corrosion resistance of titanium and its alloys in the ... 2005...corrosion resistance of titanium...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Amar I.S. Amar I.S. VirdiVirdi, Donald.W Kirk, Donald.W Kirk
Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry Applied Chemistry
University of TorontoUniversity of Toronto
Corrosion Resistance of Titanium Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the and Its Alloys in the ChlorChlor Alkali Alkali
IndustryIndustry
![Page 2: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Anodic sideCathodic side
Titanium Alloy
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
Concentrated Brine ( NaCl)
Depleted Brine
Cl2 (Moist)
Lean Caustic Feed
Concentrated Caustic
H2
2H2O + 2e- H2 +2OH-
Semi Permeable Membrane
Na+
![Page 3: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
ElectrolyserElectrolyser StacksStacks
Direction of Current flow
Electrolyser Stack Compressive forces
Electrolyser stacks in Parallel
![Page 4: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3
ElectrolyserElectrolyser StacksStacks
Direction of Current flow
Electrolyser Stack Compressive forces
Electrolyser stacks in Parallel
![Page 5: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3
ElectrolyserElectrolyser StacksStacks
Direction of Current flow
Electrolyser Stack Compressive forces
Electrolyser stacks in Parallel
![Page 6: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3
ElectrolyserElectrolyser StacksStacks
Direction of Current flow
Electrolyser Stack Compressive forces
Electrolyser stacks in Parallel
Single cell leakage
![Page 7: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3
ElectrolyserElectrolyser StacksStacks
Direction of Current flow
Electrolyser Stack Compressive forces
Electrolyser stacks in Parallel
Single cell leakage
![Page 8: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3
ElectrolyserElectrolyser StacksStacks
Direction of Current flow
Electrolyser Stack Compressive forces
Electrolyser stacks in Parallel
Single cell leakage
![Page 9: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
3
ElectrolyserElectrolyser StacksStacks
Direction of Current flow
Electrolyser Stack Compressive forces
Electrolyser stacks in Parallel
Single cell leakage
PRODUCTION PRODUCTION LOSSLOSS
![Page 10: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
4
Normal Operating ConditionsNormal Operating Conditions
•• AnolyteAnolyte Brine pH ~ 4Brine pH ~ 4•• Cell Temperature = 88Cell Temperature = 88ººCC•• Voltage across each cell = 3.0VVoltage across each cell = 3.0V•• Brine concentration ~ 280gpl = 4.486 Brine concentration ~ 280gpl = 4.486
gm gm equequ. / . / litrelitre solution solution
![Page 11: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
5
Voltage drop across the Titanium half cell
= E Theo cl2/pt + ηa + IRa
= -0.0422 + 0.2208 + 0.20
= 0.412
IRa = ILσ/A = 0.2
E Theo cl2/pt =
0.05915 ×log(1/4.786) =
- 0.04022
![Page 12: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
6
Normal Operating
point: Passive Region
![Page 13: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
7
Corrosion Characteristics of Corrosion Characteristics of Titanium AlloysTitanium Alloys
Excellent corrosion resistance.Excellent corrosion resistance.Protection afforded by a passive and tenacious Protection afforded by a passive and tenacious oxide film; highly resistant to aggressive chloride oxide film; highly resistant to aggressive chloride ions. ions. Group I CP TiGroup I CP TiGroup II Low alloy content with Pd/Group II Low alloy content with Pd/RuRuGroup III Group III αα and Near and Near αα AlloysAlloysGroup IV Group IV αα--ββ AlloysAlloysGroup V Group V ββ AlloysAlloys
![Page 14: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
8
Titanium Alloys in Failure ModeTitanium Alloys in Failure Mode
During operation, titanium alloys are susceptible During operation, titanium alloys are susceptible to failure in an to failure in an electrolyserelectrolyser cell.cell.
Failure is in the form of: Failure is in the form of: Pit formationPit formation
Pin hole gas leakagesPin hole gas leakagesCell leakagesCell leakages
Catastrophic failure.Catastrophic failure.
