind” prevailed
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The Age of Enlightenment/Reform
Scales of Justice begin to tip toward the state in the 17th and 18th centuries
By the end of the 17th century England still had some 800 executions a year
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Dawn of the 18th Century
Giants in philosophy recognize the essential dignity and imperfections in human beings
Montesquieu and Voltaire . . . The French Humanists:
In Montesquieu’s Persian Letters, he revealed to the public the abuses of criminal law
Voltaire challenged in trials, the concept of legalized torture, responsibility, and justice
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Classical School Established
Casare Beccaria’s An Essay on Crimes and Punishment is published (1764)
This transitions thinking from punishment to corrections
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Beccaria: cont.
Beccaria’s main points: Greatest good for greatest number of people Crime is an injury to society Prevention is more important than punishment
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Beccaria: cont.
No torture, right to speedy trial, to bring forth evidence Not social revenge, but punishment for
deterrence Punishment to match severity of crime Property vs. people Improved facilities and expanded use of
imprisonment
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Beccaria: cont.
Four of his ideas were incorporated into the French Code of Criminal Procedure (1808) and into the French Penal Code of 1810
Beccaria's four points: Innocent until proven guilty Right not to self incriminate Right to employ counsel Right to prompt and speedy trial and, in most cases, trial
by jury
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Bentham and
the Hedonistic Calculus
Advocated graduated penalties to match the crime
Individual’s conduct could be influenced in a scientific manner
Hedonistic Calculus: More pleasure Less pain
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John Howard
Was appointed sheriff in 1773, encountered horrors and was appalled by the conditions in hulks and gaols
Suggested reforms in his State of Prisons (1777) John Howard Society… linked with reforms
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Houses of Correction: Workhouses and Gaols
Workhouses were not intended to be a penal institutions, but for the training and care of the poor
In practice, the workhouse and penal institution became synonymous
Gaols (Jails) . . . have a grim and unsavory history
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Exporting the Problem
England deported offenders to American Colonies and Australia
A form of banishment American Revolution ended transport to America Over 135,000 felons were transported to Australia
between 1781 and 1875
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Hulks: A Sordid Episode
Old ships used to confine offenders Conditions on hulks were worse than gaols and
workhouses
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Early Cellular Systems
Jean-Jacques Vilain’s Maison de Force at Ghent, Belgium
Separated women and children from hardened criminals All had to work . . . ”If any man will not work, neither let
him eat The “Hospice of San Michele” was one of the first
institutions for juvenile boys and youths under twenty
It had separate cells for sleeping and a central hall for work
Silence was required ”
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William Pennand the Great Law
American Colonies were governed by codes similar to those in England, with corporal and capital punishment
William Penn, leader of the Quakers, brought the concept of more humanitarian treatment to America, Italy, and England
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Early Prisons
Simsbury Prison An abandoned copper mine in Simsbury,
Connecticut; became one the earliest state prisons (1773) . . . and produced the first riot in 1774!
Walnut Street Jail The first true correctional institution in America was
established in 1790 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Walnut Street
Walnut Street continued some of the concepts of the Charter of William Penn (1682) All prisoners bail-able Those wrongfully imprisoned could recover double
damages Prisons were free of fees for food, etc. Lands and goods of felons were to be liable for
confiscation and double restitution for injured parties All counties were to provide houses
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Pennsylvania System
The Quaker’s efforts were known as the “Pennsylvania System”
Walnut Street Jail was copied extensively, in at least 10 states
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Summary
Punishments pass from individual action to: Blood feud Abstract action by a bureaucracy in the name of the
state First real attempt at a prison (Walnut Street Jail) Quakers’ compassionate efforts