country: republic of the gambia enhancing resilience of vulnerable coastal … gambia prodoc.pdf ·...
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Country: Republic of the Gambia
Project Title: Enhancing Resilience of Vulnerable Coastal
Areas and Communities to Climate Change
ProDoc Appencies
Appendix
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Appendix A - Sea and River Defence Risk Management (SRDRM) - A proposed way forward for Gambia.
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Appendix B – Pilot Intervention Option Assessment, Appraisal and Selection. 7 Appendix C – Relevant National Initiatives. 94 Appendix D – Report on Consultations with local communities. 97 Appendix E – UNDP Gambia SPG Projects . 122 Appendix F – Dimensions of the Proposed National Coastal Zone Monitoring Programme.
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Appendix G – Component Outcomes, Activities and budget. 127 Appendix H - Risk Analysis. 142 Appendix I – ToR for Sea and River Defence Engineer and Memorandums of Understanding.
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Appendix J - Terms of Reference for Project Board and Key Capacity Resources. 147 Appendix K – Agreement Letters. 158 Appendix L – Stakeholder Capacity Assessment and HACT capacity. 161 Appendix M - CC-A Tracking Tool (AMAT). 181 Appendix N - Special Clauses. 190 Appendix O – Stakeholder Workshop (Draft Prodoc Validation): 8 December 2012. 194
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Appendix A - Sea and River Defence Risk Management (SRDRM) - A proposed way forward for Gambia
A1 Introduction to the SRDRM Programme The Sea and River Defence Risk Management Programme (SRDRMP) has been discussed with national Gambian stakeholders as is agreed as being the new term that should be used to take forward strategic management of the Gambia coastal zone (see Appendix N). A Policy Document for SRDRM, that is endorsed by GoG is the ultimate aim and this is included within Compoent 1 of the project. This shall outline visions, goals, policies and objectives for management of sea and river defence and asset infrastructure in Gambia. The philosophy of the SRDRMP is to prepare a simple and concise national policy document that sets the scene for the management of infrastructure in Gambia’s coastal environment, including river defences that fall within the defined coastal zone.
Figure A1.1 demonstrates the purpose and benefit of GoG to consider jointly river and sea defences within the
delivery of this new framework.
Figure A1.1 Conceptual Overview of SRDRM
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A2 Purpose and Need for the Intervention
The following text helps to provide the justification text that is presented in Section 2 of the LDCF Prodoc.
The pressures of climate change, sea level rise, coastal habitat destruction and socio-economic regeneration of the Gambian coastal zone are very well documented. Climate change is a fact. Its effect on the coast is now becoming clearly evident. Already, Gambia has seen coastal features (including beaches, mangroves, sandbanks etc) beginning to change more dramatically and often in unpredictable ways. Many coastal livelihoods are increasingly threatened by coastal flooding and erosion and the reality of rising sea levels and increased storm frequency will inevitably increase that risk.
Of equal concern is the apparent lack of strategic delivery of a sustainable and strategic sea and river defence risk management approach policy to address these concerns. Coastal protection and sea defence structures are currently not planned with regard to their purpose, their outcome and importantly, their long term maintenance costs. Despite the professional efforts of the Ministry of Works (MoW) and the National Environment Agency (NEA) to address the problems being faced, the approach to shore protection (at present) is reactionary and without long term national planning mechanisms in place.
Effective planning and implementation will be paramount, if the global objectives of flood risk minimization and the protection of coastal infrastructure, populations and livelihoods are to be realised. Funding for a new Sea and River Defence (SRD) Sector must be allocated with long-term goals in mind. A new approved Policy Framework for a new Gambian SRD sector, which sets out a strategic approach to the operations of the sea defence department of the MoW is now required.
An important aspect of this strategic plan (as part of this LDCF project) is the gradual move and adoption of a broad based model for management of the coastal zone. An updated policy framework is recommended to incorporate a Sea and River Defence Risk Management Programme (SRDRMP). The SRDRMP will outline the visions, goals, policies and objectives for management of sea and river defence and asset infrastructure in Gambia. The philosophy of the SRDRMP is to prepare a simple and concise national policy document that sets the scene for the management of infrastructure in Gambias’ coastal environment, including river defences that fall within the defined coastal zone. To the forefront of the risk management plan, will be the promotion of “resilience.”
Resilience is presented as a core principle within the SRDRMP for the following reasons:
To be resilient is to be able to respond to, recover or quickly repair from damage or hardship. In this regard, the concept of resilience recognises external physical and natural pressures. It is important to recognise that coastal processes are natural and will occur independently of human actions. The concept of resilience establishes a management approach that is directed at how people respond to these coastal processes.
The concept of resilience recognises the importance of human behaviour and management. The philosophy behind this approach is that communities need to be responsible for their own actions and how these actions increase/decrease hazard risk. The concept of resilience recognises that hazards cannot be eliminated and as a result, it recommended for adoption in Gambia under the SRDRMP, as it acknowledges that particularly in the Gambian context, there is always hazard risk. Hence, in a number of cases, management approaches will need to be focused on risk minimization and preparedness, rather than avoidance or elimination. The concept also avoids any suggestion of bias towards a particular management approach, such as reliance on physical protection works (seawalls etc).
The concept of resilience, in the Gambian context, promotes the retention of natural systems (e.g.: mangroves), recognising the implicit resilience in such systems (e.g. that hazard risk is associated with human activities and
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property). It is also noted that the concept of ‘resilience’ is increasingly used in reference to the management and planning for both hazards and natural disasters.
A Sea and River Defence Investment Management Plan (SRDIMP) for each SRD District Region in Gambia is proposed as an important Key Performance Indicator (KPI) which should be prepared as part of the GoG’s Sea and River Defence Risk Management Programme (SRDRMP). The SRDIMP is seen as one of the primary means of implementing the SRDRM Programme which was hoped to be formally approved by the GoG in 2016, as providing the strategic direction for the management of infrastructure (both public and private) within the coastal area.
The success of the SRDRMP will require the development of individual District’s Sea & River Defence Infrastructure Management Plan (SRDIMP’s) within the overall planning framework of the existing or new planning which need to consider sustainable land use, within a formal land-use planning mechanism. This would provide the policy and development standards for implementation of a new development approval process. The SRDRM process needs to ensure the integration of land use planning and other "soft" river and coastal defence systems. This is likely to be a more effective way of promoting "resilience" rather than focusing on continuous construction of sea and river defence structures. The use of land use planning and development standards in the Gambian coastal zone is often considered to be a more sustainable strategy to address the issues of illegal coastal reclamation, wetland destruction and sand mining.
The aim of the SRDIMP is to help MoW and NEA to show a transparent process towards setting priority intervention measures that are auditable and based on sound and sustainable engineering best practice. They are also the key communication tool for District communities to convey coastal hazards and from this to improve coastal resilience for local communities by identifying actions and solutions. Not all the proposed solutions presented in the SRDIMP may be actioned immediately, and so it is for this reason that each SRDIMP shall present investment opportunities over a range of time periods (0-3yrs, 3-10 yrs, 10-20 years) which shall be updated on an annual basis (possibly as part of a new NEA Annual “State of the Coast” Reporting approach) using new condition assessment information to review, monitor and evaluate SRDIMP recommendations being presented for long-term improvement in resilience of both infrastructure and communities.
Each SRDIMP will:
1. Set priority intervention measures that are auditable and based on sound and sustainable engineering best practice;
2. Improve the community’s awareness of sea and river hazard risks (through improved map production and clear presentation of risks to “non-experts”);
3. Provide advice on techniques to reduce coastal hazard risks in settlements;
4. Provide “self-help” advice to community and infrastructure providers to better adapt, respond and recover from storm events.
