countries and concepts - gbv · scottish and welsh nationalism 74 • what to do with northern...

SIXTH EDITION

COUNTRIES AND CONCEPTS

AN INTRODUCTIONTO COMPARATIVE POLITICS

Michael G. RoskinLycoming College

PRENTICE HALL, UPPER SADDLE RIVER, NEW JERSEY 07458

CONTENTS

A NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS xxi

CHAPTER 1 WHAT TO LOOK FOR 1

Looking for Quarrels 1The Structure of This Book 2The Impact of the Past 3

• The Pive Crises of Nation Building 5The Key Institutions 6

• Left, Right, and Center 6 • What about Names and Dates? 7Political Attitudes 8

• Parliamentary versus Presidential Systems 9 • The CivicCulture Study 10 • What Is "Ideology"? 11

Patterns of Interaction 12• The Politics of Social Cleavages 13 • How Important Is the EuropeanUnion? 14

What People Quarrel About 15• The Importance of Being Comparative 16

Vocabulary Building 16Further Reference 17

PARTI GREAT BRITAIN 19

CHAPTER 2 BRITAIN: THE IMPACT OF THE PAST 20

• The United Kingdom 21 • Britain's French Legacy 22Magna Carta 22

• The Common Law 23The Rise of Parliament 23

i i i

iv CONTENTS

Henry VIII 24Parliament versus King 25

• Premature Democrats 25 • Acton's Dictum 26Cromwell's Commonwealth 26The "Glorious Revolution" 26The Rise of the Prime Minister 27The Democratization of Parliament 27

• Conservative Geniuses: Burke and Disraeli 29

The Rise of the Welfare State 29• Comparing: The Genesis of Two Welfare States 30


CHAPTER 3 BRITAIN: THE KEY INSTITUTIONS 32

The Monarch 32• Comparing: The Last Political Monarch 34

The Cabinet 34• The Queen Chooses a New Prime Minister 35

The Prime Minister 37• Tony Blair: A British Clinton? 37

The Commons 38• The Deceptive No. 10 Downing Street 39

How the Commons Works 40 f

• How Much Are Parliamentarians Paid? 40 • What to Do with Lords? 42

The Parties 43• Two-Party Systems: Variations on a British Theme 43


CHAPTER 4 BRITISH POLITICAL ATTITUDES 46

"Public" Schools 47• What to Do with "Public" Schools? 47

"Oxbridge" 48Class and Voting 48The Deferential British? 49

• The 1997 Elections: Class Plus Region 50

British Civility 50Pragmatism 51

• Football Hooliganism 51 • The Shape of the British Electorate 52

CONTENTS

Traditions and Symbols 53Legitimacy and Authority 53The Ulster Ulcer 54

• The IRA: Ballots and Bullets 55A Changing Political Culture 55Vocabulary Building 56Further Reference 56

CHAPTER 5 BRITAIN: PATTERNS OF INTERACTION 57

• 1997: Finally, Labour 58National and Local Party 58Politics within the Parties 59

• The Struggle of the Liberal Democrats 60 • Saving Labour from theUnions 61 • The "Poll Tax" Issue 62

Parties and Interest Groups 62The Parties Face Each Other 63

• The Profumo Scandal 64The Cabinet and the Civil Servants 64

• The Utility of Dignity 65 • Treasury: The Real Power 66The Civil Service and Interest Groups 66What about Democracy? 67Vocabulary Building 68Further Reference 68 ^

CHAPTER 6 WHAT BRITONS QUARREL ABOUT 69

The "British Disease" 69• "Pluralistic Stagnation" 70

The Thatcher Cure 70• The Flip Side of the Welfare State 71 • Comparing: The ProductivityRace 72 • Comparing: Thatchernomics and Reaganomics 73• The Trouble with National Health 74

Scottish and Welsh Nationalism 74• What to Do with Northern Ireland? 76

British Racism 77Britain and Europe 78

• Britain's Education Dilemma 79Great Britain or Little England? 80Vocabulary Building 80Further Reference 81

vi CONTENTS

PART II FRANCE 83

CHAPTER 7 FRANCE: THE IMPACT OF THE PAST 84

The Roman Influence 84The Rise of French Absolutism 85

• Great French Expressions: "Paris Is Worth a Mass" 85

Louis XrV: The High Point of Absolutism 86Why the French Revolution? 86

• Great French Expressions: "L'etat, c'est moi" 86 • Great FrenchExpressions: "Let Them Eat Cake" 87 • Three French Geniuses: Voltaire,Montesquieu, Rousseau 88

