correlation to texas essential knowledge and skills...

112.39_1A Scientific Processes

The student conducts investigations, for at least 40% of instructional time, using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. These investigations must involve actively obtaining and analyzing data with physical equipment, but may also involve experimentation in a simulated environment as well as field observations that extend beyond the classroom. The student is expected to:

demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations.

250 car crash safety

454 safety precautions of capacitor

91 safety note

150 safety precautions

152 safety precautions

176 safety note

186 safety note

187 electromagnet safety

218 safety tip

226 gas pressure safety note

112.39_1B Scientific Processes

The student conducts investigations, for at least 40% of instructional time, using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. These investigations must involve actively obtaining and analyzing data with physical equipment, but may also involve experimentation in a simulated environment as well as field observations that extend beyond the classroom. The student is expected to:

demonstrate an understanding of the use and conservation of resources and the proper disposal or recycling of materials.

238 energy from ocean tides

241 using energy efficient products

333 efficiency of electric vs. fluorescent light bulbs

414 hybrid cars combine advantages of gasoline fuel and electric power

415 conversion of energy in regenerative braking

431 power and efficiency of electric cars

556 energy-efficient building application

167 find power rating of appliances and estimate cost

243 research energy used per person

112.39_2A

CPO Science

Correlation to Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills: Science: Physics

Foundations of Physics, 2nd Edition

Standard DescriptionVolume 1

Student TextVolume 2

Investigation Manual

09-26-2013 of 47


The student uses a systematic approach to answer scientific laboratory and field investigative questions. The student is expected to:

know the definition of science and understand that it has limitations, as specified in subsection (b)(2) of this section.

17 the search for scientific knowledge

18 scientific theories and facts

20 learning physics through inquiry

22 the nature of scientific knowledge

462 scientists have never found single magnetic poles

582 deep water submarine Alvin application

605 the meaning of the uncertainty principle

637 areas of active research in physics

640 unresolved questions of history of universe

641 research on future of the universe

644 proof of Einstein's theory of general relativity

645 astronomers find black holes by what is around them

3 inquiry and optical illusions

5 scientific evidence and sound

25 investigate the effect of gravity

29 investigate Newton’s second law

32 investigate Newton’s third law

38 designing an experiment

41 investigating Hooke’s law

50 follow the scientific method

60 investigate law of universal gravitation

64 investigate center of gravity

91 investigate angular momentum

99 investigate resonance and its importance

109 investigate range of frequencies the ear can detect

124 investigate RGB and CMYK models of color

131 investigate Snell’s law of refraction

171 investigate triboelectric charging

175 investigate Coulomb’s law

193 investigate Faraday’s law of induction

201 investigate and describe the four basic logic gates

227 investigate the effect of temperature on pressure

112.39_2B

CPO Science






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know that scientific hypotheses are tentative and testable statements that must be capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence.

17 hypotheses and the importance of experiments

25 putting forth ideas and then testing them

210 perpetual motion machines

345 using glow-in-the-dark plastic to demonstrate photon energy levels

445 charge by friction

50 test your prediction

57 formulate a hypothesis

59 does your experiment provide confirmation?

77 form a hypothesis

78 does this agree with your hypothesis?

91 write a hypothesis

127 do your observations support this hypothesis?

112.39_2C Scientific Processes


know that scientific theories are based on natural and physical phenomena and are capable of being tested by multiple independent researchers. Unlike hypotheses, scientific theories are well-established and highly-reliable explanations, but may be subject to change as new areas of science and new technologies are developed.

18 what is a scientific theory?

18 do not confuse theory with opinion

22 the nature of scientific knowledge

25 the usefulness of phlogiston theory despite being incorrect

389 speed of light did not behave as expected for Michelson and Morley

391 proof of time dilation

397 explain Thomas Young's demonstration of the wave nature of light





44 investigating vectors

60 investigate law of universal gravitation

88 investigating collisions and conservation of energy

107 investigate harmonic wave patterns

124 investigate RGB and CMYK models of color

130 investigate law of reflection


175 investigate electrical forces in a penny



226 investigate the mass of a volume of gas at different pressures

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_2D Scientific Processes


distinguish between scientific hypotheses and scientific theories.



18 do not confuse theory with opinion

25 putting forth ideas and then testing them


345 using glow-in-the-dark plastic to demonstrate photon energy levels






78 does this agree with your hypothesis?


127 how does what you observed support the quantum theory?

127 do your observations support this hypothesis?

112.39_2E Scientific Processes


design and implement investigative procedures, including making observations, asking well-defined questions, formulating testable hypotheses, identifying variables, selecting appropriate equipment and technology, and evaluating numerical answers for reasonableness.



49 writing lab procedures

51 checking a graphical model's accuracy

93 parachutes and air resistance

125 evaluating perpetual motion claims

0 each investigation begins with a Key Question

24 compare calculation with graph estimate

38 designing an experiment

41 calculate percent difference


50 write a procedure

50 perform experiment





82 calculate efficiency for each car

CPO Science






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90 observe what happens


92 explain your observations

94 plan three experiments to determine which variable affects the period of a pendulum

95 design and construct a pendulum

95 calculate percent error

97 select appropriate technology to make measurements

100 observe what happens to the motion

102 observe the wave pulse

105 observing reflection in water waves

110 did the method give an accurate result?