The development of the SRDRMP and SRDIMP is primarily aimed at ensuring that stakeholders in Gambia are aware of the risk inherently associated with poor planning and development within the coastal zone and that interventions are made at the right time, where required. The use of a risk management approach for prioritization of works is recommended as a key infrastructure management tool, which takes into account, not only the condition of the sea defences, but also the value of assets being protected, the impact of potential flood hazards and also foreshore and offshore condition assessment. Prioritization of sea and river defence works at present is based primarily on the structure’s physical condition and an expert’s view of its residual life, which at times can be subjective.
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A forward planning component needs to be designed to allow sustainability in the strategic actions being undertaken, with a clear path or vision towards proper S&RD infrastructure management. Forward planning is also intended to promote awareness to allow ownership of the plans at the community level to further develop resilience. To achieve this, it is proposed that the following activities are undertaken:
1. Implementation of SRDIMPs;
2. Production of a Sea and River Defence Sector Policy Document; and
3. Improve resilience and public awareness along coastal and river communities to floods.
A3 SRDIMP Programme
The SRDIMP should be reviewed at five-yearly intervals. During the Plan period, the solutions implemented will be monitored by MoW to ensure that they are effective in improving resilience. Some solutions are likely to take longer than five years to implement and the review will take the progress of these into account
The framework shall (eventually) produce a series of SEA AND RIVER DEFENCE INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT PLANS
covering all Gambian coastal Districts. The approach represents a framework for the whole of Gambia.
A4 Phased Approach to SRDIMPS production It is intended that each SRDIMP is undertaken in 3 separate Phases:
Establishment of Procedural Guidance to Producing SRDIMPs.
Stages 1-6 - Production of the SRDIMPs (see Appendix A).
Establishment of SRDIP Procedural Guidance
Before commencing on the production of the SRDIMPs, a clear Procedural Guidance Document needs to be produced to outline the procedures for their production. The Procedural Guidance aims to help in the establishment of a joint working group who shall take ownership of the performance of consultants and the ultimate acceptance of each document, including the detailed “Action Plan” for future intervention which shall be created.
The Procedural Guidance is required to enable clear guidance to help deliver consistency to aid the generation of SRDIMPs across Gambia. The SRDIMPSs will need to incorporate the latest research undertaken by the Ministry of Agriculture, etc so that nationally consistent predictions of long-term foreshore evolution are included. SRDIMPs that follow the guidance will outline the strategic direction for each District following an in-depth and robust assessment of economic, environmental and social factors, issues and assets at risk. Only with this information to hand will appropriate sea and river defence engineering interventions be made.
Stage 1 – Scope the SRDIMP (Baseline Understanding and Data Availability)
Each SRDIMP shall need to clearly produce a report that identifies the existing situation regarding the management structure of the Steering Group, responsibilities regarding project communication and engagement and a clear statement relating to data availability. Should sufficient data not be available, a cost estimate for gathering new coastal process information is required for the SRDIMP area.
Stages 2 to 6 (Production of the SRDIMP)
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Details of each stage will be provided in formal Terms of Reference. Summary approaches of each Stage are presented in Table A1.1 (for each SRDIMP).
Table A1.1 Staged Approach to SRDIMP Delivery
Stage 1
Scope the SRDIMP
Initial Steering Group meeting to initiate the SRDIMP
Definition of stakeholders
Stakeholder engagement documents issued
Stakeholder feedback data collected
Additional investigations to bring SRDIMP up to date –
defences information, social and environmental information
Stage 2
Assessment to Support Policy
Development
Review of baseline understanding of coastal behaviour and
dynamics
Develop baseline scenarios
Define the features of the district including the assets at risk,
the economic benefits and social issues. Identify key flood
and erosion risk “hazard zones”
Stage 3
Policy Development
Definition of policy scenarios and assessment
Preferred scenario identified and confirmed through
sensitivity testing, environmental and socio-economic
assessment exercises
Draft SRDIMP document preparation
Stage 5
Finalise the Plan
Revisions to the draft SRDIMP determined
Action Plan developed and presented to the Steering Group
Finalise the SRDIMP document
Stage 4
Regional/National Examination
Gain principle approval from Client Steering Group
Confirm consultation strategy and prepare necessary
documents
Public consultation at various locations
Stage 6
Plan Dissemination
Publication of the SRDIMP
Implementation of the Plan
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Appendix B – Pilot Intervention Option Assessment, Appraisal and Selection
B1 Overview
This Appendix outlines the approach taken to select a number of pilot conceptual design projects that are
proposed for implementation within the Gambia coastal zone as part of this LDCF intervention project. It presents
a set of conceptual design criteria that are proposed for acceptance by NEA and the MOW, from which a series of
more detailed site specific interventions will be required (including further site specific strudies, the production of
detailed engineering designs and tender documents) and from this the mechanisms needed to implement the
proposed pilot projects during the lifetime of the 4 year LDCF project.
The Appendix (and associated Annexes) outlines the method techniques adopted to make the selection
(prioritisation) of pilot projects (type of intervention scheme), the theory behind each technique and where these
are likely to be applied (e.g.: multi-criteria analysis to help identify the location of intervention etc). It deals with
concepts or criteria to be taken into consideration when working on detailed designs for the selected pilot project
areas. Clear justification and reasons for the sites selected is also provided to help convey to the LDCF/GEF Board
the national acceptance of the approaches put forward.
The structure for each proposed intervention is kept consistent as much as possible. For each Pilot Project
proposed, an overview is provided on how the technique will work, how to implement the technique on the
ground, a brief discussion on the opportunities and disadvantages of each technique to be adopted, the minimum
required area for each pilot project, the theoretical design of the intervention method, the information and data
still required to complete final engineering designs (i.e.: exact locations for the intervention, crest design level
dimensions, materials to be used and where to be sourced etc), the monitoring variables for each technique and an
estimated cost of construction. Basic engineering concept information of the soft engineering measures proposed
is also proposed at this time, though details on, for example, defence crest levels cannot be determined without
further baseline data being available on mean sea levels and wave overtopping frequencies etc.
The estimated costs presented in this Appendix are replicated in the “contract services” row of the Project Costs
(Section 3.3) for Component 2 (see main LDCF/GEFProject Document).
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B2 Approach to Site and Technique Selection
B2.1 Adaptation Strategies
Component 2 (Physical Interventions in Coastal Protection against climate change risks) of the proposed LDCF/GEF
project comprises a clear Outcome 2 entitled “Vulnerability of coastal investments to climate risks reduced through
the design, construction and maintenance of coastal protection measures”.
Three clear outputs were set out in the PIF to help address and implement this outcome:
Output 2.1 Hard coastal protection infrastructure measures are designed, constructed with additional redundancy against sea level rise and climate induced erosion
Output 2.2 Low cost infrastructure to protect up to 1,500 ha of vulnerable rice growing areas.
Output 2.3 - Up to 2500 ha of mangroves forests restored and maintained through mangrove management plans and regeneration to withstand climate-induced pressures in coastal areas.
The main focus of this specific Outcome is to demonstrate that a range of coastal engineering solutions (hard and
soft) can be introduced to help Gambia to adapt to sea level rise in the future. Hard and soft engineering
techniques can, and perhaps should in the future, be introduced together (in tandem) to help realise the wider
coastal benefits for local Gambian coastal communities. This concept is not new, and has been presented to
coastal nations as a more cost effective option (through the Subgroup of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change in 1990 – see Figure B2.1). The 3 main strategies presented in Figure B2.1 are often best implemented (at a
national scale) through the use of a mix of hard and soft engineering techniques.
