cos 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 identify solutions in terms of components, solubility, concentration, and...
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COS 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
• IDENTIFY SOLUTIONS IN TERMS OF COMPONENTS, SOLUBILITY, CONCENTRATION, AND CONDUCTIVITY.
• COMPARE SATURATED, UNSATURATED AND SUPERSATURATD SOLUTIONS.
• COMPARE CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROLYTES AND NONELECTROLYTES.
• DESCRIBE FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOLUBILITY AND RATE OF SOLUTION, INCLUDING NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT, TEMPERATURE, AGITATION, SURFACE AREA AND PRESSURE ON GASES.
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WHAT YOU’LL LEARN • Compare the properties of suspensions, colloids, &
solutions.
• Explain the meaning of solubility & compare the solubilities of various substances.
• Examine the factors that affect the rates at which solids and gases dissolve in liquids.
• Explain how solvents work.
• Compare & contrast saturated, unsaturated, & supersaturated solutions.
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SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS homogeneous mixture of two or more homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances uniformly dispersed in a substances uniformly dispersed in a single phasesingle phase
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SOLUTES & SOLVENTS
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PARTS OF A SOLUTION
SOLUTE part of a solution that is being dissolved (lesser
amount/%)
SOLVENT part of a solution that dissolves the solute (greater
amount/%) Solute + Solvent = Solution
EXAMPLES air: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen sterling silver: 92.5% silver, 7.5% copper
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ALLOYS
• mixture of a metal with one or more elements that retains original properties.
• made by melting metal solute & solvent together
• Examples: coins, brass, sterling silver
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SOLUBILITY IN WATER
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Concentration
• amount of a particular substance in a given volume of solution
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Concentrated
• solution whose ratio of solute to solvent is relatively high
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Dilute
• solution whose ratio of solute to solvent is relatively low
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Solubility
• max amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure.
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Insoluble
• never dissolves, such as oil
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Soluble
• easily dissolves in water
• limit to how much of a substance will dissolve.
• different substances have different solubilities.
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Solvation
• combination of solvent molecules with molecules or ions of the solute
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Miscible
• two or more liquids that can dissolve into each other in various proportions
• example: gasoline (100 liquids)
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Immiscible
• two or more liquids that do not mix with each other
• example: oil & water
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HOW THINGS DISSOLVE
• water molecules are constantly moving• water molecules are polar • has oppositely charged ends (+ and -)• non-polar• have same charges on its ends• negative-positive areas attract
“breaking” bonds
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RULE FOR DISSOLVING SOLUTES IN A SOLVENT
• Like solutes dissolve in like solvents • (polar in polar, non-polar in non-
polar)
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RATE OF DISSOLVING
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SURFACE AREA SURFACE AREA (CRYSTAL SIZE)(CRYSTAL SIZE)• dissolving takes place at
surface area• smaller crystals dissolve
faster• increases surface area• more surface area faster
dissolving• less surface area slower
dissolvingExample: piece of candy
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TEMPERATURE
• increasing temperature speeds up molecule movement
• increase in speed causes more solvent particles to “bump” into solute breaking them down
• lower temperature slows down process
• Example: sugar in hot water
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PRESSURE
• affects solubility of gases in liquids
Gases are more soluble at...Gases are more soluble at...• low temperatures.• high pressures
Example: • Soda goes flat quickly at room temperature
carbon dioxide gas escapes
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AGITATION
• AKA: mixing or stirringAKA: mixing or stirring• increase in stirring causes more solvent increase in stirring causes more solvent
particles to “bump” into soluteparticles to “bump” into solute• causing more solute to dissolvecausing more solute to dissolve• Example: sugar in waterExample: sugar in water
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TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
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UNSATURATED
contains less than max amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature
UNSATURATED SOLUTIONmore solute dissolves
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SATURATED
contains max quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature.
SATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute dissolves
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SUPERSATURATED
contain more solute than is possible to be dissolvedare unstable. supersaturation is only temporary, and usually accomplished in one of two ways:Warm solvent so that it will dissolve more, then cool the solution Evaporate some of solvent carefully so that the solute does not solidify and come out of solution.
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
becomes unstable, crystals form
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HETEROGENOUS HETEROGENOUS MIXTURESMIXTURES
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Suspension
mixture in which the solute particles are large enough to be seen
Particles may settle over time or filtered out Example: natural orange juice, which
contains particles of pulp.
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Suspension
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Colloids
mixture whose particles never settle Examples: milk, paint
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ELECTROLYTES & ELECTROLYTES & NONELECTROLYTESNONELECTROLYTES
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AQUEOUS SOLUTIONSAQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Solution in which solvent is water (most Solution in which solvent is water (most common)common)
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Electrolytes
substance that dissolves in water to give a solution ability to conduct an electric current.
Examples: sodium chloride and silver nitrate
- +
salt
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Nonelectrolytes
substances that dissolve in water that does not conduct electricity
sugar, alcohol, benzene
- +
sugar
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Electrolytes in the BodyElectrolytes in the Body
Carry messages to Carry messages to
and from brain as and from brain as
electrical signalselectrical signals
Maintain cellular Maintain cellular
function with correct function with correct
concentrations concentrations
electrolyteselectrolytes
Make your ownMake your own
50-70 g sugar50-70 g sugarOne liter of warm One liter of warm
waterwaterPinch of saltPinch of salt200ml of sugar 200ml of sugar
free fruit squashfree fruit squashMix, cool and drinkMix, cool and drink