124 record observations

150 choose circuit parts to light a bulb

188 experiment with pushes and pulls of permanent magnet in a rotor

190 evaluate the performance of motor designs

191 design and test different electric motors

194 variables that affect the performance of the generator

195 suggest improvements you could make to the generator design

203 designing and building logic circuits

215 observe free and forced convection

219 observing the blackbody spectrum

227 compare gauge and absolute pressure

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_2F Scientific Processes


demonstrate the use of course apparatus, equipment, techniques, and procedures, including multimeters (current, voltage, resistance), triple beam balances, batteries, clamps, dynamics demonstration equipment, collision apparatus, data acquisition probes, discharge tubes with power supply (H, He, Ne, Ar), hand-held visual spectroscopes, hot plates, slotted and hooked lab masses, bar magnets, horseshoe magnets, plane mirrors, convex lenses, pendulum support, power supply, ring clamps, ring stands, stopwatches, trajectory apparatus, tuning forks, carbon paper, graph paper, magnetic compasses, polarized film, prisms, protractors, resistors, friction blocks, mini lamps (bulbs) and sockets, electrostatics kits, 90-degree rod clamps, metric rulers, spring scales, knife blade switches, Celsius thermometers, meter sticks, scientific calculators, graphing technology, computers, cathode ray tubes with horseshoe magnets, ballistic carts or equivalent, resonance tubes, spools of nylon thread or string, containers of iron filings, rolls of white craft paper, copper wire, Periodic Table, electromagnetic spectrum charts, slinky springs, wave motion ropes, and laser pointers.

34 understanding metric rulers

36 reading a digital timer

113 the force platform

405 using a multimeter to measure voltage

407 measuring current with an ammeter or multimeter

409 using a multimeter to measure resistance

526 Celsius and Fahrenheit thermometers

527 how thermometers work

10 using photogate

10 using the DataCollector

12 using devices to measure mass

14 using the DataCollector and velocity sensor

18 create a graph

25 use the DataCollector and velocity sensor


44 using a compass

47 use the DataCollector and photogates

49 investigate the range of a projectile

51 use a spring scale

59 use the DataCollector and photogate

70 use a spring scale



80 investigate motion on a roller coaster


90 use meter stick to measure height

90 measure mass of ball


95 design and construct a pendulum

100 use photogate and DataCollector to measure the period

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

102 use a spring scale to measure tension of string

106 use the DataCollector to measure frequency

114 investigate interference with sound waves

124 examining the spectrum of a light source

130 study reflection with a mirror

130 use a laser and mirror to study law of reflection

132 study the critical angle of refraction in a prism

134 use mirrors and lenses to learn how images are formed

135 trace ray diagrams through a double convex lens

136 use a laser to locate images formed by a lens

144 use a spectrometer to measure wavelength of different colors of light

145 study the polarization of a transverse spring wave

146 study the polarization of light

152 use a multimeter to measure current

153 use a multimeter to measure voltage

157 use a multimeter to measure current and voltage

162 use a multimeter

164 use the multimeter

178 what is the difference between a capacitor and a battery?

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

181 draw magnetic field lines for a bar magnet

182 test materials to see if they are affected by magnets

184 reading a compass




192 measure voltage of battery pack


194 use a photogate and DataCollector

195 make a graph of voltage vs. number of magnets



212 measure the temperature


226 use a digital balance

226 check the pressure with your gauge

112.39_2G Scientific Processes


299 standing waves on a string 29 set up the ultimate pulley

29 system of Atwood’s machine

37 investigate sliding friction


58 draw a free-body diagram of marble when it is at the top of loop

69 investigate block and tackle machine

77 studying motion of ball on loop track

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

use a wide variety of additional course apparatus, equipment, techniques, materials, and procedures as appropriate such as ripple tank with wave generator, wave motion rope, micrometer, caliper, radiation monitor, computer, ballistic pendulum, electroscope, inclined plane, optics bench, optics kit, pulley with table clamp, resonance tube, ring stand screen, four inch ring, stroboscope, graduated cylinders, and ticker timer.

80 set up the straight track


93 investigate the motion of a pendulum


102 making wave pulses on a string

104 making circular waves in a ripple tank

108 natural frequency and resonance of standing waves on a string


134 studying optical systems

150 construct simple electric circuits

164 build and analyze network circuits

171 create an electrophorus

172 research electrostatic interactions

186 build an electromagnet

197 explore the properties of diodes



236 explore how a vibrating string has similar properties to a quantum system

112.39_2H Scientific Processes


33 problems in the real world use both metric and English units

40 expressing very large and very small numbers using scientific notation

46 accuracy and precision of measurements

8 practice length measurement

8 significant digit practice

10 measuring time

11 collecting data with precision

12 using devices to measure mass

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

make measurements with accuracy and precision and record data using scientific notation and International System (SI) units

46 understanding precision 13 scientific notation practice

14 make distance measurement

24 how do you measured positions compare to model?

40 measure the mass

50 measure and record the distance

60 using scientific notation

70 measure input and output forces

77 measure vertical distance

83 measure and mark height

90 use meter stick to measure height


102 use a spring scale to measure tension of string

106 measure frequency

110 did the method give an accurate result?

132 are there differences between your prediction and measurement?


152 use a multimeter to measure current


157 use a multimeter to measure current and voltage


180 making measurements with precision

212 measure the temperature

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

222 measure tensile strength of a soft material

112.39_2I Scientific Processes


identify and quantify causes and effects of uncertainties in measured data.