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Figure B2.1 - Main strategies for adaptation to sea level rise according to the Coastal Zone
Management Subgroup of the IPCC (1990) (IPCC Response Strategies Working Group Nov 1990)
Retreat is an optional strategy for adapting to climate change accompanied by accelerated sea-level rise and
higher set-up of storm surges. This can be achieved with different levels of adaptation. Another strategy for retreat
is the relocation of the defence line landwards with the aim to reduce the wave heights and periods in front of the
defences leading to smaller design heights. A partial benefit of that strategy would be the preservation of natural
habitats (such as mangrove areas) which are being threatened by the rise in sea levels.
Figure B2.2 (taken from ComCoast 2006) provides a conceptual approach to delivering adaptation strategies on the
coast.
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Figure B2.2 - Adaptation strategy for coastal floodplains according to the ComCoast project (maps: ComCoast 2006)
The focus of this report is now to take forward these adaptation concepts and design them into workable and
appropriate pilot projects for the Gambian coastal zone.
A Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA) process to help identify techniques and also locations for the Pilot Projects was
adopted. The reasoning behind this approach is clearly documented in that report and is included and updated in
Annex 1 of this Appendix B.
This work was supplemented by a separate phase of detailed consultation events, which were embarked upon
during October and November 2012, to gather stakeholder views on the types of soft coastal engineering
intervention techniques to be adopted and where these should be implemented. The approach adopted therefore
reflects the strategic approach that was set out by the consultancy team between September and December 2012.
The preferred techniques, solutions and locations were discussed and agreed upon with all Gambian stakeholders
at the 18 December Draft Prodoc Verfication Workshop – see Appendix N).
B2.2 - Consultation Approach Consultation on the selection of Pilot Project locations took place between September and December 2012. Initial
meetings were held with various stakeholder and Government agencies. Appendix D outlines the discussions held
on the location and approach for pilot projects.
One of the challenges associated with this Phase was one relating to translation from English to local languages
(various dialects in the Gambia). To remedy this issue, the local consultancy team devised and prepared a series of
consultation events (held between October and November 2012), to help communicate the MCA approach being
adopted for the project. The outputs of this approach were then compiled and used to justify the selection of the
most appropriate techniques to be adopted and where these should take place. A second phase of meetings were
held to work through, in more detail, the MCA approach to help establish definitive agreements on techniques and
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locations for 3 Pilot Projects. A series of spreadsheets, which reflected the MCA approach, were translated and
presented in for all stakeholders to read and exercises were designed to enable an interactive approach to be
followed to establish consensus and project output. The interactive nature of the approach, proved highly
advantageous for stakeholders who have not been involved in detail with the approach.
Confirmation of the preferred techniques, solutions and locations were raised and discussed in detail during the 18
December Draft Prodoc Verfication Workshop ( see Appendix N).
B3 - Justification
There is a need for all selected pilot projects to be justified in terms of their need and to ensure compliance to the following project criteria;
Need to be economically and environmental sustainable;
Be achievable and yet diverse in their engineering approach within the remits of Gambian (and external) capacity support (i.e.: engineering staffs).
The GEF PIF Document, produced for this project, clearly defines the expected outputs associated with Outcome 2. That document states that the measures to be implemented in Gambia (on a pilot scale) should be help to “provide an overall strategy and perspective for cost effective shoreline management and coastal protection, which LDCF resources will be used to build on”. Based on this statement, the purpose of all the pilot activity interventions will therefore be twofold:
the unintended gains realized through up-current installation of hard structures will be consolidated by soft stabilization techniques (if appropriate) that further reinforce the coastline resilience in the areas selected;
the areas selected should offer a strategic opportunity to monitor the adoption of innovative shoreline protection techniques in a relatively favorable environment and hence to evaluate the benefits of expanding the measures in the future to other shoreline areas in Gambia (i.e.: the site selected should be in a location where the degree of success is anticipated to be high and outcomes rewarding to local coastal communities - hence a high energy and actively eroding stretch of coast is NOT recommended).
Based on the above important project criteria, Table B3.1 is produced to outline the justification for the intervention pilot technique proposed plus support for the geographic location proposed for each proposed Pilot Project.
Pilot Project Technique
Location Project Outcome
Wetland “land reclamation” management system
Either Dasilameh in the Mininiyang Bolong area or Illiassa in the
Output 2.2 Low cost infrastructure to protect up to 1,500 ha of vulnerable rice growing areas, particularly Central and Lower Valley areas, from the effects of sea-level rise and salt water intrusion
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Baobolong area
Foreshore nourishment scheme using dredged material
Tendaba Output 2.2 Low cost infrastructure to protect up to 1,500 ha of vulnerable rice growing areas, particularly Central and Lower Valley areas, from the effects of sea-level rise and salt water intrusion
Arresting coastal erosion for the fishing sector – river training using geotextile bags.
Tanji Bridge Hard coastal protection infrastructure measures (beach stabilization, river training groynes, revetment system or wall) are designed, constructed with additional redundancy against sea level rise and climate induced erosion to help support “transport to market” for the Tanji fishery community.
Arresting coastal erosion for the tourism sector – A low crested offshore breakwater (using “Reefball units”) and sand recharge scheme
Senegambia Beach Hotel
Coastal erosion in front of the Senegambia Hotel has been identified at the national and community level as a coastal erosion key issue by the tourism sector. A technique that seeks to address coastal erosion, encourage sediment deposition at strategic locations along the frontage and potentially encourages habitat biodiversity (Reef ball design) should be implemented. This makes the activity a suitable choice for the LDCF project
Mangrove regeneration programme
Bintang
Kamaloo
Fajikunda
Output 2.3 Up to 2500 ha of mangroves forests of Tanbi Wetlands, the North Bank, Western and lower river regions restored and maintained through mangrove management plans and regeneration to withstand climate-induced pressures in coastal areas
Table B3.1 – Justification for each Pilot Project
All of the above techniques are justified as appropriate pilot studies as they all reinforce sediment budget potential for the existing natural landforms and habitats that are already present along the open coast or tidal shorelines of the River Gambia. They all support local coastal livelihoods and protect communities in the future to help diversify they income potential (either through tourism, “cash for work” for agriculture/fisheries etc)
The project is also likely to benefit strategically from a “cross sectional variation” approach to selecting pilot locations (see Annex 1) for cross section diagram). In addition, the techniques also demonstrate a range of engineering, social and planning techniques. By adopting this approach, it is hoped to ensure that engineering adaptation pilots maybe selected that reflect the range of hard and soft engineering techniques that are possible.
Finally, the vegetative “green” buffers of mangrove plantations proposed are likely to use local mangrove and
coastal salt tolerant tree / plant species; with very limited water requirements. In addition, marine ecosystems
services will be maintained and in some areas possibly restored, habitats will be preserved, water quality
protected, and coastal lands preserved for consideration in future land use planning activities.
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B4 Conceptual Design for Each Pilot Project
B4.1 “Salt-Rice-Fish” (SRF) Wetland land reclamation management system.
4.1.1Purpose of the Pilot Project
There is a real opportunity to initiate artificial “ponds” or “wetlands” to help demonstrate the benefits of
absorbing storm wave inundation whilst initiating the creation of a naturally engineered landform in a lowland
area (designed to accept periodic inundation by tides). The approach to the Pilot Project is to create a low energy
environment that can help to allow natural habitats to be restored. Habitats likely to benefit include wetland
vegetative habitats and mangroves, and associated tidal “creek” channels), mudflats and brackish lagoon creek
systems. It is recommended that ponds are created in this area (i.e.: natural pond systems or low energy areas).
