Water Notes Name ____________________________________7th Grade Environmental ScienceMrs. Krempa Date & Period _____________________________

I. Water

A. Water, Water everywhere…1. Civilizations along rivers

2. 1520 Billion Billion liters on Earth! (1,520,000,000,000,000,000).

3. 71% of Earth’s surface is water

4. 97% is saltwater– only 3% is fresh

5. Of that 3% - most is frozen in glaciers and ice caps

6. Only 0.4% is good enough and ready to use!

B. Water Use1.Residential – personal hygiene, cleaning, pools, lawn care, sprinklers, gardening, car washing,

drinking, cooking…

2. Industrial– 44% of water used by people. Transportation, waste disposal, power source, coolant, mining, manufacturing (steel, synthetic fabrics)

3. Agriculture– 47% of water used.

a. Irrigation – the process of bringing water to an area used to grow crops

4. Effects of water use – Human use of water can alter or destroy the habitats of living thingsa. Dams, draining swamps for building, altering stream direction, irrigation

C. Surface water – 1. Definition - (runoff) water on surface. Lakes, rivers, streams, the ocean…

2. Terms

a). Headwater / source – the small streams that start a river

b). Mouth – the “end”, where a river flows into other body of water

c). Riffle – shallow part of stream where water runs fast (“rapids”)

d). Pool – deep, calm water

e). Glide – smooth moving water

f). Sediment – clay, silt and sand carried by water, wind, or glaciers

g). Silt – fine-grained (tiny), smooth sediment that settles at the bottom

h). Erosion – the removal of soil, sediment, and rock fragments from the

landscape by wind water or other physical means.

II. Water Quality Indicators – how to tell if stream water is healthy or polluted.

A. Physical Inventory – take a look at what the stream & surrounding area look like.

1. Why would that be important? To see if anything is visibly wrong, look for life (or no life!), identify good things, identify human impact, etc.

2. Human impact? Trash, cement bottom?

What else? Bad smell, dirty/milky water, dead organisms (like a fish kill), no visible life

3. Bank erosion, algae overgrowth, water color?

4. Riparian Zone– the land alongside a stream

a) Trees – provide shade, food & shelter

b) Meadows / grasslands – provide different food & shelter, higher water temps.

c) Rocky bottom – more habitats for organisms (hold onto / hide in)

d) Muddy bottom – less places for organisms to live (smooth bottom)

B. Macroinvertebrates (biology)1. Many things besides fish live in aquatic environments!

2. What?a. Crustaceans – crayfish (also lobster, crab & shrimp)

b. Mollusks – snails, oysters, clams

c. Plants, algae (don’t forget algae is a plant too!)

d. Worms

e. Insects – in different stages of development

3. Why test for Macros?a. Provide food for fish, birds, turtles… the whole food chain thing!

b. Can tell the quality (Health) of water

1.) Pollution Intolerant – organisms will die in polluted water, very sensitive, can’t take any pollution

a) Find these, your water is healthy!

2.) Pollution Tolerant – will NOT die in polluted water, can easily live in really nasty water

a) Find these, your water is NOT healthy!

C. Water Chemistry “Round Robin” ** See additional notesheets – we used the iPads… The slide show is posted on my website…

D. Groundwater – water that soaks into the ground

1. Water (Rain, snow melt) sinks or filters into the ground & enters the aquifer

2. Aquifer – a layer of water sitting in the tiny cracks and spaces between underground rocks. Household wells are drilled into the aquifer.

3. Aquifer Diagram

a. Porous rock – larger pores (holes), water CAN flow throughAKA: permeable (ex: sponge, cotton, wool, leather, polyester)

b. Non-porous rock – small pores, water can NOT flow through. AKA: impermeable (ex: raincoat, umbrella, rubber, glass, metal, plastic, blacktop)Bottom layer of aquifer. Water can’t go any deeper, so it “fills” in the cracks and spaces of the rock around it.

c. Water Table - top layer (level) of the aquifer

4. Soil (dirt) “cleans” water as soaks in – leaves pollution particles behind. Pollution particles get stuck in dirt (dirt works like a filter)

5. Water may take a LONG time to reach aquifer – especially if the land above is dry

a. Recharge – time it takes to re-fill aquifer

5. Movement of water in aquifer can be slow. So…

Water Table

Aquifer

a. pollution will not clear out quickly

b. May be drinking water dinosaurs walked in! How long did the water take to soak into the aquifer? How long did it sit underground in the aquifer before it was pumped to the surface or discharged into a stream / pond?

E. Water Pollution* Please read over the answer key to the Stream Study Notecards posted on my website!

Look specifically for the terms…

Point-Source Pollution – taken from notecard key… Pollution that enters water from one specific site. Easy to identify (point right to the problem) so laws can be made to stop / prevent polluters. Examples – sewage from a pipe, chemicals from a factory, watch someone pour something in the river

Non-Point-Source Pollution– taken from notecard key… pollution that enters water from many small sources. Hard to pin-point – can’t make laws. Think for a second - How can you personally be blamed for the oil run off in the mall parking lot? Why was it your car? Weren’t there 500 other cars there too?! Examples – runoff from streets, lawns, construction sites, farms, oil, gas, pesticides, paint, chemicals, detergent, fertilizer

Be able to identify specific examples for each type of pollution. Listed above.

Academic Textbook pages 210 & 211Honors Textbook pages 435 through 438