From Freedom to Tyranny 88• A Tale of Two Flags 89 • The Original Chauvinist 90

The Bourbon Restoration 90• A Theory of Revolution 91 • Great French Expressions: "They LearnedNothing and They Forgot Nothing" 92

The Third Republic 92Vichy: France Splits Again 93

• The Dreyfus Affair 93The Fourth Republic 94Vocabulary Building 95Further Reference 95

CHAPTER 8 FRANCE: THE KEY INSTITUTIONS 96

A Semipresidential System 96• Parliamentary versus Presidential Systems 97 • Great FrenchExpressions: Cohabitation 99 • The Presidential Election of 1995 100

Premier and Cabinet 100• A Gaullist Technocrat as President 101

• Great French Expressions: "Plus ca change, plus c'est la meme chose" 103

The National Assembly 103• Comparing: The Israeli Parliamentary System 104

• A Senate That Fights Back 105

The Party System 105• The Parliamentary Elections of 1997 106 • Comparing: A FrenchSupreme Court? 108

A Decentralized Unitary System 108Vocabulary Building 109Further Reference 109

CONTENTS vii

CHAPTER 9 FRENCH POLITICAL ATTITUDES 111

• How to Celebrate a 200-Year-Old Revolution 112Historical Roots of French Attitudes 112A Climate of Mistrust 113

• "La Marseillaise" 113 • Great French Expressions: "L'enfer, c'est lesautres" 114

The Nasty Split 114• French and American Party Identification 115 • Comparing: TheInstability of Split Societies 116

School for Grinds 116• French Elections: The Persistence of Religion 117 • French Elections:The Persistence of Region 118

The "Great Schools" 118• How Would You Do on the "Bac"? 119 • Rule of the Enarchs 120

The Fear of "Face to Face" 120Freedom or Authority? 121

• Comparing: French and American Press Conferences 121Social Class 122The Great Calming Down 122

• Great French Expressions: "The Heart Is on the Left, but the Billfold Ison the Right" 123 • The French Turn Centrist 124


CHAPTER 10 FRANCE: PATTERNS OF INTERACTION 126

The Emerging Party System 127The Socialists and the Communists 127

• The French Left: Smother Thy Brother 128The Gaullists and Republicans 129

• Mitterrand Skunks Chirac 130 • Balladur Upstages Mitterrand 131The Stalemate Cycle 131

• The Events of May 1968 132Referendum Madness 133

• Boring! Boring! No New Faces 135Fragmented Labor Unions 135

• Business and the Bureaucracy 136 • "Putting on the Slippers" 137The Eternal Bureaucracy 137

• The Real Power: The Inspection 138Government by Bureaucracy 139

viii CONTENTS


CHAPTER 11 WHAT THE FRENCH QUARREL ABOUT 141

• Nukes, French Style 142Big Guys versus Little Guys 142

• The Poujadists: A Classic Flash Party 143The Nationalization Question 144

• The Concorde: A Prestigious Dinosaur 145The Unemployment Horror 146

• Comparing: Europe Adopts U.S.-Style Conservatism 146• Is There a VAT in Your Future? 147

France's Racial Problem 148• The National Front: The Angry Party 149

France's Education Problems 149The Covering Up of Things Past 150

• Comparing: How U.S. and French Youth Handle the School Problem 150Vocabulary Building 151Further Reference 151

PART III GERMANY 153

CHAPTER 12 GERMANY: THE IMPACT OF THE PAST 154

Who Are the Germans? 154The Fragmented Nation 155

• The Changing Shape of Germany 156 • Impressive German Words:Obrigkeit 158

The Rise of Prussia 158German Nationalism 159

• Impressive German Words: Machtstaat • Impressive German Words:Volksgeist 160

The Second Reich 160• Bismarck's Dubious Legacy 161 • Impressive German Words:Kulturkampf 162

The Catastrophe: World War I 162Republic without Democrats 163

• Impressive German Words: Dolchstoss 163 • The Horrors of PolarizedPluralism 164 • Impressive German Words: Gleichschaltung 165• Impressive German Words: Lebensraum 166