The following outlines the strategic benefit and approach to be adopted (linked to key outcomes of the LDCF
project).
1. Enhancing Resilience of Vulnerable Coastal Areas and Communities to Climate Change in the Republic of Gambia through adaptation interventions so that proven adaptation measures are adopted, sustained and replicated
2. Capacity building at national, sub-national and local level so that Govt of Gambia institutions are able to actively utilise these adaptation measures in local planning and programmes
3. Revising and developing sea and river defence risk management policies in order to promote and facilitate the use of climate change adaptation measures in coastal area planning by local government authorities
4. Capturing and sharing climate related knowledge so that implemented adaptation measures and the lessons learned are widely disseminated within and outside of the Gambia
Managed realignment (also referred to as “Setback”) is a technique that is linked as being a key part to delivering
the ““Salt-Rice-Fish” (SRF) Wetland land reclamation management system. The strategic approach is to
eventually help towards creating a national land use planning designation “green buffer” which represents a
strategically significant planning designation to better accommodate and integrate climate resilience into Gambian
land use development. The purpose of this strategy is also to seek to accommodate accelerated sea-level rise or
increased storm activity through managed and controlled coastal engineering whilst enabling coastal livelihoods
and habitats to be sustained. The placement of embankments and fish culture ponds is a key socio-economic
component of this pilot project.
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It is important to note that this is NOT a formal engineered wetland scheme (normally designed to improve water
quality for a fish farm etc), and there should be no confusion over this important issue. There is an important
difference between an “engineered wetland” and an “artificial wetland” project. The approach being proposed for
this LDCF/GEF project supports the latter concept as the technique seeks to maximize habitat and natural
processes in a range of low to medium energy areas found along sheltered coastlines (estuarine and river/creek
environments). The technique is not often (though not exclusively) appropriate for high energy open coast
environments.
The rationale behind the proposed pilot project is simple. The pilot project is essentially a technique to create an
integrated engineered wetland land reclamation system that incorporates agriculture, aquaculture and “managed
realignment” (to address flood risk) into the design to accommodate storm overtopping, and adapt naturally to a
changing saline/brackish environment WITHOUT any further significant man induced hard engineering approaches.
Managed realignment (which is a key aspect of the artificial wetland approach) may be defined as the deliberate
process of relocating the line of defence landwards of its existing position or allowing the coastline to recede to a
new line of defence (natural or manmade) accompanied by measures to encourage the development of an
environmentally beneficial habitat. This may involve retreating inland from the existing line of flood or coastal
defence or allowing the natural erosion of the coastline in areas where expenditure on coastal defences cannot be
justified, and/or where such defences would have an unacceptable environmental impact.
In summary form, the SRF approach is beneficial for Gambia for the following reasons:
it saves “risk” areas from flood inundation;
The approach helps towards ensuring water security (during drought conditions) through harvesting rain water;
It helps to convert barren land into productive resource management areas;
The approach introduces a method how to use effectively the voluntary role of coastal communities in delivering sustainable sea and river defence management;
The approach can accommodate 8-10 families/ha and appears as a rational land use model
The approach increases the adaptive capacity through providing a sufficient additional income on top of any other routine livelihood activities.
Due to recurrent income generation, the approach reduces the vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change.
Establish up to 2500 hectares of mangrove to provide natural protection for the wetland areas;
4.1.2 Proposed Region - BAO BOLONG –MINIMINIYANG BOLONG (Dasilameh)
Two wetland areas are proposed for possible intervention. The two possible pilot sites selected are Dasilameh
(Pilot Site 1) in the Mininiyang Bolong area and Illiassa (Pilot Site 2) in the Baobolong area. These are both situated
in the estuary of the River Gambia and they are characterised by extensive mangrove systems and mud flats that
are important for spawning and as habitats for aquatic species. The mud flats and adjacent low marshy lands have
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traditionally been important for rice cultivation. Recent climatic and weather variations together with
anthropogenic factors have brought about significant destruction of mangroves which has resulted in increased
salt intrusion in to the rice fields, and destruction of fish spawning grounds.
To promote the resilience of the communities in these areas it is proposed to introduce the “Salt-Rice-Fish” (SRF)
Wetland land reclamation management system which consists of rehabilitating the wetlands areas to continue to
perform their valuable role now and in the future expected sea level rise and improve the communities’ livelihood
systems. The possible specific locations proposed for this Pilot Project are set out in below.
PILOT SITE 1: DASILAMEH INTERVENTION
The village of Dasilameh is situated in Jokadu District, North Bank Region. It is approximately 50 km north east of
Banjul, on the right shore of Miniminiyang Bolong and about 5km from the regional administrative headquarters,
Kerewan. The population of the District is 17,915 and that of Darsilami ward is 8,391 whilst the population of the
pilot village of Dasilameh is 1,064 (1)
. The dominant activity is subsistence farming, salt production, fishing and
vegetable gardening.
Figure B4.1.: Jokadu District showing Dasilameh and some of the surrounding settlements
The key environmental challenges are flooding from tidal movement of the River Gambia, the destruction of
mangrove and erosion which result in salt intrusion and destruction of the rice fields, siltation as a result of erosion
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and low fish catches. The flooding is exacerbated by seasonal storm surges. With climate change, these
phenomena are likely to increase in frequency and severity. It is important to indicate that the rice farmers and salt
processors are exclusively women. Reduction in agricultural land has resulted in competition and conflicts among
farmers and between farmers and herdsmen.
During the stakeholder consultations (see Appendix D) the communities identified increased food production and
salt production as their priority.
__________________________________
1. Satellite villages around Dasilameh that could benefit from this initial phase of intervention include:
Karantaba ( pop.452), Bakang (446), Daru (301), Tambana (772), Bariading (191), Amdalai (10), Bali Mandinka
(620).1
The selection criteria for Dasilameh are indicated in the table below.
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Site selection criteria for Dasilameh
Site: Dasilameh Intervention: bund construction for integrated Salt-Rice-Fish approach
Criteria Rating Comments
Demonstrative value Excellent Common morphology of banks of creeks of Gambia with “traditional” and now degraded rice fields due to saline intrusion – applicable to many fringing village / ward communities.
Additionality Good Ongoing projects in sensitisation to climate change and agricultural production (vegetable farming). Existing link with NEA. Past project developed salt pans which were in production until decay of concrete pans; existing capacity can be built on. Proposed intervention compliments and builds on these previous / on-going initiatives.
Cost Good Initial costs moderate with respect to earth moving to make bunds. However, being in areas of low erosive forces, community can maintain structures forthwith with basic tools. Alternative options, such a just an earth bund, are cheaper but do not give the multiple-utility of the salt-rice-fish approach and thus cheaper but less effective.
Urgency Good There is an urgency to this action. The community has already lost much of the rice growing areas to saline intrusion / soil acidification and degradation of the salt pans. Alternative livelihoods are few though some increase in veg. gardening and creek fishing is apparent but not enough to maintain the fabric of the community.
Social mobilisation Excellent Consultation has shown a well mobilised community and a willingness and commitment to take part in project has been agreed. Village elders aware of the problems and want to move toward solutions – aware of salt-resistant rice but unable to get seeds. The community has attempted to create a low earth bund (~30cm) to try to stop intrusion in the rice growing area but this was not successful – no resources for more significant intervention.
Gender Good The integrated approach holds potential for involvement of both genders in activities.