46 why accuracy and precision are important

49 controlling variables in experiments


26 find the average time



50 discuss sources of error


52 discuss sources of errors

71 what effect does friction have on mechanical advantage?

80 calculate average of three times


84 calculate average work and power

95 calculate percent error


112.39_2J Scientific Processes


organize and evaluate data and make inferences from data including the use of tables, charts, and graphs.

50 graphs are a way of representing data

50 constructing a graph

51 graphical models

52 recognizing relationships between variables from graphs

135 test and evaluate the prototype structure design

268 understanding graphs of harmonic motion

449 diagramming electric fields using field lines

18 create a graph


28 record position and time data

41 make a graph

41 use your graph to make a prediction

42 make a graph

42 use your graph to make a prediction

50 sketch four graphs

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

565 evaluate three designs for a bridge 65 create a graph

77 predict where the car moves fastest

78 record data in table

83 record data in table

94 record your data in table

94 analyze data

100 sketch a graph


153 predict what the current will be

154 analyze data and explain a rule

157 graph voltage vs. current


178 make a graph of voltage vs. time

187 create a graph


198 make a current vs. voltage graph for the diode

112.39_2K

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_2K Scientific Processes


communicate valid conclusions supported by the data through various methods such as lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, and technology based reports.

49 writing procedures in a lab notebook helps make sure your results are repeatable

50 graphs are a way of representing data

52 recognizing patterns using graphs

129 drawing free-body diagrams

138 draw a free-body diagram

141 drawing displacement vector using a scale

147 drawing the velocity vector

326 comparison of wave forms from guitar sounds

355 drawing a ray diagram

364 drawing ray diagrams of lenses

449 drawing the electric field using field lines

465 diagramming magnetic fields using magnetic field lines

18 what do the results tell you?

34 draw free body diagrams and identify action-reaction pairs

50 sketch four graphs

58 draw a free body diagram and label forces

86 draw an energy flow diagram

92 explain your observations

97 draw a sketch of your system

100 explain how force applied causes the response

103 explain why higher tension makes waves move faster

105 explain how wind might cause big waves in water

124 explain how the colored filters work


136 sketch the image formed by a lens

142 communicate your findings

153 what conclusions can you draw?


181 draw magnetic field lines for a bar magnet

205 display information you found for your element

112.39_2L Scientific Processes


24 identify relationships

49 control and experimental variables

50 dependent and independent variables in graphs

18 find the slope of the line

24 uniform acceleration model

26 create an algebraic model

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

express and manipulate relationships among physical variables quantitatively including the use of graphs, charts, and equations.


65 slope of a position vs. time graph

82 creating the acceleration formula from experiments

85 acceleration and slope of a speed vs. time graph

88 developing the formulas for a model of motion with constant acceleration

177 centripetal force and the law of universal gravitation combine to form the orbit equation

183 calculating torque using torque equation

273 changing the natural frequency of a stretched rubber band

282 analyze graph of an oscillator

304 write a formula relating velocity of wave to period and wavelength

310 relationship of loudness and amplitude and pressure in sound wave

312 the process of digital sound reproduction

334 light intensity follows an inverse square law

392 relationship and conservation of mass and energy

408 relationship between current and resistance

434 average voltage and current of AC power

446 relationship of electric force and charge

536 specific heat and the heat equation

26 derive acceleration equation

50 create algebraic model

58 write a formula

62 relationship between force and torque

74 as mechanical advantage increases what happens to length of pulled string?

78 what does the graph tell you?

80 calculate average of three times


94 determine which variable has the greatest effect

107 give an equation that describes your observations

156 study the relationship between resistance and current


157 derive Ohm’s law from experiment


178 make a graph of voltage vs. time


198 make a current vs. voltage graph for the diode

223 Bernoulli’s equation

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

547 the heat conduction equation

551 heat transfer coefficient and the convection equation

552 energy and radiation relationships

560 using heat conduction equation to calculate R-value

569 relationship between mass and volume and density

575 Bernoulli's equation

586 Bernoulli's equation calculation

112.39_3A

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47


The student uses critical thinking, scientific reasoning, and problem solving skills to make informed decisions within and outside the classroom. The student is expected to:

in all fields of science, analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, including examining all sides of scientific evidence of those scientific explanations, so as to encourage critical thinking by the student.



158 determining formula for acceleration on a ramp





5 scientific evidence and sound

47 analyze the motion of a marble in 2 dimensions

50 create and test a model to predict the landing spot of a projectile


97 design and test a way to increase natural frequency

105 observing reflection in water waves


110 reliability of a double-blind test


138 analyze optical systems



162 analyze parallel circuits



188 build, test, improve an electric motor



216 observing forced convection

218 observing radiant energy in action


112.39_3B

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47



communicate and apply scientific information extracted from various sources such as current events, news reports, published journal articles, and marketing materials.

49 writing procedures in a lab notebook helps make sure your results are repeatable

84 acceleration of cars


314 sound in space

394 holograms and science fiction special effects

598 transporter beams

56 research how a speedometer works

133 research how fiber optics work

142 communicate your findings

142 research medical and industrial uses of electromagnetic waves

167 analyze electric appliance labels

172 research electrostatic interactions

234 research lasers


112.39_3C Scientific Processes


draw inferences based on data related to promotional materials for products and services.

84 acceleration of cars


314 sound in space

394 holograms and science fiction special effects

598 transporter beams


167 analyze electric appliance labels

197 electronic devices are part of our daily lives


112.39_3D Scientific Processes


explain the impacts of the scientific contributions of a variety of historical and contemporary scientists on scientific thought and society.