CONTENTS ix

The Third Reich 166• Might Have Been: The Plot to Kill Hitler 167 • Another Tale of TwoFlags 168

The Occupation 168Vocabulary Building 169Further Reference 169

CHAPTER 13 GERMANY: THE KEY INSTITUTIONS 170

The President 170• Impressive German Words: Bundesrepublik 171

The Chancellor 171• Impressive German Words: Grundgesetz 172

The Cabinet 172• Der Alte: Adenauer 173• Helmut Kohl: The Underestimated Chancellor 174

The Bundestag 175• The Grand Coalition: A Dangerous Experiment 175

The Constitutional Court 177• The Bundesrat: A Useful Upper House 178

The Parties 178• Impressive German Words: Regierungsfahig 179 • Comparing: Germany'sElectoral System: An Export Product 180

A Split Electoral System 180• "You Have Two Votes": A German Ballot 181 • 1994: A Modified PRSystem in Action 182


CHAPTER 14 GERMAN POLITICAL ATTITUDES 184

The Moral Vacuum 185• Impressive German Words: Gehorsamkeit 185 • Impressive GermanWords: Vergangenheitsbewaltigung 186

Forgetting the Past 186• TheRiseof'Postmaterialism" 187 • A German "Generation X"? 188

The Generation Gap 188A New German Democracy 189

• Germany's Nationalistic "New Right" 190The Disorienting Unification 190

• Willy Brandt: A German Mr. Clean 191

CONTENTS

The End of Shell Shock 192• Impressive German Words: Politikverdrossenheit 193

The German Political Elite 193The German Split Personality 194

• Impressive German Words: Sehnsucht and Streben 194Vocabulary Building 195Further Reference 195

CHAPTER 15 GERMANY: PATTERNS OF INTERACTION 196

More Complex, Less Stable 196Parties and the Electorate 196

• Germany's Possible Coalitions 197 • The Shape of the GermanElectorate 198 • Unhappy on the Left: The Jusos 199

The Chancellor and the Electorate 200• Thunder on the Right: CSU 200

German Dealignment?• Impressive German Words: Weltanschauung 201

German Dealignment? 201• The "Catchall" Party 202 • Movable Mayors 203

The Bundestag and the Citizen 203The Union-Party Linkup 204

• Boring! Boring! Politics without Passion 204 • Impressive GermanWords: Spitzenverband 205

The Lander and Berlin 206German Voting Patterns 207Vocabulary Building 208Further Reference 208

CHAPTER 16 WHAT GERMANS QUARREL ABOUT 209

The End of the Miracle 209• Impressive German Words: Wirtschaftswunder 210 • Impressive GermanWords: Sozialmarkt 210 • Impressive German Words:Mitbestimmung 211 • Comparing: Who Wins the ManufacturingRace? 212

How to Merge Two Economies 212• Impressive German Words: Ladenschlussgezetz 213 • Could UnificationHave Come Gradually? 214 • How to Handle the Euro? 216

CONTENTS xi

How Much Welfare? 217• Comparing: Running Out of Germans 217

The Hood of Foreigners 218• Impressive German Words: Gastarbeiter 219 • The StasiStain 220 • Impressive German Words: Waldsterben 221

A Fourth Reich? 221Vocabulary Building 223Further Reference 223

PART TV RUSSIA 225

CHAPTER 17 RUSSIA: THE IMPACT OF THE PAST 226

The Slavic People 226• Memorable Russian Slogans: "Moscow Is the Third Rome" 227

Russian Autocracy 228Absolutism or Anarchy? 228

• State Plus Church: "Caesaropapism" 229Forced Modernization 229Westernizers and Slavophiles 230From Frustration to Revolution 230

• Premature Democrats: The Decembrists 231Marxism Comes to Russia 231

• A Russian Genius: Lenin 232• One City, Three Names 233

Curtain Raiser: The 1905 Revolution 234• Memorable Russian Slogans: "Bread, Land, Peace" 234 • Kerensky: NiceGuys Lose 235

World War I and Collapse 235• Memorable Russian Slogans: "All Power to the Soviets" 236 • Why theOctober Revolution Was in November 237

The Revolution and Civil War 237• Memorable Russian Slogans: "He Who Does Not Work, Neither Shall HeEat" 238