Sustainability Good Physical bund and pond structures should be able to be maintained by the community. All products have a ready market and the community holds market experience in salt and vegetable vendoring. No experience in fish culture in the community and thus risk of poor management and limited production apparent without suitable livelihood support (assistance from Ministry of Agriculture – Dept of Fisheries needed).
Exemplars Good. Previous commercial salt pans in the community which was organised by women and supplied to the local market. The money was used in a community fund to help support community actions such as maintain the water supply. Good evidence of village wide self-organisation.
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PILOT SITE 2: IILISSA INTERVENTION
Illiassa is in Upper Baddibu District in the North Bank Region. It is approximately 75 km north east of Banjul. Upper
Baddibou District has a population of 36,627 and Katchang ward where Illiassa village is situated has a total
population 6,020. The pilot village of Illiassa has a population of 950 (2)
. The dominant activities are subsistence
farming (with women growing rice and men cash crops such as groundnuts and upland cereals) and fishing. During
the dry season the women grow vegetables.
Figure B4.2: Upper Baddibu District showing Illiassa and some of the surrounding settlements
The key environmental challenges are flooding from tidal movement of the River Gambia, the destruction of
mangrove vegetation resulting in mangrove die-backs and erosion all of which contribute to salt intrusion and the
destruction of the rice fields, siltation of lowlands and low fish catches. The flooding is exacerbated by seasonal
storm surges, the construction of the north bank trunk road and a dam said to be constructed in Senegal. With
climate change these phenomenon are likely to increase in frequency and severity. The continuous salt intrusion
into the farm lands has reduced arable agricultural land leading to competition and conflict among farmers and
between farmers and herdsmen. During the stakeholder consultations (see Annex---) the communities
emphasized the need to protect the rice fields from salt intrusion in order to have more agricultural land and
reduce the social tension over land.
Salt production is a major driving force behind the loss of mangroves in the area. In Gambia, salt is either produced
by sun-dried crystallization techniques. The sun-dried salt is less productive in the local communities. Introducing
“space” to allow salt to be “sun-dried” on the crests of the embankments (between the proposed pond systems) is
seen as a major positive “added value” intervention technique to prevent future mangrove destruction in the area.
The selection criteria for Illiassa are indicated in the table below.
19
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2. Satellite villages around Illiassa that could benefit from this initial intervention include: Jumansarba(pop.634),
India(522), Katchang (1,713), Conteh Kunda Sukoto (637), Conteh Kunda Niji (590), Kerr Biram (138), Jali
Kunda(107), Alkali Kunda (782)
Site selection criteria for Illiassa
Site: Illiassa Intervention: bund construction for integrated Salt-Rice-Fish approach
Criteria Rating Comments
Demonstrative value Excellent Common morphology of banks of creeks of Gambia with “traditional” and now degraded rice fields due to saline intrusion – applicable to many fringing village / ward communities.
Additionality Good Ongoing projects in sensitisation to climate change and agricultural production (vegetable farming). Existing link with NEA. Proposed intervention compliments and builds on these previous / on-going initiatives.
Cost Good Initial costs moderate with respect to earth moving to make bunds. However, being in areas of low erosive forces, community can maintain structures forthwith with basic tools. Alternative options, such a just an earth bund, are cheaper but do not give the multiple-utility of the salt-rice-fish approach and thus cheaper but less effective.
Urgency Good This is quite an urgent action. The community has already lost much of the rice growing areas to saline intrusion / soil acidification and degradation of the salt pans. Alternative livelihoods are few though some increase in veg. gardening and creek fishing is apparent but not enough to maintain the fabric of the community.
Social mobilisation Excellent Consultation has shown a well mobilised community and a willingness and commitment to take part in project has been agreed. Village elders aware of the problems and want to move toward solutions – aware of salt-resistant rice but unable to get seeds. The community has attempted to create a low earth bund (~30cm) to try to stop intrusion in the rice growing area but this was not successful – no resources for more significant intervention.
Gender Good The integrated approach holds potential for involvement of both genders in activities.
Sustainability Good Physical bund structures should be able to be maintained by the community. All products have a ready market and the community holds market experience in salt and vegetable vendoring. No experience in fish culture in the community and thus risk of poor management and limited production apparent without suitable livelihood support.
Exemplars Good. Good evidence of village wide self-organisation.
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From an assessment of the two sites (at this Prodoc stage), it is advantageous to consider either location for the
pilot intervention. More focus field assessment (topographic and geotechnical survey) is now needed to better
understand site practicality for any intervention at the site.
4.1.3 The Engineering Approach
An innovative new approach being proposed as part of the “Salt-Rice-Fish” (SRF) Wetland “land reclamation” management system. It offers a new way to transform unproductive coastal wetlands into productive systems. It is (at its most basic form) a “mound and ditch” model that comprises short, medium, and long term resource generation and diversification options that help communities along the coast to adapt to climate risks. The SRF system uses a combination of protective and productive vegetation, mound and ditch land structures, and a nursery pond to create multiple sources of income and climate risk protection for the long-run. Figure B4.3 identifies the possible approach to the design of a SRF mound and ditch system (using an example from UNDP Bangladesh).
21
Figure B4.3 Conceptual Approach to the Salt-Rice-Fish concept (adapted from UNDP Bangladesh)
The cross section (see right column of Figure B4.3) outlines the idea of introducing a 2m or 3m wide “mound” embankment, where high yield crops could be grown. Should crops not be readily available based on the saline soils of the area, it is proposed that the “land space” is used for harvesting salt. The so-called sun-dried salt technique can be introduced on the crests of the embankments on tarpaulin. The sun-dried salt technique on tarpaulin avoids the clearance of many hectares of the mangrove and can help towards the production of up to 1,000 tons of salt. The design of the ponds is likely to involve excavation levels of up to 2 m in depth. It is anticipated that using
salt/brackish tolerant tilapia, a single pond system alone could produce an estimated 140–150kg of fish annually,
generating up to USD 300 per year. Harvesting of rain water in the ditches also ensures regular water supply to
22
either plantations on the mounds (if suitable high yield crops can be grown) or it could be used to increase water
security by doubling up as a reservoir.
On the embankment “mounds” should the approach to harvest sun dried salt be adopted, the following approach
is recommended based on best practice examples from Dacosta and Sarr). The technique and approach to harvest
salt will be based on preparing a bittern saturated with sodium chloride that is easily crystallized on plastic
tarpaulins. The bittern is obtained by washing salty earth in craters of approximately 50 cm of diameter on the
“mounds” (see Figure B4.4). The crater is made by assembling wood of 1 cm of diameter and is made waterproof
using recycled plastic bags and straws covered by clay. It lies on wooden supports of5 cm of diameter.
Figure B4.4 Production system and bittern collection (to be placed on new embankment “mounds”)
The bittern is collected in a basin (Length = 1.5cm; Width = 1m; Depth = 50cm) covered with a plastic tarpaulin. The bittern is also crystallized on plastic tarpaulins (Length = 5m; Width = 2m) that are tied to the ground by wooden poles (see Figure 4.4). One tarpaulin can crystallize 80 liters of bittern per day. It has been published by Dacosta (2009) that this improved technique multiples annual production of salt by 7.5. Moreover, the quality of the product is clearly superior: the texture is more refined, the salt is cleaner and thus commercially more competitive. A local market study indicated that the salt produced traditionally is negotiated at 57 US$ per ton compared to 76 US$ for imported product from Senegal which is of the same quality as the improved technique. All this data indicates that the improved technique is more productive and financially more profitable
Figure B4.4 and B4.5 demonstrate a similar approach (“forest/fish/fruit”) that is currently being adopted in
Bangladesh.