74 Dr. Harold Edgerton and strobe photography

74 Dr. Harold Edgerton and strobe photography

100 Newton's laws of motion

103 Newton's discovery of the connection between force and mass and acceleration

134 impact of technology

174 Sir Isaac Newton and law of universal gravitation

53 George Atwood (1746-1807)

147 Einstein and special relativity

156 George S. Ohm (1787-1854)

223 Bernoulli

229 Rutherford, Geiger, Marsden

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

200 Great Pyramid of Giza and simple machines

230 James Watt

279 Pierre and Jacques Curie and the piezoelectric effect

279 Pierre and Jacques Curie and the piezoelectric effect

332 past theories of light

333 Thomas Edison and the electric light

336 Einstein and the speed of light

338 Albert Einstein

347 history of printing

370 the usefulness of recorded images

371 the telescope

371 Galileo and telescopes

372 Newtonian reflecting telescope

383 Thomas Young

389 Albert A. Michelson and Edward R. Morley

390 Einstein's thinking revolutionized physics

422 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

442 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

469 discovering and using magnetism

478 Hans Christian Oersted

494 Dr. D. Bruce Montgomery

521 Democritus

521 Albert Einstein

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

523 search for elements and alchemy

583 the Alvin research submarine

596 Niels Bohr

597 Johann Balmer

597 discovery of helium

598 Neils Bohr

600 Wolfgang Pauli

602 Max Planck and Albert Einstein

602 Newton and classical physics


647 Paul Dirac

112.39_3E Scientific Processes


research and describe the connections between physics and future careers.

53 nanotechnology is a new area of science and engineering

73 slow motion photography

74 strobe photography

113 biomechanical engineer

114 biomechanist

134 mechanical engineer

239 engineering research

303 wave mathematician

394 artist and holography

520 search for answers in physics and chemistry

582 marine scientists and deepwater submersible

650 scientists and the Large Hadron Collider

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_3F

Scientific Processes


express and interpret relationships symbolically in accordance with accepted theories to make predictions and solve problems mathematically including problems requiring proportional reasoning and graphical vector addition.

34 converting units using dimensional analysis

50 constructing a graph

50 dependent and independent variables in graphs

51 using a graphical model to make a prediction and checking the model's accuracy


81 determining units of acceleration

82 creating the acceleration formula from experiments

88 developing the formulas for a model of motion with constant acceleration

142 adding vectors

143 adding and subtracting vectors

147 drawing the velocity vector

149 adding velocity vectors

168 the relationship between linear and angular speed

304 write a formula relating velocity of wave to period and wavelength

334 light intensity follows an inverse square law

379 relationship between frequency and energy and color of light


446 relationship of electric force and charge

552 energy and radiation relationships

18 describe the graph


26 create an algebraic model

44 studying position vectors

46 calculate the resultant vector

47 predict exact landing location

50 create algebraic model

50 calculate the velocity vector

51 investigating force vectors

58 write a formula

62 relationship between force and torque

75 relationship between work and energy

77 predict where the car moves fastest

81 calculate potential and kinetic energy


84 calculate power output for each climber

87 momentum is a vector

92 angular momentum behaves like a vector

103 calculate the speed of the wave pulse


153 predict what the current will be


157 study the relationship between current and voltage

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

158 use Ohm’s law to calculate the resistance

192 calculate the power consumed by the motor

200 use Ohm’s law to calculate the resistance of the transistor

223 explore Bernoulli’s equation



112.39_4A

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_4A Forces and Motion

The student knows and applies the laws governing motion in a variety of situations. The student is expected to:

generate and interpret graphs and charts describing different types of motion including the use of real-time technology such as motion detectors or photogates.

36 reading a digital timer

64 position vs. time graph

65 determining speed from the slope of a position vs. time graph

84 speed vs. time graph for accelerated motion

85 complex speed vs. time graphs

282 velocity vs. time graph of harmonic motion

10 using photogate

14 using the DataCollector and velocity sensor

18 create a position vs. time graph

18 create a speed vs. time graph



45 using polar coordinates

46 plotting position with cartesian coordinates

47 use the DataCollector and photogates



78 create a graph of speed vs. position


81 what is speed of the car?



194 use a photogate and DataCollector

112.39_4B

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_4B Forces and Motion


describe and analyze motion in one dimension using equations with the concepts of distance, displacement, speed, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and acceleration.

32 definition of distance and length

48 speed of a ball on a ramp

58 speed is the rate of change of position

58 definitions of position and distance

61 the precise meaning of speed

62 calculating speed

64 average and instantaneous speed

67 distance on the speed vs. time graph

68 the speed formula and calculating speed

82 formula for acceleration

83 general definition of acceleration

147 speed is the magnitude of the velocity vector

172 centripetal acceleration

14 calculate speed of rolling marble



44 studying position vectors


50 calculate the velocity vector

53 investigating angular speed

59 calculate the speed of the car

77 studying motion of ball on loop track

78 find the speed of the ball

81 what is speed of the car?

112.39_4C Forces and Motion


analyze and describe accelerated motion in two dimensions using equations including projectile and circular examples.