War Communism and NEP 238• Yet Another Tale of Two Flags 239 • Stalin: "One Death Is a Tragedy;a Million Is a Statistic" 240


xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER 18 RUSSIA: THE KEY INSTITUTIONS 243

The Stalin System 243• Memorable Russian Slogans: "The Communist Party Is Not a Party LikeOther Parties" 244 • Government in a Fortress 245

The New System 247• The KGB 247 • 1991: The Coup That Failed 248 • Yeltsin: ACautious Reformer 250 • 2993: The Second Coup ThatFailed 251 • Russia's 1996 Presidential Elections 252 • The RussianElections of 1995: A Fragmented Party System 253

The Persistence of Pattern 254• The Once and Future KGB 254


CHAPTER 19 RUSSIAN POLITICAL ATTITUDES 256

The Russian Difference 256• Huntington's "Civilizational" Divide in Europe 257 • Solzhenitsyn:Russian Mysticism 258

The Mask of Legitimacy 259The Illusion of Ideology 259

• How to Build a Civil Society: The Philosophical Gap 260

The Rediscovery of Civil Society 261• How to Build a Civil Society: The Moral Gap 262

Natural Egalitarians? 262Russian Racism 263

• How to Build a Civil Society: The Economic Gap 264

Can a Democratic Political Culture Be Learned? 264• How to Build a Civil Society: The Legal Gap 265


CHAPTER 20 RUSSIA: PATTERNS OF INTERACTION 267

Reformers versus Conservatives 267• Khrushchev: The First Reformer 268• Totalitarian versus Authoritarian 270

President versus Parliament 270• Gorbachev: "Life Punishes Those Who Delay" 271 • Centrist Reformer:Prime Minister Chernomyrdin 272 • Comparing: The Timing ofReforms 273

CONTENTS xiii

The Mafia 274• Remembering the Marshal 274

The Army 275• The Next Russian Strongman? Ex-General Lebed 276


CHAPTER 21 WHAT RUSSIANS QUARREL ABOUT 278

Why the Soviet Union Collapsed 278How to Reform? 279

• Economic Goods versus Economic Bads 279

The Pace and Pain of Economic Reform 280• Why Did We Fail to Anticipate? 281 • Lacking Facts, TheyTheorized 282

Recover the Lost Republics? 283

• The Terminology of Economic Reform 284 • The Horror ofChechnya 285 • Comparing: Yugoslavia: A Miniature Soviet Union? 286

A Middle Way for Socialism? 287S

• The Horror of Russian Health 287 • Comparing: Scandinavian-TypeSocialism for the Soviet Union ? 288

Which Way Russia? 288Vocabulary Building 289Further Reference 289

PARTV JAPAN 291

CHAPTER 22 JAPAN: THE IMPACT OF THE PAST 292

Japanese Feudalism 293• Comparing: The Uniqueness Trap 293 • Comparing: Japan andBritain 294

The European Jolt 294

The Forced Entry 295The 1868 Meiji Restoration 296

• The Japanese Model of Industrialization? 297

The Path to War 297The Great Pacific War 298

• The United States and Japan: Collision in the Pacific 299 • JapaneseUnderstatement: "The War Has Not Gone So Well" 300

xiv CONTENTS

Up from the Ashes 300Vocabulary Building 301Further Reference 301

CHAPTER 23 JAPAN: THE KEY INSTITUTIONS 302

The Monarchy 302The Diet 302

• Comparing: Deference to Monarchs 303 • A Woman Speaker for Japan'sDiet 304

Prime Minister 305• Fill in the Blanks: A Generic Prime Minister 307

Parties 307• Comparing: The LDP and Italy's DC 308

Japan's Electoral System 309• The 1996 Elections: A New Hybrid System in Action 310

The Ministries 311Japanese Territorial Organization 312Vocabulary Building 313Further Reference 313

CHAPTER 24 JAPANESE POLITICAL ATTITUDES 314

• Comparing: Guilt versus Shame 315 • The United States and Japan:Destined to Misunderstand? 316

The Cult of the Group 316• The United States and Japan: Managing Differences 318

Education for Grinds 318• How Would You Do on a Japanese Exam? 319 • Why Is Wa? 320

Death of a Sarariman 320• The United States and Japan: The Minamata Pieta 321

Political Suicide 322• Japanese Understatement: Sorry for the "Inconvenience" 322 • The Honorof On 323