![Page 15: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
9
Failure Modes : Pit formationFailure Modes : Pit formation
Pin Holes:Cl2 leakage
Pit coalescence after CPT : Larger leakages, cells leak of brine
100 μm
![Page 16: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
10
ObjectivesObjectives
•• Determine the best Titanium alloy for Determine the best Titanium alloy for Chlorine service.Chlorine service.
•• Identify failure modes.Identify failure modes.
•• Explore titanium alloy treatment methods.Explore titanium alloy treatment methods.
•• To minimize corrosion, recommendations are To minimize corrosion, recommendations are made in start up and shut down procedures.made in start up and shut down procedures.
![Page 17: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
11
Critical Pitting TemperatureCritical Pitting TemperatureComparison of the
two best alloys
Ti-6Al-4V ELI/Ru
CP-Ti
CPT=96ºC
CPT=83ºC
![Page 18: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
12
Alloy selectionAlloy selection
Lowest
![Page 19: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
13
Recommendations: Alloy SelectionRecommendations: Alloy Selection
Selection was based on the examination of :Selection was based on the examination of :
•• Current transients which were observed with Current transients which were observed with and without presence of and without presence of NaClNaCl..
•• Critical pitting temperature.Critical pitting temperature.•• Current transients which is an indication of the Current transients which is an indication of the
stability of the surface. stability of the surface. •• CPT, was verified using microscopic CPT, was verified using microscopic
observationsobservations•• Selected alloy, TiSelected alloy, Ti--6Al6Al--4V ELI. 4V ELI.
![Page 20: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
14
Further improvementsFurther improvements
Examines further improvements aimed at Examines further improvements aimed at the corrosion resistance of the alloy.the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
•• laser surface treatment(LSM) .laser surface treatment(LSM) .•• Laser gas nitration(LGN)Laser gas nitration(LGN)• Operational changes( start up, shut down)
• To avoid stress corrosion cracking of the chosen αα--ββ titanium alloystitanium alloys.
![Page 21: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
15
Potentiodynamic scan of a laser treated alloyPotentiodynamic scan of a laser treated alloy
Untreated Laser treated
Corrosion Potential =
0.085
Corrosion Potential=-
0.323
![Page 22: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
16
Laser Gas Laser Gas NitridedNitrided Ti6Al4VTi6Al4V
Excellent interfacial bonding
Surface layer: TiN dendrites
XRD spectrum
Ti6Al4V
LGN Ti6Al4V
Cum
ulat
ive
wei
ght L
oss(
mg)
![Page 23: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
17
Surface appearance of eroded samples after Surface appearance of eroded samples after 8 hrs of erosion time8 hrs of erosion time
Laser Gas Nitided TiMP Ti Pit
![Page 24: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
18
Anodic sideCathodic side
Titanium Alloy
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
Cl2 (Moist)H2
2H2O + 2e-
H2 +2OH-Na+
Semi Permeable Membrane
Stress Corrosion Cracking
![Page 25: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
18
Anodic sideCathodic side
Titanium Alloy
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
Cl2 (Moist)H2
2H2O + 2e-
H2 +2OH-Na+
Semi Permeable Membrane
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Current direction during normal operation
![Page 26: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
18
Anodic sideCathodic side
Titanium Alloy
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
Cl2 (Moist)H2
2H2O + 2e-
H2 +2OH-Na+
Semi Permeable Membrane
Stress Corrosion Cracking
![Page 27: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
18
Anodic sideCathodic side
Titanium Alloy
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
Cl2 (Moist)H2
2H2O + 2e-
H2 +2OH-Na+
Semi Permeable Membrane
Stress Corrosion Cracking
3 Volts
![Page 28: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
18
Anodic sideCathodic side
Titanium Alloy
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
Cl2 (Moist)H2
2H2O + 2e-
H2 +2OH-Na+
Semi Permeable Membrane
Stress Corrosion Cracking
1.5 V
![Page 29: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
18
Anodic sideCathodic side
Titanium Alloy
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
Cl2 (Moist)H2
2H2O + 2e-
H2 +2OH-Na+
Semi Permeable Membrane
Stress Corrosion Cracking
1.5 V
![Page 30: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
18
Anodic sideCathodic side
Titanium Alloy
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
Cl2 (Moist)H2
2H2O + 2e-
H2 +2OH-Na+
Semi Permeable Membrane
Stress Corrosion Cracking
1.5 V
![Page 31: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
18
Anodic sideCathodic side
Titanium Alloy
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
Cl2 (Moist)H2
2H2O + 2e-
H2 +2OH-Na+
Semi Permeable Membrane
Stress Corrosion Cracking
1.5 V
Polarization Current during plant trip
![Page 32: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
19
Stress:Where does it come fromStress:Where does it come from
Direction of Current flow
Electrolyser StackCompressive
forces
Weight of BrineWeight of Caustic
![Page 33: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
20
SCCSCC•• Ductility ofDuctility of Ti-6Al-4V( an α-β-type titanium
alloy) is drastically reduced when hydrogen content > 2000ppm.
