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UNITED KINGDOM: A number of energy sectors supply the UK which

encompasses a wide range and different technologies. These help the United

Kingdom meet their carbon emission reduction targets. The Government

committed to producing an Annual Energy Statement (AES) to provide

market direction, set strategic energy policy and help guide investment. The

first statement was delivered to Parliament on 27 June 2010. As the UKs oil

and gas reserves and production are in decline, they need to import a

greater proportion from a variety of countries as they move to a low-carbon

economy. Against this backdrop, international issues form an important part

of energy matters in the UK.

Coal: Provides 14.2% of total UK energy supply.

Bio Energy: Renewable fuels, materials and products can be derived from a

wide range of crops and biomass.

Combined Heat and Power: CHP captures and uses the heat that is a by-

product of the electricity generation process.

District heating: It provides 1-2% of the UKs heat demand with the potential

to supply 14%.Geothermal: Several areas across the UK have good potential for deep

geothermal exploitation.

Hydroelectricity: The total hydroelectric installed capacity in the UK in 2010

was approximately 1650 megawatts.

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Hydrogen and fuel cells offer the potential for low,

and ultimately zero, CO2 emissions.

Micro generation: Solar PV, micro wind turbines, air source heat pumps,

micro-hydro etc

Nuclear: Nuclear power provides 18% of the electricity consumed in the

UK .Managing Radioactive Waste Safely Programme (started in 2011)-The

programme is focused on implementing the long-term geological disposal of

higher activity radioactive waste.

Wave and tidal: UK is one of the leading centres for research and

development in marine energy technology. It is estimated that the UK has

around 50 percent of Europes tidal energy resource, and a study in 2004

estimated our technical resource at around 16 TWh/year (4 percent of

supply).

Oil and Gas: UK oil and gas currently supplies around 60% of UK energy

needs. Although oil and gas production is now in decline, the remainingresource is sufficient to provide major benefits to the economy and to

security of supply for many years.

Wind: Onshore and offshore wind will help us meet our renewable energy

targets .Onshore and offshore wind generation can make a significant

contribution to the UKs renewable energy targets and aspirations given the

UKs substantial wind resource and the relatively advanced nature of wind

generation technology. The UK already has more offshore wind capacity than

any other country in the world. In addition to addressing non-financial

http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/meeting_energy/chp/chp.aspxhttp://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/meeting_energy/microgen/microgen.aspxhttp://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/meeting_energy/microgen/microgen.aspxhttp://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/meeting_energy/chp/chp.aspx

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barriers, DECC is working to provide a clear, stable regulatory environment

for companies to facilitate further investment.

MALAYSIA: Malaysia is a relatively typical country in the region, in terms of

predicting a shortfall in power capacity over the next few years. Emphasis is

being placed on the use of renewable energy and increasing energy

efficiency as Malaysia commits to 40% reduction in carbon intensity. The

Government aims to introduce the Feed-in Tariff and Renewable Energy Fund

to encourage the implementation of renewable energy projects.

With its gas reserves predicted to last for 33 years and oil reserves expected

to last for 19 years the Government is providing incentives through the

Green Technology Financing Scheme worth RM1.5 billion to enhance the

application of green technology and the implementation of the Small

Renewable Energy Programme also promotes small power plants, utilizing

renewable energy, to sell electricity to the state-owned electricity utility. This

programme applies to all types of renewable energy, including biomass,

biogas, municipal waste, solar, mini-hydro and wind.

Malaysia, in the heart of South East Asia, has an abundance of naturalresources like many of its ASEAN neighbours, with huge potential to harness

and develop a significant sustainable energy industry for a diverse solution

to the renewable energy challenges.

Energy production in Malaysia has been based around oil and natural gas.

Malaysia currently has 13GW of electrical generation capacity. The

generation fuel mix is 62.6% gas, 20.9% coal, 9.5% hydro and 7% from other

forms of fuel. In 2007, the country as a whole consumes 514 thousand

barrels (23.6 million tonnes) of oil daily against a production of 755 thousand

barrels (34.2 million tonnes) per day.

BRAZIL: Total primary energy consumption in Brazil has increased by close

to a third in the last decade; due to sustained economic growth making it the

9th largest consumer.

Brazil has made great

strides in increasing its

total energy production,

particularly oil and

ethanol. Recent

discoveries of large

offshore, pre-salt oildeposits could transform

Brazil into one of the

largest oil producers in

the world. According to

New Power Sector Model

the State involvement

splits the sector into

regulated and

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unregulated markets for different producers and consumers. Auctions in

early 2011 resulted in contracts for 78 wind power projects capable of

generating 1,928 MW, and priced at approximately R$ 99.5/MWh - 19

percent lower cost/MWH than the average price for wind power traded in

Brazil last year and lower than the average price of Natural Gas currently at

R$ 103/MWh. This reflects a new feasibility of market competition between

wind and natural gas sources. In addition to wind power, Aneel auctions last

week featured biomass, hydro-electric, and natural gas, for a total of 92

energy projects of 3,962 MW to be generated beginning in 2014.

Thermal generating sources provided only a small part of Brazils electricity

supply, contributing about 13 percent (biomass 38%) in 2009. Brazil

generated 387 Bkwh of hydroelectric power in 2009. Many of Brazil's

hydropower generating facilities are located far away from the main demand

centers, resulting in high transmission and distribution losses.