cosmological fast radio bursts · 2013. 11. 14. · binary white dwarf merger! – energetics ,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cosmological ���Fast Radio Bursts from Binary White Dwarf Mergers
Kunihito Ioka (KEK)
Kashiyama, KI & Mészáros 13
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GRB Cosmology Massive star origin ⇒ High redshift GRBs
Larson & Bromm 02 GRB QSO, galaxy
GRBs are useful for probing high-z
Like QSO Like SN Star formation Reionization Metal, Dust Dark energy … z~10-30
? z~8
~10 yr ago
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 2
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Radio Dispersion High energy photon
Ionized region Low energy photon
Δt = 4.15 s ν1 GHz
"
#$
%
&'
−2DM
103 pc cm−3
"
#$
%
&'
In a plasma, a light signal is delayed ω 2 = k2c2 +ω p
2
ω p =4πne2
m= 5.63×104n1 2 s−1
plasma frequency
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 3
Luminosity
Time t~Δt
Distortion in light curve ⇒ DM ⇒ Reionization History
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Dispersion Measure is the column density of free electrons along light path
Dispersion Measure ↓
Reionization History
Recombined electrons provide no DM
Dispersion Measure
Redshift
Reionization redshift
KI 03, Inoue 04 13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 4
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Intergalactic DM ( )( )
( )
( )
2
20
2
2
01 20 3
0
112 1
12
1
1
z p
e
z
m
zdtt dzdz z
em c
z dzcnH z
ν
ν
π ν
Λ
+Δ =
+⎡ ⎤⎣ ⎦
= ×
+
⎡ ⎤Ω + +Ω⎣ ⎦
∫
∫
DMIGP including missing baryon
KI 03
DMGalaxy~30-103 pc cm-3
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 5
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DM from Afterglow Distortion at t~Δt ⇒ DM
Δt∝ν-2
KI 03
Unfortunately radio afterglows are not so bright 13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 6
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Fast Radio Bursts Thornton+ 13
F=0.6-8.0 Jy ms !!! Most luminous radio transients if cosmological
64m Parkes radio telescope (New South Wales) High Time Resolution Universe (HTRU) Survey High latitude survey (-70 deg < b < -30 deg) ν=1.382 GHz, Δν=400 MHz/1024, Δθ~14 arcmin
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 7
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Dispersion Measure Thornton+ 13
Galactic latitude
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 8
δt∝DM・ν-2
DM=500-1000 cm-3 pc
Lorimer Burst
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Summary of FRB Obs. l DM=500-1000 cm-3 pc (z=0.5-1, dL~2-6Gpc) l Sν~Jy ⇒ Eiso~1038-40 erg l δt=5.6ms,<4.3,1.4,1.1ms ���⇒ cδt(1+z)-1 < 1500(1+z)-1 km
l Rate~(1±0.5)×104/sky/day~10-3/yr/galaxy��� ⇔ Supernova rate 10-2/yr/galaxy
l No repeated bursts so far l No counterparts so far
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 9
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Expected Rate Hassall+ 13 Lorimer+ 13 Trott+ 13
Low frequency component SKA1 could find an extragalactic burst every hour
1 event/hour
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 10
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Possible Origins l RRAT (Rotating Radio Transient; intermittent
pulsar) l Giant pulse from a msec/young pulsar l Evaporation of BH l SN into a nearby star l Magnetar giant flare l Collapse of hypermassive NS l Binary NS mergers l Superconducting cosmic strings l Nearby flaring stars
Colgate+ 71,75; Egorov & Postnov 09
Popov & Postnov 07; Thornton+ 13
Falcke & Rezzolla 13; Zhang 13
Rees 77; Blandford 77; Kavic+ 08; Keane+ 12
Hansen & Lyutikov 01; Totani 13
Cai+ 12
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 11
Loeb+ 12
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Binary White Dwarf Mergers?
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 12
Kashiyama, KI & Meszaros 13
l Massive WD l SN Ia l Short GRB���
via →NS l WD pulsar���
CR e± excess���
l GW sources
l FRB?
Kashiyama+ 11
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Minimum Requirements
l Energetics l Timescale l Event rate 13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 13
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Energetics
EB ≈B2
8π×
4πr3
3~ 2×1043erg B9
2r8.73
Magnetic Energy
WD-WD merger ⇒ Differential rotation ⇒ B
Loren-Aguilar+ 09, Ji+ 13
Emax ≈GM 2
r≈1050erg
Ω ≈vr
~ 1 s−1r8.7−3 2
Bobs,max~109G
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 14
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Timescale cδt 1+ z( )−1 ≤1.5×108 1+ z( )−1 cm < 108.7cm
rcap ≈ rrΩc
#
$%
&
'(
1 2
~ 6.7×107 cm r8.73 2Ω0
1 2
rcap
c~ 2.3 ms r8.7
3 2Ω01 2
WD radius
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 15
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Event Rate WD-WD merger rate
RWD2 ~ 10−2 −10−3 yr−1 galaxy−1
Badenes & Maoz 12
~4000 WDs in SDSS Radial velocity ⇒ Binary fraction & distribution n(a)∝aα
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 16
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Binary White Dwarf Mergers?
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 17
Kashiyama, KI & Meszaros 13
l Energetics EB~1040erg l Timescale rcap/c~ms l Event rate ~SN Ia l SN Ia as a counterpart?
