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    buttons are the most prevalent ones. Others include natural

    materials like bone, horn, ivory, shell, vegetable ivory, wood

    and synthetic materials such as celluloid, glass, metal and

    bakelite. The size of the button depends on its use. They are

    usually measured in lignes, also called lines and abbreviated as

    L. 40 lignes are equal to 1 inch. Functional buttons, as opposed

    to decorative buttons, are commonly paired with a buttonhole

    which may either be hand or machine sewn.

    Buckles

    Buckles are clasps used for holding two

    things together, such as the ends of a belt.

    They are sometimes used to fasten boots

    and other shoes or sandals. They can also be

    found on backpacks, watches and other wrist

    jewelry, or for decorative purposes on other

    objects. Buckles are usually made of metal or

    plastic. The fashion of custom buckles is on a rise and people

    mostly like to have their name or nicknames on buckles. These

    buckles are prepared with great care giving them various

    finishes like chrome, rhinestone, gold color etc.

    Fasteners

    Fasteners are hardware devices that

    mechanically join or affix two or more

    objects together. In textile industry, they

    are generally used to close a bag or a box or

    other similar types of products. They are

    also essential for setting up tents for various

    purposes. Upholstery too requires fasteners

    for affixing textile material  to furnitures. Metal and plastic,

    both types of fasteners are manufactured for various purposes.

    Grommets

    Grommets are reinforced eyelets, as in cloth

    or leather, through which a fastener may be

    passed. The term is also used for a small

    metal or plastic ring used to reinforce such

    an eyelet. If any material such as metal or

    leather has a hole made in it, the hole may

    have sharp edges. The soft vulnerable

    material such as laces pass ing through the hole can be distorted

    resulting in damage. Thus, rubber, plastic or plastic coatedmetal grommets are used as shielding to avoid such damages.

    Rivets

    Rivets are mechanical fastener. They consist

    of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on

    one end. The end opposite the head is called

    the buck-tail. For using a rivet, it has to be

    placed in a hole. Then the tail is usually

    deformed so that it expands to about 1.5

    times the original shaft diameter and holds

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    the rivet in place. To distinguish between the two ends of the

    rivet, the original head is called the factory head and the

    deformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail. Different

    types of rivets such as solid rivets, blind rivets, multi-grip

    rivets, grooved rivets, peel type blind rivets, self-pierce rivets,

    plastic rivets, tubular rivets, etc are manufactured and are used

    in various industry. In textile industry, they have find an

    important application in the manufacturing of jeans.

    Velcros

    Velcros are kinds of hook-and-loop fasteners.

    They consist of two layers. One of its portion

    is called "hook" side, which is a piece of 

    fabric and is covered with tiny hooks. The

    other portion is the "loop" side, which is

    covered with even smaller and "hairier"

    loops. When the two sides are pressed

    together, the hooks catch in the loops and hold the pieces

    together. Velcro can be made of cotton, nylon or polyester.

    Velcro is extensively used in products like jackets, gloves,

    shoes etc. Velcro made of Teflon loops, polyester hooks, andglass backing is used on space shuttles.

    Zippers

    Zippers are devices for temporarily joining

    two edges of fabric or other material. They

    are used in clothing , luggage and other

    bags, sporting goods, camping gear such as

    tents and sleeping bags and many other daily

    use items. No other closure is as extensively

    used in textile products as zippers. They are

    made of various materials including metal, plastics, nylon etc.

    Various types of zippers are manufactured these days. The bag

    type zippers have two sliders. When it is closed, the sliders

    meet at any point on the zipper. These are commonly used for

    bags. The Closed End zippers have one slider and operate in one

    way only. These are used for apparels, purses, tents etc. The

    Coverall zippers, as the name indicates, are used on coveralls.

    Its one end is open and one end is closed. The Open End zippers

    are commonly used on the front of jackets and on any item that

    requires the zipper halves to fully detach from each other. Two

    Way Open End zippers have two slides and can be opened from

    the top and/or the bottom. They are used for heavy winter

    coats where more leg room may be needed for such works asdriving car, while still keeping the top slider zipped up. The

    zipper halves completely separate just like a standard jacket

    zipper.

    Corset

    Corset is an undergarment traditionally made

    of stiffened material laced tight to the body

    and was used earlier for molding and shaping

    the torso into a desired shape. Both men and

    women are known to wear corsets, though

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    women are more common wearers. The modern "corsets" and

    "corset tops" have very little effect on the shape of the wearer's

    body. An overbust corset encloses the torso, extending from

    just under the arms to the hips. An underbust corset begins just

    under the breasts and extends down to the hips. Some corsets

    extend over the hips. A shorter kind of corset, which covers

    only the waist area is called a 'waist cincher'. Cotton, linen,

    satin and s ilk are generally used for manufacturing corsets. l.

    Lace

    Lace is an openwork fabric which is

    patterned with open holes. It can be made by

    machine or by hand. Originally linen, silk,

    gold, or silver threads were used for making

    laces. Nowadays, lace is generally made with

    cotton and synthetic thread. There are

    various types of laces based on the style of 

    their manufacturing. Needle lace is made by using a needle and

    thread. Cutwork or whitework lace is made by removing threads

    from a woven background. Bobbin Lace is made with bobbins

    and a pillow. The bobbins, made of wood, bone or plastic, holdthreads which are woven together and held in place with pins

    stuck in the pattern on the pillow. Tape lace makes the tape in

    the lace as it is worked. It can also use a machine or hand-made

    textile strip formed into a design, then joined and embellished

    with needle or bobbin lace. Knotted lace is made with a shuttle

    or a tatting needle. Crocheted  lace are made with crochets.

    When laces are made by knitting, they are called knitted lace.

    Webbings

    Webbings are strong woven fabrics made in

    a shape of flat strip or tube in variety of 

    widths. They are often used in place of rope.

    These days, webbings are made from high-

    strength material such as Dyneema, Nylon,

    Polyester, and Kevlar. Other materials used

    for making webbings include cotton,

    polypropylene and flax. Webbings are both, light and strong. As

    such they are used in variety of applications including climbing,

    slacklining, furniture manufacturing, automobile safety, auto

    racing, towing, parachuting, military apparel, transportation

    and many other applications.

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