23
Figure B4.4 – Example of a similar approach adopted in Bangladesh – Community based ditch digging and mound construction.
Figure B4.5 Examples (from Bangladesh) of a “SRF” beneficiary planting cash crop vegetables on “mounds”
24
4.1.4 Opportunities and Challenges There is a significant opportunity arising out of the SRF system. Should high yielding and fast growing (salt tolerant)
crops not be available in this Gambian situation, it is proposed that the embankment – pond system is designed to
accommodate salt drying on the mounds (see Figure B4.4).The so-called sun-dried salt technique could be
introduced on the crests of the embankments and be placed on tarpaulin. The sun-dried salt technique on
tarpaulin avoids the clearance of many hectares of the mangrove and can help towards the production of up to
1,000 tons of salt. Moreover, this technique has been tested in the Gambia in villages that traditionally produce
sun-dried salt (DaCosta and Sowe 20092). Through this technique, according to DaCosta and Sowe (2009), a family
produces 1,650 kg of salt in one 22-week cycle. The improved technique multiplies one family’s production by 7.5,
giving a higher quality product. It also extends the production cycle by 8 weeks, which could significantly increase
profits. It also adds the daily benefit of time and less hard work. The investments needed for this improved
technique are light and can be easily covered by the income generated.
The crystallization in evaporations basins used in the traditional technique starts three months (January to March)
after putting water whereas the improved technique permits a bittern to crystallize as early as November. This
enables the production cycle to be extended to 5 to 7 months: The traditional technique lasts from January to May
whereas the improved technique lasts from November to May. In addition, the traditional technique requires a
permanent presence to collect and stock the salt, while with the improved technique, once the bittern is obtained
and poured onto the tarpaulin in the morning, the producer can undertake other activities during the day and
return to collect the salt in the evening.
A major part of this Pilot Projects success will be the engagement and mobilization of the communities around the
construction sites particularly fisherman and those whose livelihoods are directly impacted by fisheries and fish
pond culture. The project will engage communities in the actual design of on-the-ground measures in order to
ensure community ownership and buy-in of the strategy such that pilot “soft infrastructure"
(vegetative buffers etc) projects are maintained through the duration of the project and after. Communities will
also be involved in the monitoring and evaluation schemes to gauge the actual effectiveness of the earth
embankment and pond construction measures; community involvement is a critical component of ensuring the
ongoing viability of the pilot adaptation measures.
The very existence of the SRF system in these areas saves the land and the communities from flooding
encroachment. The major contribution of the SRF system is that it can accommodate 8-10 families on just one
hectare of land. Each family is allotted enough space for one mound (for salt production or high yield crop
production) and one ditch (for fish cultivation). In addition to being adaptive to climate change, the SRF system
represents a pioneering rational land use model for Gambia. Where possible, in the future, the seasonal growth of
rice “within” the pond system could be experimented (see Plate 7a and b below – from Abassa, Egypt).
2 Improving the traditional salt exploitation system by sun-dried salt production technique on tarpaulin in Bali Mandinka, Republic of Gambia Richard DACOSTA1 et Dr. Mamadou SOW2
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The system enables the opportunity (in the future and subject to agriculture and aquacultural research being able
to develop more salt tolerant crop species to be grown) to better integrate aquaculture with rice cultivation in the
same pond systems. A robust strain of salt tolerant rice that is commercially viable for market will need to be
ascertained for this to work effectively in Gambia. In addition, it is proposed that certain mangrove species will be
replanted at strategic locations to help provide natural protection for the wetlands and reduce further the impact
of River Gambia tidal floods on the rice fields.
4.1.5 Minimum Area Required To enable the SRF mound and pond approach to work effectively, relatively modest areas are required to ensure
that suitable system can be constructed. A potentially large area of circa 5-10km2 is proposed for this Pilot Project.
4.1.6 Information Needs
Baseline information about coastal processes, morphology and ecology is necessary to support potential SRF
scheme activities to occur. An understanding of the site and the coastal system within which it fits will help to
inform the initial identification of the site and its potential suitability as an artificial wetland scheme; assist in the
design of the scheme; and support the assessment of impacts of the scheme on the local and wider environments.
A desk study is recommended to determine what information exists already prior to collection of any new data.
Interpretation of this information allows development of an initial conceptual ‘model’ for the site and its
surrounding area. This conceptual model will describe the functioning of the existing system and the likely
potential modes of change should adaptation of the scheme need to be carried out. The desk study should also
assess the usefulness of existing data to the design or assessment of the scheme, identify gaps and effectively
focus new data collection.
26
Key baseline data to be included in the conceptual design phase and subsequent detailed design phase includes
the following:
a) regional morphological environment,
b) site topography;
c) water levels and tidal range;
d) wave action;
e) sediment composition;
f) suspended sediment concentrations;
g) ecology;
h) geo-technics;
i) contaminated land; and
j) water quality.
Once all of the above data is collated and calibrated specific to the geographic location of the pilot project, the
detailed design report should include but not be limited to the following:
Detailed design of the approved proposal and all associated civil works, embankment design, fish pond design and all associated structures.
Further geotechnical study. Where there is a likelihood of either groundwater discharge or high seasonal water tables, a hydrogeological investigation may be required to describe the interactions and potential issues.
Detailed design drawings for the construction of the “mound” embankments;
Detailed design of required relocation and/or alterations to existing services, as required, in consultation with the relevant authorities and their subsequent agreement in writing.
Consideration should be given for subdivision requirements, setbacks from roads, maintenance access, etc.
Detailed construction cost estimate, fully priced against a schedule of quantities.
Project Specification, Schedule of Prices and associated drawings.
Completed Maintenance Plan for the wetland’s key structures, embankment “mound” and pond maintenance, fish pond design and any other special features.
27
The Plan should identify all activities and frequency to ensure optimal operation of the area (from an aquaculture and conservation management perspective).
Detailed Design summary report at the completion of the project with all hydraulic calculations for each embankment structure to accommodate future flood overtopping “risk”.
4.1.6 Estimated Costs Local cost estimates for similar projects will need to be determined in partnership with all Gambian Government
and local community stakeholders. Cost estimates for the project cannot be accurately determined in the absence
of results from additional feasibility or other donor projects / studies currently underway.
At this time, an estimated cost of between US$400,000 – US$1,000,000 is anticipated for the introduction of this
Pilot Project at one of the two Pilot Project areas suggested (Dasalami or Illiasa) depending on project area size and
materials used. Best estimate cost is given at US$0.9m.
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B4.2 Foreshore Nourishment and Polder Scheme Pilot Scheme
B4.2.1 Proposed Location The purpose of the Pilot Project is to initiate an approach that has never been formally embarked upon in Gambia,
yet could prove highly advantageous to the region, in light of current understanding that there is a net sediment
deficit in the area. The use of maintenance dredging spoil from ports (e.g.: Banjul or Barra) as a source of material
for appropriate placement on the foreshore is therefore proposed here.
An area of foreshore is proposed close to the settlement of Tendaba is the recommended location for this Pilot
Project (see Figure B4.6).
Figure B4.6 – location of proposed foreshore “polder placement” to help protect Tendaba settlement
29
Figure B4.7 Polder placement and foreshore recharge in front of the Tendaba Eco-Resort to help maintain local tourist industry.