80 acceleration is the rate of change in the speed of an object

81 comparing speed and acceleration

82 formula for acceleration

83 general definition of acceleration

84 acceleration is total change of speed divided by total change in time

85 calculating acceleration from a speed vs. time graph

90 free fall and acceleration due to gravity

91 motion formulas for free fall

92 solving problems with free fall

24 model for uniform accelerated motion




49 investigate the range of a projectile

50 create and test a model to predict the landing spot of a projectile

53 contrasting linear and angular motion

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

93 acceleration of gravity does not depend on mass

119 strength of gravity on Earth and Jupiter

120 gravity and acceleration and weightlessness

125 calculate the acceleration of a car including friction

138 calculate the acceleration of a toy

146 projectiles and trajectories

150 gravity only accelerates vertical motion

151 vertical motion of a projectile

152 projectiles launched at an angle

153 range of projectiles

157 acceleration down an inclined plane

164 calculating acceleration for sled on slope

170 acceleration can be a change in the direction of motion

172 centripetal acceleration

177 satellite motion application

178 HEO and geostationary orbit

180 compare projectile motion to orbital motion

187 the motion of a tossed object

191 relationship between angular acceleration and linear acceleration

193 angular acceleration of a wheel

112.39_4D Forces and Motion 100 force is an action that can change motion

27 collect data on Newton’s first law

28 were any forces acting on the car?

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47


calculate the effect of forces on objects including the law of inertia, the relationship between force and acceleration, and the nature of force pairs between objects.

101 what systems in a car overcome the law of inertia

102 Newton's laws and cup holders

103 force is related to acceleration

105 calculation using Newton's second law

106 Newton's second law and dynamics problems

107 finding force from acceleration

109 explaining Newton's third law in terms of an astronaut moving through space

110 Newton's third law operates on pairs of objects

111 solving problems with action-reaction forces

112 examples of Newton's third law

115 problems using Newton's first law and second law

116 force calculations in different units

124 the normal force as the reaction in an action-reaction pair

128 Newton's second law and net force

130 equilibrium and Newton's second law

133 understanding reaction forces in terms of springs and deformation

150 gravity only accelerates vertical motion

157 frictional force on an inclined plane

158 calculating acceleration on a ramp accounting for friction

159 the vector form of Newton's second law

172 formula for centripetal acceleration



CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

173 centrifugal force is actually an example of inertia

176 orbits and gravitational force

177 centripetal force and the law of universal gravitation combine to form the orbit equation

191 Newton's second law applies to rotational motion

193 Newton's second law for rotational motion variables

246 momentum and Newton's third law

250 Newton's second law relating force and momentum

251 momentum form of Newton's second law

274 Newton's second law and natural frequency

447 electric forces always occur in pairs according to Newton's third law

570 Newton's third law and pressure in a fluid

572 pressure and the third law

112.39_4E Forces and Motion


develop and interpret free-body force diagrams.

121 balanced force problems

129 creating free-body diagrams

130 equilibrium and free-body diagrams

134 free-body diagram of a bridge


155 balancing forces in two dimensions

157 inclined planes and free-body diagrams


52 balancing a specified force

58 draw a free-body diagram of marble when it is at the top of loop

58 consider forces acting on the car

112.39_4F

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_4F Forces and Motion


identify and describe motion relative to different frames of reference.

61 speed is relative

149 calculating velocity vectors may require knowing frames of reference

388 special relativity and time dilation

389 relative motion and speed of light

391 frequency of light depends on relative motion

393 simultaneity depends on the relative motion of your frame of reference

643 frame of reference and the equivalence principle

147 when does special relativity become important?

148 relativity and frames of reference

112.39_5A Electromagnetism

The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to:

research and describe the historical development of the concepts of gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces.

48 Galileo and Newton conducted experiments with balls on ramps

174 Sir Isaac Newton and law of universal gravitation

441 differences between electric force and gravity

446 the strength of electric forces

448 gravity is far weaker than electric forces

590 understanding how gravity works inside atoms

626 strong force and electromagnetic force in the nucleus

649 four forces in nature

112.39_5B

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_5B Electromagnetism


describe and calculate how the magnitude of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between their centers.

174 description of law of universal gravitation

175 formula and calculations for law of universal gravitation

176 orbital motion

180 calculate weight and acceleration due to gravity on Pluto

238 tides are due to force of gravity

642 Newton's laws and gravity

60 calculate gravitational force of attraction

112.39_5C Electromagnetism


describe and calculate how the magnitude of the electrical force between two objects depends on their charges and the distance between them.

446 Coulomb's law

447 calculate force using Coulomb's law

460 calculating charge using Coulomb's law


112.39_5D

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_5D Electromagnetism


identify examples of electric and magnetic forces in everyday life.

441 electric forces are created between electric charges

442 lightning and electric charge

446 the strength of electric forces

447 electric forces always occur in pairs according to Newton's third law

448 fields and forces

463 comparing magnetic and electric forces

464 force between two magnetics is not an inverse square law

465 magnets create a magnetic field around them

469 the magnetic field of Earth

469 discovering and using magnetism

471 the strength of Earth's magnetic field

479 force on a current in a magnetic field

482 magnetic force on a moving charge

483 calculating magnetic fields and forces

484 electromagnet in a toaster

487 how electromagnets are used in electric motors

489 experiment demonstrating electromagnetic induction

494 electromagnet-based maglev

649 every field has an associated particle

142 researching electromagnetic waves

175 investigate electrical forces in a penny

179 investigate magnetic forces

181 how are magnetic field lines similar to electric field lines?


184 study how a compass works



112.39_5E

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_5E Electromagnetism


characterize materials as conductors or insulators based on their electrical properties.