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Counterparts l Supernova Ia (Double degenerate model) l X-ray debris disk
Loren-Aguilar+ 09, recently Beloborodov 13
LX<1047erg/s for ~100sec Swift for nearby FRBs
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 18
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FRB Cosmology l Reionization l Missing baryon l Dark energy, ���
cosmological ���parameters
DMIGP =3cH0Ωb
8πGmp
1+ z( )dz
Ωm 1+ z( )3 +ΩΛ#$
%&1 20
z∫
dL =c 1+ z( )H0
dz
Ωm 1+ z( )3 +ΩΛ#$
%&1 20
z∫
Fast radio bursts as cosmological tools New frontier?
KI 03 McQuinn 13
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 19
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20 U. Tokyo Seminar by Kunihito IOKA (KEK) 21 Nov 2013
? ? ? Gravitational wave X-ray IR-Opt Radio
!!!
? ? Neutrino Gamma-ray Gravitational Wave Sources
Counterparts to GW
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Relativistic Shock Breakout RelaHvisHc
Kyutoku, KI & Shibata 12
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 21
Not resolved yet by numerical simulation
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Relativistic Shock Acceleration
ρ
r
Γsh ∝ρ−αrela
αrela ≈ 3 − 32
≈ 0.232
Johnson & McKee 71
Γ f ≈ Γsh1+ 3
After breakout, shocked matter accelerates to
by converting heat into motion
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 22
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1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1 10 100 1000
E(>`
K) (
erg)
`K
escape velocityfor M* = 2.8 Msun and R* = 15 km
n=3, Msh=10-4 Msunn=3, Msh=10-5 Msunn=4, Msh=10-5 Msunn=6, Msh=10-5 Msunn=3, Msh=10-6 Msun
Relativistic Outflow
v>>vesc~0.3c!!!
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 23 Kyutoku, KI & Shibata 12
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Early & High-Energy Emission
Radio flare
Macronova
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 24
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Summary l Fast Radio Burst l Dispersion Measure ⇒ Cosmological? l Binary White Dwarf Merger – Energetics ✔, Timescale ✔, Event Rate ✔
– SN Ia, X-ray debris disk l FRB Cosmology
l Ultrarelativistic EM Counterpart to NS2
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 25
Kashiyama, KI & Mészáros 13
KI 03
Thornton+ 13
Kyutoku, KI & Shibata 13
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Thank You
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BH-NS Merger
Only Ejecta
x-z plane, only ejecta Full GR Q=5 χ=0.75 H4 EOS
Kyutoku, KI & Shibata 13
©Kyutoku
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 27
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Anisotropic Mass Ejection
θej ≈15
Kyutoku, KI & Shibata 13
ϕej ≈ πViewing angle diversity Polarization Proper motion 13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 28
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Spin Down Luminosity Lspin ≈
B2r6Ω4
c3 ~ 1.7×1038erg s−1B92r8.7
6 Ω04 <<1043 erg/s
B reconnection ⇒ FRB like solar flares, magnetar flares
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 29
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Acceleration
Φmax ≈BΩ2r3
2c2 ~ 2.5×1016 Volt B9Ω02r8.7
3
⇒ e± production ⇒ Coherent radio emission
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 30
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Beaming
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 31
Kashiyama, KI & Meszaros 13
Injection ≠ Emission
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Brightness Temperature
Fν =πr⊥
2
d 22ν 2
c2kT
T ~ 3×1041K L43remi,10−2
⇒ Coherent emission
P~|E|2~|E1+E2+E3+…+EN|2
~N|E1|2 (incoherent) ~N2|E1|2 (coherent) 13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 32
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Curvature Radiation
νc ≈ γ3 3c
4πrc~ 0.72 GHz γ3
3rc,10−1
γ ≥1100ν91 3rc,10
1 3
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 33
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Luminosity
Pc ~ 2γ 4e2c3rc
2 ~ 5×10−17 erg s−1 γ34rc,10
−2
Ncoh ≈ ne ×Vcoh ≈ ne ×4γ 2 remi
2 cνc
~ ne ×2×1016 cm3 γ3−5rc,10remi,10
2
Npat ≈Vemi
Vcoh
≈1Vcoh
4π fremi2 δremi ~ 1
Vcoh
×9×1028 cm3 fremi,102 δremi,7.8
Ltot ≈ PcNcoh2( )×Npat
Ltot ~ 4×1042 erg s−1 fne,72 γ3
−1rc,10−1 remi,10
4 δremi,7.813/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 34
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Electron Density ne ~ 2×107 cm L43
1 2γ31 2rc,10
1 2 remi,10−2 δremi,7.8
−1 2
κGJ =nenGJ
=ne
BemiΩ 2πce~ 8×103ne,7Bemi,5
−1 Ω0−1
Necessary multiplicity
Plasma frequency limit
νc ≥ν p ≈γ
2π4π #nee
2
me
$
%&
'
()
1 2
, #ne =neγ
ne ≤ 0.6×107 cm−3 γ35rc,10
−213/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 35
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Induced Compton Melrose 71 Wilson & Rees 78 Lyubarsky 08
Compton scattering is enhanced by photons To evade the induced Compton
γ ≥ 2000 rc,103 14remi,10
3 14 ne,73 14
13/11/14 Fast Radio Burst by K. Ioka (KEK) 36