The "New Human Race" 323• Comparing: Changing Political Cultures of Germany and Japan 324


CONTENTS XV

CHAPTER 25 JAPAN: PATTERNS OF INTERACTION 326

Bureaucrats in Command 327• Japan's Major Interest Groups 327 • Comparing: Bureaucratic Elites inFrance and Japan 328 • The United States and Japan: An AmericanDITI? 329 • The Big Three of Japanese Scandals 330

Corruption Scandals 330• Comparing: Can "Money Politics" Be Broken? 331

No One in Charge? 332The Dangers of Multiparty Coalitions 333

• Plus qa Change: Who Is Really in Charge? 334The Hopes of Reform 335Vocabulary Building 336Further Reference 336

V

CHAPTER 26 WHAT JAPANESE QUARREL ABOUT 337

The Japanese Economic Miracle 337• Japan Destroys the German Photo Industry 338

The Secret of Japan's Success 338• Equality Works 340

From Success to Failure 341• Japanese Understatement: "Japan Has a Trade Surplus" 341 • PurchasingPower Parity 342 • Silly Excuses to Exclude Foreign Goods 343 • PoorMan's PPP: The Big Mac Index 344

Should Japanese Live Better? 344Could Japan Turn Aggressive? 345

• Repeal Article 9? 346A New Japan? 347

• The Japanese Non-Welfare State 347Vocabulary Building 348Further Reference 348

PART VI THE THIRD WORLD 350

• What Is the Third World? 352

CHAPTER 27 CHINA 353

The Impact of the Past 353A Traditional Political System 353

xvi CONTENTS

The Long Collapse 355• Confucianism: Government by Right Thinking 355 • Cyclical versusSecular Change 356

From Empire to Republic 357The Communist Triumph 358

• Mao and Guerilla War 359

The Key Institutions 360

The Soviet Parallel 360• Tandem Power: Mao and Zhou 361 • The Invisible Puppeteer: DengXiaoping 362

The Party 363The Army 363

• Tandem Power Continues 364

Chinese Political Attitudes 365

Traditional Attitudes 365• Reverence for Age 366

Nationalism 367Maoism 367

• Slogans from the Cultural Revolution 368

Concealed Anger 369• Big Lie and Little Whisper 369

Patterns of Interaction 371Cycles of Upheaval 371Radicals and Moderates 371

• The Great Leap Forward: "Twenty Years in a Day" 372 • The GreatProletarian Cultural Revolution: "Bombard the Command Post" 373

Chinese Liberal and Conservative Politics 374The Underlying Problem 375

• Anti-Western Campaigns 375 • The Tienanmen Massacre 376

What Chinese Quarrel About 377A Market Economy for China? 377

• The Trouble with Markets 378

A Middle Way for the Middle Kingdom? 379• How Many Chinese? 380

Do Markets Lead to Democracy? 381• The Hong Kong Problem 382

Dissent and Democracy 383Vocabulary Building 383Further Reference 384

CONTENTS xvii

CHAPTER 28 BRAZIL 385

The Impact of the Past 385The Portuguese Influence 385A Painless Independence 387From Empire to Republic 388The Old Republic 389

• "Order and Progress" 389 • The Addiction of Statism 390

Vargas's "New State" 390

The Rise and Fall of Jango Goulart 391

The Key Institutions 392The Military as Political Institution 392

• Brazil's Powerful Military School 393 • The President Who NeverWas 394

The Presidency 394• Comparing: Spain Turns Democratic 395

A New Democratic Constitution 396

An Emerging Party System 396• The 1994 Election: The Inflation Connection 397

A Lack of Institutions 398

Brazilian Political Attitudes 399The Easygoing Image 399

• Personalismo and Machismo 400

Brazilian Racism 400

• Comparing: Apartheid, Brazilian Style 401

Brazil's Poor: Passive or Explosive? 402• Marginals in Brazil's Favelas 402

Uneven Democratic Attitudes 403

• Latin America's Changing Leftists 404

Patterns of Interaction 405

An Elite Game 405The Mobilization-Demobilization Cycle 405

• Political Mobilization, Brazilian Style 406

The Inflation Connection 407• "Praetorianism" 407 • Brazil's Desperate Struggle against Inflation 408