412 classifying materials as conductor or insulator or semiconductor

417 classify conductivity of materials

443 negative charges move in a conductor

444 atomic structures of conductors and insulators and semiconductors

451 using a conductor as shielding from electric fields

502 conductivity and semiconductors

172 use aluminum block to conduct static electricity

173 investigation with conductive material

197 investigate properties of semiconductors

112.39_5F Electromagnetism


design, construct, and calculate in terms of current through, potential difference across, resistance of, and power used by electric circuit elements connected in both series and parallel combinations.

401 concept of a circuit

402 understanding simple circuit and its diagram

403 how batteries work in a circuit

404 voltage measures differences in energy

405 voltage and potential energy

406 battery uses chemical energy to produce electrical charge


409 measuring resistance

410 calculate the current flowing in a circuit

411 the resistance of electrical devices

412 resistance of conductors and insulators

413 resistors

415 hybrid car battery technology

417 where does energy supplied by a battery come from?

418 calculation of voltage from resistance and current

150 construct simple electric circuits

152 construct a simple circuit

153 explore the concept of voltage



158 use Ohm’s law to calculate the resistance

160 investigate series circuits

160 parallel circuit and Ohm’s law

161 apply Ohm’s law to series circuits

161 build a parallel circuit

162 compare series and parallel circuits


167 find the power rating of home appliances

192 calculate the power consumed by the motor

200 use Ohm’s law to calculate the resistance of the transistor

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

420 series circuit defined

420 parallel circuit defined

421 calculating current in a series circuit using Ohm's law

422 voltage in a series circuit

423 Kirchhoff's current law

424 advantages of parallel circuits over series circuits

425 using Ohm's law in parallel circuits

426 using Ohm's law for circuit analysis

426 using Kirchhoff's voltage law for circuit analysis

427 analyzing a voltage divider circuit

428 comparing series and parallel circuits

429 calculate currents and voltages in a network circuit

430 resistance definition

431 formula for calculating power in electric circuits

434 calculating power for AC circuits using a power factor

436 why series circuits are not used in homes and buildings

436 why parallel circuits are used in homes and buildings

437 compare current in a series and parallel circuit

438 using Ohm's law to calculate current

453 voltage of a capacitor circuit

501 resistance of a transistor

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09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_5G Electromagnetism


investigate and describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields in applications such as generators, motors, and transformers.

478 magnetic field of a wire

479 force on a current in a magnetic field

483 calculate magnetic field at the center of a coil

484 electromagnets

485 building an electromagnet

486 electric motor uses electromagnets to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

487 how electromagnets are used in electric motors

488 battery-powered electric motors

489 electric generators transform mechanical energy into electric energy

492 generating electricity by induction

493 transformers

494 electromagnet-based maglev

497 diagram of electromagnet


187 what happens to the strength of an electromagnet when you increase the current?

188 investigate how an electric motor works




194 build a generator

112.39_5H Electromagnetism


describe evidence for and effects of the strong and weak nuclear forces in nature.

590 forces in the atom

626 strong force and electromagnetic force in the nucleus

649 four forces in nature

650 scientists and the Large Hadron Collider

112.39_6A

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_6A Mechanical Energy

The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The student is expected to:

investigate and calculate quantities using the work-energy theorem in various situations.

207 work and energy

208 the work done by a force

209 work done against gravity


213 the symmetry between work and energy

215 deriving the formula for kinetic energy

221 concept of work

222 calculate work done

244 comparison of kinetic energy and momentum

74 studying the concept of work


83 calculate work


112.39_6B Mechanical Energy


investigate examples of kinetic and potential energy and their transformations.

213 the formula for potential energy

214 the formula for kinetic energy

215 deriving the formula for kinetic energy

221 kinetic and potential energy conversions while bouncing in a trampoline

267 kinetic to potential energy changes in motion of an oscillator

275 harmonic motion involves both potential and kinetic energy

77 potential to kinetic energy conversions on a loop track

81 calculate potential and kinetic energy

86 potential to kinetic energy conversion in a pendulum

101 potential to kinetic energy conversions of a pendulum

112.39_6C Mechanical Energy


calculate the mechanical energy of power, generated within, impulse applied to, and momentum of a physical system.

215 calculate the kinetic energy of a moving car

219 calculating energy supplied by Hoover Dam

229 calculate power in climbing stairs

230 power formulas

231 calculating power for common devices

232 estimating the power in wind


83 calculate person’s power

84 calculate power output for each climber

87 calculating momentum


90 which ball had a greater change in momentum?

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09-26-2013 of 47

233 estimate average input power of a person

238 estimating the energy in tides

242 calculate energy and power for humans

244 comparison of kinetic energy and momentum

245 momentum formula and calculating momentum

248 solving elastic and inelastic collision problems

249 accident reconstruction

250 Newton's second law relating force and momentum

251 force on a rocket from change in momentum

252 impulse formula

255 formula for angular momentum

258 fuel efficiency of turbofan engines

258 momentum conservation of turbofan engine

259 why is momentum a vector

260 difference between impact and impulse

261 calculate momentum

112.39_6D

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_6D Mechanical Energy


demonstrate and apply the laws of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum in one dimension.