The location selected is also likely to be dependent upon the source of initial foreshore material to supplement
natural accretion rates of material in the area. This artificial source is proposed to be supplied by the Banjul Port
Authority (BPA) as a supplement to shore nourishment. Landing sites at Barra and Banjul could be dredged
(maintenance dredging) of sands and silts for this purpose. Based on consultation undertaken with BPA, it is
estimated that 1000 tonnes a day is dredged (pers comm Banjul Port Authority – 11 Oct 2012). Material (dumped
offshore) could in theory be transported to a “store location” close to Tendaba. Exact logistics (transport or use of
boats to “rainbow” the material onto the foreshore has not be interrogated in great detail due to PPG time
constraints. As a result, a separate Terms of Reference would need to be prepared for a feasibility study to
determine the viability of such as approach (project anticipated to start from November 2013). The study will need
to seek to interrogate the quantity, characteristics and degree of contamination for the nourished material gained
from maintenance dredging.
4.2.2 Purpose of Pilot Project The overall concept is to introduce polder construction techniques (see Figure B4.8) to encourage sediment
deposition in order to create earth embankments that shall be stabilised through the introduction of vegetative or
crop planting approaches to help bind and stabilise the accreted sediment.
30
Figure B4.8 – example of locally produced polder fencing
Over time, as the polders are filled with settled materials (and topographically raised through sediment accretion
within the grass/wicker “polder” fences), this shall be used as a natural defence mechanism to protect the backing
assets from small to moderate tidal surge events and inland flooding (if this is an issue) to help “climate proof”
existing livelihoods and settlements.
Through intertidal recharge (either by direct placement on the intertidal foreshore or via “trickle feeding” from
artificial sources), fine material from the maintenance dredge material is to be used to raise foreshores to levels
suitable for foreshore (mangrove habitat) development or importantly to act as a more robust intertidal area to
combat storm events and reduce coastal flood risk to local communities and businesses in the Tendaba area. This
is to be achieved by introducing sediment onto or adjacent to the current intertidal areas to mitigate against the
current deficits in sediment volumes that occur in the River Gambia lower estuary regions.
The selection criteria for Tendaba are indicated in the table below.
Site: Tendaba Intervention: Foreshore nourishment and polder scheme
Criteria Rating Comments
Demonstrative value Excellent Very good use of local materials to create the polder fencing (local grasses). Potential very cheap (free) use of maintenance dredge material from Banjul Port Authority makes this a possible replicable technique. .
Additionality Good Use of material from Banjul Port represents a very useful additionality approach as it is economically advantageous to the Port Authority to not dispose of the material offshore.
Cost Good Initial costs low to moderate with respect to polder design and contraction. Potentially low cost of foreshore recharge if material is supplied from Banjul
31
Port Authority. Community can maintain structures forthwith with basic tools.
Urgency Good This is quite an urgent action. The community has already lost much of its foreshore possibly due to poor wharf design close by. The protection afforded by this approach to the local tourism report is important to the local community as water and energy is provided by the report to the local community in addition to it providing a degree of employment to the local community.
Social mobilisation Excellent Consultation has shown a well mobilised community and a willingness and commitment to take part in project has been agreed. Village elders aware of the problems and want to move toward solutions.
Gender Good The integrated approach holds potential for involvement of both genders in activities.
Sustainability Good Polder structures should be able to be maintained by the community.
Exemplars Good. Good evidence of village wide self-organisation.
4.2.3 The Engineering Approach
Placement of Dredged Maintenance Spoil material
Concerns over the eventual fate of placed “dredged material”, and the ecological consequences of placing fine-
grained material onto intertidal habitats, have limited this practice to small-scale trials. To enable dredged material
to be used beneficially for this study and for the process to be replicated elsewhere in Gambia, methods must be
identified which do ensure the material stays in the location it is intended to, it does not destroy other valuable
habitats, harm wildlife, reduce water and environmental quality, or cause unacceptable consequences in terms of
erosion or deposition. Through an improved understanding of the factors that may limit a schemes success in
intertidal habitat creation, the success of future trials within the River Gambia will be greatly increased. To this end
additional feasibility studies are now required to gather this information before a formal decision can be made.
The following sub-sections outlines the topics that need to be addressed within the proposed Feasibility Study and
discussion on possible engineering structures that are needed to help the success of a shoreline re-nourishment
project using dredged spoil material.
Sedimentation Fields/Polders Keeping the deposited dredge spoil material in place is one of the key factors of success. To help with this, there
are a number of techniques that can be used. For the Tendaba situation, it is proposed that local grasses or
“Brushwood” (see Figure 4.8) should be used to construct simple shore-normal permeable groynes. These need to
be placed in a medium to low energy environment ideally and not within the tidal impacts of high energy wave
environments (ie: very suitable for the Tendaba situation). These are permeable structures that allow water to
pass through but impede the passage of waves. In cases of strong long-shore currents, simple shore normal
structures will be sufficient to trap fine sediment moving along the coast/river, whilst allowing water to pass
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through, albeit at a reduced velocity. Brushwood groynes are often deployed as a double row of vertical wooden
stakes driven well into the foreshore between which are woven finer branches.
Fine-grained sediment has a long settling time, and to enhance the settling of such material requires the
construction of large sediment fields, or “polders” (see Figure 4.9), to permit sufficient time for the fine-grained
sediment to settle out. Sedimentation fields or “polders” can be produced by combining shore-normal brushwood
groynes and shore-parallel brushwood wave-breaks. Here waters pond on the flood tide and drain more slowly
through the permeable brushwood during the ebb, allowing sediment greater time to settle out. Tidal velocities
are reduced by the ponding effect and the erosive effects of wave and tide-generated shear stress are diminished,
thus allowing the fine-grained fraction of the sediment to settle out. As a result, the sedimentation of suspended
matter is enhanced. This technique has been successfully used at Wallasea Island, Essex, U.K., to build up the
mudflat from a degraded saltmarsh edge (French 2001).
The ‘Schleswig-Holstein method’, originally established and refined in Holland and Germany (but now used more
widely) encloses a width of mature foreshore or creek system (showing signs of vegetation loss and erosive
damage), together with a similar width of mudflat seaward of the creek, by the construction of a perimeter fence.
Within the fences a regular pattern of shallow ditches are dug to collect the deposited fine-grained sediment. The
material excavated to create the ditches is used to build up ridges between the ditches and once sufficient
sediment has accumulated is dug out and spread over the area increasing the overall surface elevation of the
polder field. The aim is to develop a new area of foreshore, which will protect the reclaimed or regenerating area,
and which is subdivided into several enclosures or polders (see Figure B4.9)
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FIGURE B4.9 DESIGN OF A SEDIMENTATION POLDER TO CONTAIN DREDGED MATERIAL CLOSE TO TENDABA (ADAPTED
FROM FRENCH 2001).
Gaps in the fencing along the seaward line of each enclosure allow the tidal inflow into a series of channels within
the area; these are maintained to control the flow and hence the sediment distribution. The main ditches are dug
perpendicular to the coast while other trenches (‘grips’) are dug parallel with it. The main trenches direct the
waters of the flooding tide onto the upper areas sufficiently rapidly for them to carry the sediment towards the
shore, instead of depositing it further offshore. The use of polders to create sedimentation fields has been
successfully used in the German Wadden Sea to promote saltmarsh creation. It is proposed that a similar approach
will have to be undertaken with regard to any Pilot Project to place maintenance dredged material onto the
foreshore.
It maybe recommended that more “engineered” protection is afforded to the pilot site location. If this is required
at Tendaba, it is proposed that the introduction of a “geo-tube” (similar to that used in Guyana – see Figure B4.10)
is used to deflect wave energies away from the polder field.
