cost constraint/isocost line. cost constraint c= wl + rk (m = p 1 x 1 +p 2 x 2 ) w: wage rate...
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Cost Constraint/Isocost Line
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COST CONSTRAINTC= wL + rK
(m = p1x1 +p2x2)
w: wage rate (including fringe benefits, holidays, PRSI, etc)
r: rental rate of capital
Rearranging:
K=C/r-(w/r)L
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COST CONSTRAINT
L
K
Represents society’s willingness to trade
the factors of production
C=wL+rK
C/w
C/r
Slope of the isocost = K/L=K/L= (-) w/r
(-) w/r
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EQUILIBRIUM
L
K
Y
erKwLC
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EQUILIBRIUM
We can either
Minimise cost subject to
e and CYY
or
Maximise output subject to
e and YCC
equilibrium
equilibrium
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EQUILIBRIUM
LKfYrKwLL ,*
rLwLCKLfL ),(*
Minimise cost subject to output
or
Maximise output subject to costs
Lagrangian method
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Lagrange Method
Set up the problem (same as with utility maximisation subject to budget constraint).
Find the first order conditions. It is easier to maximise output subject to a
cost constraint than to minimise costs subject to an output constraint. The answer will be the same (in essence) either way.
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Example: Cobb-Douglas Equilibrium
Set up the problem
rKwLCLAKL aa 1*
Multiply out the part in brackets
rKwLCLAKL aa 1*
Derive a demand function for Capital and Labour by maximising output subject to a cost constraint. Let L* be Lagrange, L be labour and K be capital.
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Cobb-Douglas: EquilibriumFind the First Order Conditions by differentiation with respect to K, L and
0 11*
rLAaKK
L aa 1st FOC
0 1*
wLKaAL
L aa 2nd FOC
0*
rKwLCL
3rd FOC
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Cobb-Douglas: EquilibriumRearrange the 1st FOC and the 2nd FOC so that is on the left hand side of both equations
r
LAaK aa
11
1st FOC
1
w
LKaA aa 2nd FOC
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Cobb-Douglas: EquilibriumWe now have two equations both equal to - so we can get rid of
r
LAaK aa 11
1
w
LKaA aa
(Aside: Notice that we can find Y nested within these equations.)
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Cobb-Douglas: Equilibrium
r
LAaK aa 11
1
w
LKaA aa
r
LKAaK aa 11
1 1
wL
LLKaA aa
We have multiplied by L/L=1
r
LKAaK aa 11
r
aK 1
1 1
wL
LKaA aa
1
wL
a
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Cobb-Douglas: Equilibrium
rK
a
1
wL
a Note: K-1 =1/K
)1( a
awLrK
Return to the 3rd FOC and replace rk
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Cobb-Douglas: Equilibrium
)1( a
awLrK
0 rKwLC
Ca
awLwL
)1(
Ca
awL
)1(
1
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Cobb-Douglas: EquilibriumSimplify
again.Ca
awL
)1(
1
)1( a
wLC
Demand function for
Labourw
CaL
)1(
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Cobb-Douglas: Equilibrium
rK
a
1
wL
a
Rearrange so that wL is on the left hand side
rKa
awL
)1(
Now go back to the 3rd FOC and replace wl and
follow the same procedure as
before to solve for the demand
for Capitalr
CaK
Demand for
capital
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EQUILIBRIUM
Slope of isoquant = Slope of isocost
MRTS = (-) w/r
or
MPL/MPK = (-) w/r
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Aside: General Equilibrium
L
KMRTSA = – w/r
Firm A
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Aside: General Equilibrium
L
KMRTSB = – w/r
Firm B
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Aside: General Equilibrium
MRTSA = – w/r
MRTSB = – w/r
MRTSA = MRTSB
We will return to this later when doing general equilibrium.
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The Cost-Minimization Problem
A firm is a cost-minimizer if it produces any given output level y 0 at smallest possible total cost.
c(y) denotes the firm’s smallest possible total cost for producing y units of output.
c(y) is the firm’s total cost function.
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The Cost-Minimization Problem
Consider a firm using two inputs to make one output.
The production function isy = f(K,L)
Take the output level y 0 as given. Given the input prices r and w, the
cost of an input bundle (K,L) is rK + wL.
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The Cost-Minimization Problem
For given r, w and y, the firm’s cost-minimization problem is to solve
)(min0,
wLrKLK
subject to yLKf ),(
Here we are minimising costs subject to a output constraint. Usually you will not be asked to work this out in detail, as the working out is tedious.
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The Cost-Minimization Problem The levels K*(r,w,y) and L*(r,w,y) in the
least-costly input bundle are referred to as the firm’s conditional demands for inputs 1 and 2.
The (smallest possible) total cost for producing y output units is therefore
),,(),,(),,( ** ywrwLywrrKywrc
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Conditional Input Demands
Given r, w and y, how is the least costly input bundle located?
And how is the total cost function computed?
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A Cobb-Douglas Example of Cost Minimization
A firm’s Cobb-Douglas production function is
Input prices are r and w. What are the firm’s conditional input
demand functions?
K*(r,w,y), L*(r,w,y)
3/23/1),( LKLKfy
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A Cobb-Douglas Example of Cost Minimization
At the input bundle (K*,L*) which minimizesthe cost of producing y output units:(a)
(b)
3/2*3/1* )()( LKy and
*
*
3/2*3/2*
3/1*3/1*
2
)())(3/1(
)())(3/2(
/
/
L
K
LK
LK
Ky
Ly
r
w
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A Cobb-Douglas Example of Cost Minimization
3/23/1* *)()( LKy *
*2
L
K
r
w(a) (b)
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A Cobb-Douglas Example of Cost Minimization
(a) (b)
From (b),** 2
Kw
rL
Now substitute into (a) to get
*3/23/2
*3/1* 22)( K
w
rK
w
rKy
yr
wK
3/2*
2
So is the firm’s conditional
demand for Capital.
3/23/1* *)()( LKy *
*2
L
K
r
w
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A Cobb-Douglas Example of Cost Minimization
is the firm’s conditional demand for input 2.
Since and
yr
w
w
rL
3/2*
2
2
yr
wK
3/2*
2
** 2
Kw
rL
yw
rL
3/1* 2
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A Cobb-Douglas Example of Cost Minimization
So the cheapest input bundle yielding y output units is
y
w
ry
r
w
ywrLywrK3/13/2
**
2,
2
),,(),,,(
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Fixed r and w
Conditional Input Demand Curves
outputexpansionpath
Cond. demandfor Labour
Cond.demand
forCapital
y
y
L*(y1)
L*(y2)
L*(y3)
K*(y2)K*(y1) K*(y3)
y2y3
y3
y1
y2
y3
y1
y2
y1
L*(y1)L*(y2)
L*(y3) L*
K*K*(y1)
K*(y2)
K*(y3)
NB
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Total Price Effect
Recall the income and substitution effect of a price change.
We can also apply this technique to find out what happens when the price of a factor of production changes, e.g. wage falls
Substitution and output (or scale ) effects
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Total Price EffectK
L
a
Q1
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Total Price EffectK
LL1
c
a
L3
Total effect is a to c, more labour is used L1 to L3
Y2
Y1
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Total Price EffectK
LL1
b
c
a
L2
L1 to L2 is the substitution effect.
More labour is being used.
Y2
Y1
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Total Price EffectK
L
b
c
a
L2 L3
L2 to L3 is the output (scale) effect.
Y2
Y1
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Total Price Effect
What about perfect substitutes and perfect complements? (Homework)