• Titanium alloys can absorb hydrogen when they are charged at cathodic potentials.
• Hydrides form when hydrogen absorption reaches critical level(2000ppm).
•• Due to the preferential attack of hydrogen Due to the preferential attack of hydrogen along the grain along the grain αα boundaries, the use of boundaries, the use of αα--ββtitanium alloys is recommended.titanium alloys is recommended.
![Page 34: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
21
Recommendations to avoid SCCRecommendations to avoid SCCAfter plant trip / shut downAfter plant trip / shut down
•• Immediately shut down the brine heat exchangersImmediately shut down the brine heat exchangers
•• Increase brine flow rate to maximum to cool down the Increase brine flow rate to maximum to cool down the cells(below 80cells(below 80ººC).C).
•• 8080ººC is critical temperature for the evolution of atomic C is critical temperature for the evolution of atomic hydrogen.hydrogen.
•• Care should be taken that the reverse potential does Care should be taken that the reverse potential does not go over 0.82V(evolution potential of Hnot go over 0.82V(evolution potential of H2 on Ti).on Ti).
![Page 35: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
22
RecommendationsRecommendations•• To prevent SCC, the To prevent SCC, the reversecurrentreversecurrent
should be controlled to strict tolerances( should be controlled to strict tolerances( to avoid exceeding 0.82V over potential).to avoid exceeding 0.82V over potential).
•• As the transients and peaks for TiAs the transients and peaks for Ti--6Al6Al--4V 4V ELI increased at a higher(basic) pH, cells ELI increased at a higher(basic) pH, cells should be drained immediately after shut should be drained immediately after shut down.down.–– To prevent migration of the caustic from To prevent migration of the caustic from
cathodiccathodic side to the anodic side.side to the anodic side.
![Page 36: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
23
Recommendations(cont’d)Recommendations(cont’d)
•• Due to the preferential attack of hydrogen along the Due to the preferential attack of hydrogen along the grain grain αα boundaries, the use of boundaries, the use of αα--ββ titanium alloys titanium alloys should be explored.should be explored.
•• The use of Pd on the The use of Pd on the αα--ββ titanium alloys is titanium alloys is recommended.recommended.
•• Although, the addition of highly reactive Pd seems Although, the addition of highly reactive Pd seems counter intuitive, it speeds up formation of surface counter intuitive, it speeds up formation of surface oxide layer.oxide layer.
•• Because higher concentrations of CaBecause higher concentrations of Ca2+2+ and Mgand Mg2+2+ ions ions accelerate corrosion, the quality of brine in the accelerate corrosion, the quality of brine in the clarifier and ion exchange column should be lowered.clarifier and ion exchange column should be lowered.
![Page 37: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
24
Recommendations(cont’d)Recommendations(cont’d)
•• Avoid Fe Surface contamination in Avoid Fe Surface contamination in temperatures above 77temperatures above 77°°C.C.
•• Clean Ti surface by immersion in 35% HNOClean Ti surface by immersion in 35% HNO33 -- 5% HF 5% HF solution for 2solution for 2--5mins followed by a water rinse.5mins followed by a water rinse.
![Page 38: Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the ... 2005...Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Its Alloys in the Chlor Alkali ... Failure Modes : Pit formation Pin Holes:](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020214/5afefa4f7f8b9a8b4d8fb8d8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
25
»»Thank youThank you
»»Questions?Questions?