216 the law of conservation of energy

217 conservation of energy in a closed system

219 conservation of energy for Hoover Dam

225 efficiency and conservation of energy

237 energy flows in biological systems

246 law of conservation of momentum

247 conservation of momentum in collisions

248 applying conservation of momentum

249 momentum conservation for collisions in two and three dimensions

253 conservation of angular momentum examples

254 conservation of angular momentum

257 jet engines work because of conservation of momentum

491 energy conservation and Faraday's law

537 thermodynamics and conservation of energy

574 conservation of energy in fluids

575 energy conservation and Bernoulli's equation

629 conservation of momentum in nuclear reactions

629 conservation of energy in nuclear reactions

78 law of conservation of energy

81 find the total energy at each position


90 which ball had a greater change in momentum?

92 explain life application of conservation of momentum

112.39_6E

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_6E Thermodynamics


describe how the macroscopic properties of a thermodynamic system such as temperature, specific heat, and pressure are related to the molecular level of matter including kinetic or potential energy of atoms.

41 relationship between states of matter and arrangement and motion of atoms and molecules

528 temperature and addition of heat energy

529 absolute zero and the limits of temperature

530 phases of matter and arrangement of molecules

536 specific heat and the heat equation


541 phases of matter

542 relationship between temp and average kinetic energy

574 potential energy of pressure

580 pressure and temperature of gases

209 use specific heat to identify an unknown metal sample

223 explore Bernoulli’s equation



112.39_6F

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_6F Thermodynamics


contrast and give examples of different processes of thermal energy transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation.

544 heat conduction

545 heat conduction

546 conduction in solids and liquids and gases

547 the heat conduction equation

548 convection in liquids

549 convection depends on speed and surface area

550 convection and weather

551 heat transfer coefficient and the convection equation

552 radiation

553 thermal radiation and infrared light

554 blackbody spectrum and stars

555 Stefan-Boltzmann formula

557 sources of heat transfer in buildings

560 using heat conduction equation to calculate R-value

560 convection equation problem

212 investigate conduction

215 investigate convection in a liquid

216 observing forced convection

217 investigate radiant heat

218 observing radiant energy in action

112.39_6G

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_6G Thermodynamics


analyze and explain everyday examples that illustrate the laws of thermodynamics, including the law of conservation of energy and the law of entropy.

210 for all machines work out cannot exceed work in

216 the law of conservation of energy

217 conservation of energy in a closed system

219 conservation of energy for Hoover Dam

225 efficiency and conservation of energy

228 connection between efficiency and time

237 energy flows in biological systems

249 kinetic energy conservation for elastic collisions

392 relationship and conservation of mass and energy

491 energy conservation and Faraday's law


538 refrigerator application

539 air conditioners

574 conservation of energy in fluids

575 energy conservation and Bernoulli's equation

75 compare output and input work

78 law of conservation of energy

81 find the total energy at each position


112.39_7A

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_7A Waves

The student knows the characteristics and behavior of waves. The student is expected to:

examine and describe oscillatory motion and wave propagation in various types of media.

264 definition of an oscillator

265 examples of oscillators

266 concepts of period and frequency explained

267 concept of amplitude explained

269 graphs of in-phase and out-of-phase harmonic motion

270 equilibrium and oscillators

271 analyze the motion of the cycle of a pendulum

273 systems tends to have a preferred frequency

274 mass on a spring acts as an oscillator

280 name common oscillators

282 calculate speed of an oscillator

287 speed of a wave vs. speed of its medium

291 propogation of waves through continuous materials

306 which direction does a cork move on a water wave?

308 sound waves require matter to traverse

311 vibrations create sound

316 speed of sound in different materials

328 list evidence that sound is a wave

474 MRI--each nucleus is a resonant oscillator

93 investigate the motion of a pendulum

96 examples of harmonic motion systems

96 examples of harmonic motion systems

97 create a system that oscillates

102 study wave pulses on elastic cord

102 making wave pulses on a string

103 measure speed of a wave pulse

104 make different types of waves in a ripple tank

112.39_7B

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_7B Waves


investigate and analyze characteristics of waves including velocity, frequency, amplitude, and wavelength and calculate using the relationship between wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.

267 concept of amplitude explained

268 understanding graphs of harmonic motion

273 concept of natural frequency

280 label graph of harmonic motion

281 resonance and amplitude

286 frequency and amplitude and wavelength in waves

287 concept of speed of a wave

288 formula for speed of a wave

299 energy of a wave is proportional to frequency and amplitude

300 wavelength of a standing wave

304 describe relationship between wave characteristics

309 frequency and pitch of sound

310 relationship of loudness and amplitude and pressure in sound wave

313 pressure and amplitude of sound waves

314 frequency and wavelengths of sound

322 pitch and frequency in music

101 if frequency is increased what happens to total energy?

102 study characteristics of a wave pulse on a string

103 study the speed of the wave pulse

106 investigate frequency and wavelength

107 investigate the wavelength of standing waves

107 investigate the frequency of standing waves

109 measure frequency

112.39_7C

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_7C Waves


compare characteristics and behaviors of transverse waves including electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum and characteristics and behaviors of longitudinal waves including sound waves.

289 transverse and longitudinal waves

299 standing waves are used to store energy

304 describe relationship between wave characteristics

305 type of wave represented by a spring

308 sound waves require matter to traverse

314 sound is a longitudinal wave

381 waves of the electromagnetic spectrum

382 x-rays and gamma rays

474 MRI uses radio waves

552 electromagnetic radiation

104 is your water wave transverse or longitudinal?

104 is your water wave transverse or longitudinal?

105 how does sound get through tiny cracks?