The Corruption Connection 408

Resurgent Interest Groups 409• The Brazilian Political Cycle 409

The Church as Opposition 410

CONTENTS

• Chico Mendes: Another Death in the Amazon 411

What Brazilians Quarrel About 412How to Make a Second Brazilian Miracle 412

• "They Got an Awful Lot of Everything in Brazil" 412 • Headed forExtinction: Brazil's Indians 413

Brazil's State Capitalism 413

• Great Brazilian Wisecracks 414 • Great Brazilian Wisecracks 415

Growth for Whom? 415The Population Problem 416Will Brazilian Democracy Last? 417

• Crime and Punishment, Brazilian Style 417

Vocabulary Building 418

Further Reference 418

CHAPTER 29 SOUTH AFRICA 420

The Impact of the Past 420The Great Trek 421

• South Africa's Population (in Millions) 422 • Dingaan's Kraal: StillRemembered 423

The Boer War 423From Defeat to Victory 424

• Why Did Apartheid End? 425

The Key Institutions 426System in Flux 426

A Quasi-Presidential System 426• South African Might-Have-Been: The Black and Coloured Vote 427

A Bicameral Parliament 427• Nelson Mandela: A President for All South Africans 428

The Cabinet 429• Comparing: How to Reform an Unjust System? 430

The Parties 431

• A Constitutional Court for South Africa 431 • Beware the Confusion:South Africa's Two "National" Parties 432 • 2994: A New ProportionalRepresentation System in Action 433 • Home for Four MillionPeople? 434

Farewell to the Homelands 435South African Political Attitudes 435

The Africans 435The Afrikaners 436

CONTENTS xix

• From Euphoria to Dysphoria 436 • A Lost Generation of AfricanYouth 437 • Do Afrikaners Change? 438

The English Speakers 438The Browns 439

• South African Might-Have-Been: If the English Had Retained Power 439Patterns of Interaction 440

Politics within the ANC 440• Why Do Plural Societies Cohere? "Cross-Cutting Cleavages" 441

The ANC and the Whites 441• Why Do Plural Societies Cohere? "Consociational Democracy" 442

The ANC versus Inkatha 443• South Africa's Bloodshed: Whose Fault? 443 • New Player:COSATU 444

An Emerging Party System 444Harvest of Hatred 446

What South Africans Quarrel About 446How to Manage a Revolution 446

• How Much Truth Can South Africa Take? 447 • Favelas in SouthAfrica? 448

Capitalism for South Africa? 448The Brazilianization of South Africa? 449Which Way for South Africa? 450

• A Separate KwaZulu? 450 • Who Can Replace Mandela? 451Vocabulary Building 451Further Reference 452

CHAPTER 30 IRAN 453

The Impact of the Past 453The Arab Conquest 454Western Penetration 454The First Pahlavi 455

• Comparing: Ataturk and Reza Shah 456The Last Pahlavi 457

• The Big U.S. Mistake 457The Key Institutions 459

A Theocracy 459• Iran's 1997 Presidential Election 460

Iran's Executive 460Iran's Legislature 461

xx CONTENTS

• The Strange "Council of Guardians" 461Emerging Parties? 462A Partly Free System 463

Iranian Political Attitudes 463• Is Islam Anti-Modern? 464 • Is Islamic "Fundamentalism" the RightName? 466

Islam as a Political Ideology 466

Democracy and Authority 467• Are Iranians Religious Fanatics? 467 • Islamic Modernization: TheSilencing of Soroush 468

Persian Nationalism 468• Sunni and Shia 469

Patterns of Interaction 470Religion as a Political Tool 470

• Does Islam Discriminate against Women? 470

Radicals and Moderates in Iran 471• The U.S. Embassy Takeover 472 • Saudi Arabia: The NextIran? 473 • Mullahs versus Bazaaris 474

The Revolution Burns Out 475What Iranians Quarrel About 476

Which Way for Iran's Economy? 476• How Many Iranians? 477 • Open Letter to Americans: Don't Mess withIran 478

The Veiled Debate on Islam 478• Open Letter to Iranians: Don't Mess with America 479 • A Fatwa onRushdie 480

What Kind of Foreign Policy? 480Do Revolutions End Badly? 481Vocabulary Building 482Further Reference 482

CHAPTER 31 LESSONS OF NINE COUNTRIES 483

GLOSSARY 489

INDEX 497

countries and concepts - gbv · scottish and welsh nationalism 74 • what to do with northern...

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