142 study properties of the electromagnetic spectrum


112.39_7D Waves


investigate behaviors of waves including reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, resonance, and the Doppler effect.

276 concept of resonance

277 resonance occurs when periodic force matches natural frequency

281 resonance and amplitude

292 waves and diffraction

292 waves and reflection

292 waves and refraction

293 waves and reflection and boundaries

293 waves and refraction and boundaries

294 waves and diffraction and boundaries

295 sound and light waves and interference

295 constructive and destructive interference

296 resonance and reflection

297 standing waves and natural frequency and resonance


105 investigate diffraction in a ripple tank

105 investigate reflection in a ripple tank

107 investigate the frequency of standing waves

108 natural frequency and resonance of standing waves on a string


130 investigate law of reflection

131 study how refraction works

132 study index of refraction

143 study light diffraction patterns


146 study the polarization of light

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315 definition of the Doppler effect

316 Doppler effect and supersonic and subsonic motion

317 resonance of sound

318 interference of sound waves

329 understanding of Doppler effect

346 the process of how light is reflected

353 mirrors reflect light

355 the laws of reflection

356 refraction is the bending of light rays

357 Snell's law of refraction

358 total internal reflection and the critical angle

362 lenses follow Snell's law of refraction

367 diffraction spot size image defect

374 law of reflection

375 explain index of refraction

380 index of refraction is ratio of speed of light in material to speed of light in vacuum

383 interference of light waves and Young's double-slit experiment

384 diffraction patterns and the spectrometer

385 polarization

386 polarizers

387 applications of polarization

395 holograms and the interference of light

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

638 Doppler effect and red shift

112.39_7E Waves


describe and predict image formation as a consequence of reflection from a plane mirror and refraction through a thin convex lens.

337 mirrors

353 mirrors reflect light

353 lenses bend light

354 the image in a mirror

355 finding the normal line for reflection

356 the index of refraction

357 Snell's law of refraction

362 lenses follow Snell's law of refraction

363 the image formed by a lens

364 drawing ray diagrams of lenses

365 ray diagram for a converging lens

368 thin lens formula

369 using image relay to analyze optical systems

374 law of reflection

375 explain index of refraction

376 using Snell's law

380 index of refraction is ratio of speed of light in material to speed of light in vacuum

130 study reflection with a mirror


132 apply Snell’s law of refraction


135 investigate how a converging lens bends light

136 use a laser to locate images formed by a lens

138 analyze optical systems

112.39_7F

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_7F Waves


describe the role of wave characteristics and behaviors in medical and industrial applications.

284 waves are all around us

285 medical technology using waves

299 standing waves are used to store energy

311 acoustics

318 design of a good concert hall

320 sonograms

323 echolocation and beats

324 musical instruments

325 sound from a guitar

381 description and examples of infrared waves

382 x-rays and gamma rays

474 MRI uses radio waves

592 use of radioactive isotopes in medicine

607 laser application

608 how lasers make light

622 x-ray machines

623 CAT scans


112.39_8A

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_8A Quantum Physics

The student knows simple examples of atomic, nuclear, and quantum phenomena. The student is expected to:

describe the photoelectric effect and the dual nature of light.

344 the photon theory of light

345 photons and the intensity of light

346 when the photon theory of light is useful

602 the photoelectric effect

603 Einstein explains the photoelectric effect

604 classical vs. quantum concept of electron

608 emission and absorption of photons in laser light

610 quantum states and energy levels

611 photoelectric effect

622 x-rays are photons

127 photons and quantum theory

233 quantum theory and electrons

112.39_8B Quantum Physics


compare and explain the emission spectra produced by various atoms.

384 diffraction patterns and the spectrometer

596 emission/absorption spectrum

597 spectral analysis of the sun

597 spectrum of hydrogen

599 energy levels explain spectral lines

638 spectral-line patterns and red shift

124 examining the spectrum of a light source

126 all light is produced by atoms


233 absorption and emission of light by atomic electrons

112.39_8C

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_8C Quantum Physics


describe the significance of mass–energy equivalence and apply it in explanations of phenomena such as nuclear stability, fission, and fusion.

392 Einstein's mass-energy formula

593 atomic mass of stable isotopes

594 stability of nucleus and balance of protons and neutrons

595 fusion

616 energy and radioactivity

618 power released by radioactive decay

625 nuclear reactions can convert mass into energy

626 source of energy in nuclear reactions

627 fusion reactions

628 fission reactions

629 energy is stored as mass in nuclear reactions

632 nuclear energy

634 comparison of fission and fusion

635 differences between fission and fusion

647 energy released in reactions between matter and antimatter

147 Einstein and special relativity

148 the equivalence of mass and energy

112.39_8D

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

112.39_8D Quantum Physics


give examples of applications of atomic and nuclear phenomena such as radiation therapy, diagnostic imaging, and nuclear power and examples of applications of quantum phenomena, such as digital cameras.

592 use of radioactive isotopes in medicine

595 nuclear reactions

605 the uncertainty principle

607 laser application

615 smoke detectors

618 carbon dating

620 ionizing and nonionizing radiation

621 human technology contributes to radiation in environment

622 x-ray machines

623 CAT scans

624 measuring radiation with Geiger counter

625 energy changes in nuclear reactions

631 nuclear power application

632 nuclear energy

229 Rutherford, Geiger, Marsden

233 quantum physics

240 types of radiation

CPO Science






09-26-2013 of 47

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