Figure B4.10 – Use of geotube defences (filled with local sediments) in Guyana to encourage mangrove rehabilitation (taken by J McCue 2012)
In conclusion, the proposed polder “ditch/ridge” system within the polder fencing is a key factor in inducing
sediment to settle. A similar approach could be adopted within the River Gambia depending on exposure levels to
storm waves etc. To this end, wave protection measures maybe required (such as those highlighted in Figure
B4.10)in order to preserve the sediment during dewatering and compaction.
34
Placing Saturated Dredge Spoil Material Consideration is needed on how to implement the process of placing dredge maintenance sediment on the
foreshore at Tendaba. Commonly, the sediment is pumped onto the foreshore (polder system) in a slurry form,
with the surplus water draining off and leaving the sediment behind. Another option for placement could be
through bottom dumping from a hopper which requires material to be re-handled by other plant, depending on
the site and prevailing conditions. To reduce potentially harmful impacts, special dredging techniques, designed to
minimise loss of sedimentary material, may be required.
If barge access is possible near the final disposal or re-use site, the dredged material could be pumped directly.
When sediments are dredged from locations that are far from the final placement area (i.e.: if a material is taken
from Barra or Banjul which is some distance from Tendaba), they must initially be placed in a barge, then
transported to an offloading facility and handled separately for transport to the disposal or re-use site.
Alternatively, a shallow-draft hopper may be pump-discharged over the bow by spraying (‘rain-bowing’) material
onto the foreshore. By jetting sediment slurry using a “mud-cannon”, at low water on spring tides, the sediment
can be ‘placed’ high on the foreshore. It may be necessary to spray material behind a containment structure such
as behind wave-breaks or bunds (see below), which protect the recharge while it is dewaters.
Spray charging can cause problems for foreshore vegetation and should be considered carefully as a placement
option. The force of the spray can flatten any emergent plants at a deposition site, although the vegetation can
recover within a few months.
Trickle Feeding The concept of trickle feeding is another alternative for the Pilot Project to consider. This approach focuses on
placing aqueous material directly into the nearshore zone (ie: below mean low water). This approach increases the
availability of source material by introducing fine sediment in an unconstrained manner into the nearshore zone.
The energy of the natural system is used to redistribute the dredged material back onto the foreshore. The natural
movement of sediment to the required areas is promoted, which allows the foreshore to respond naturally to
physical processes. Sedimentation back onto the foreshore is, however, wholly dependent on the natural
processes.
This method often requires the strategic placement of small quantities of sediment in sacrificial ‘mud mounds’, at
the appropriate level just below mean low water or alternatively within the lower levels of the inter-tidal zone. A
bank of sediment may also be deposited from split hopper barges on the spring tide at approximately low water
mark. The deposited materials are then eroded and transported by the rising tide to increase the suspended
sediment concentration in the inter-tidal zone. The overall effect is to add sediment to the system and allow it to
deposit naturally in accretion areas so forming equilibrium morphology without the need for artificial periods of
consolidation.
Where the actual site is not ready to receive wet discharge material (as it would wash away immediately), there
will be the need to acquire land to create settlement “ponds” to store the slurry dredge material.
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Dredged Material Dewatering Techniques Dewatering is a method used to reduce the water content of the dredged material, to produce a solidified product.
This technique makes the dredged material easier to work with, in terms of volume and density, with regard to
transportation and placement. The table below summarises available dewatering techniques that are appropriate
to this study. No attempt to determine the cost implications of each of these techniques for Tendaba, as cost is
often dependent on the quantity of material available.
Technique Description
Geo-tubes (see
Figure 4.10)
1. Containment – Sludge pumped into huge geotextile container (Geo-container,
including large diameter Geo-tubes) – sludge can be hazardous, fine grained or waste
material.
2. Dewatering – Excess water drains out.
3. Consolidation – Desiccation increases the amount of consolidation within the
geo-container, minimises amount of material for disposal.
Settling basins Volume (area and depth) depends on amount of dredged material – sloped towards an
outlet structure (timber weir to allow surface water to be drained) into a secondary basin
to allow alternate cleaning of the basins. Flocculants in secondary basin to increase
settling. Generally use earth containment dykes.
Rapid Gravity
Dewatering
(RGD)
Small quantities of sludge are dewatered prior to transportation. Sludge passed into
portable collection chamber through a filter screen.
Filter Presses Sludge pumped into press chambers then passes out of this through a filter, exiting
through a gravity drain. Eventually the chamber will be entirely filled with sediment and
can be cleared.
Belt Presses Sludge is chemically treated, passed into a flocculation tank, passed down a gravity
drainage area, then squeezed between adjustable rollers producing a sludge cake.
Centrifuges Sludge pumped into elongated centrifuge chamber. Both dry sediment cake and purified
filtrate continuously discharged.
Gravity Belt
Thickeners
Gravity drainage of sludge through a filter. Sludge placed on horizontal filter belt. As
material passes along belt, water drains through. Thickened sludge discharged at end.
Inclined Plate Sludge introduced to separation chamber, which contains a number of inclined plates.
The plates interrupt the flow of water, causing sediment to become separated and
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Clarifiers collected in the chamber. The clean water exits at the top of the chamber.
Table B4-1 Dewatering techniques (taken from Atkins 2008)
In addition to the above table, the “Spülfelde” concept may be used. These are generally lagoon structures,
purposely built immediately behind a sea defence, and often located adjacent to ports where fine-grained
maintenance dredged material is removed to keep harbours and approaches free for ship traffic. Port operators
can pump fine-grained dredged material ashore into the Spülfelde “lagoons” to encourage sediment settlement.
Capacity for new material is then perpetuated by processing the dumped mud and transporting the consolidated
sand/mud “cake” away from the lagoon. Fines can be densified through dewatering techniques, such as those
detailed above. Densified, desalinated dredged fines can conceptually be used for brick and tile manufacture but
this application remains embryonic due to competitive pressures from conventional brick pits. More commonly,
dewatered clay has various uses, such as tunnel linings, sound barriers along motorways, embankments.
4.2.4 Opportunities and Challenges
Among the reported challenges or issues that can lead to failure of shore nourishment schemes using dredged
material are as follows:
A significant difference between the organic content of the dredged material and the sediment
composing the existing foreshore. Invertebrate re-colonisation of an area is sensitive to the differences in
organic content.
Changing the foreshore composition and structure sufficiently that the ecological functioning of the
intertidal communities becomes different from the surrounding natural areas. An example might be
where a foreshore is “over-heightened” by sediment deposition and the natural plant communities can be
impacted upon.
A difference in the availability and cycling potential of nutrients within the dredged sediment compared
with the natural system can affect the development of a new foreshore community.
Insufficient dewatering of placed sediments leading to waterlogging and conditions detrimental to re-
colonisation.
Re-colonisation of beach / hinterland flora and fauna can be adversely affected by the presence of
pollutants in the dredge spoil sediment. Introduction of pollutants such as heavy metals and
hydrocarbons can significantly damage faunal and floral communities
Although a number of issues have been shown to adversely affect the success of schemes, many of these can be
mitigated against in advance, e.g. the nutrient, organic and pollutant content of dredged sediments can be
measured and analysed prior to any placement of spoil into a shoreline restoration scheme. The potential benefits
of a successful restoration scheme are such that no presumption of failure should be made in advance of more
detailed studies on a site-specific basis.
37
It is STRONGLY recommended that the above issues of uncertainties are answered as part of the pending
Feasibility Study prior to taking this option forward to its next more detailed design phase.
4.2.5 Minimum Area Required The majority of polder experiment related projects are approximately between 500m to 1km in length. The width
of the schemes are all tidally dependent. The larger the tidal range, the more suspended sediment movement is
likely within each tidal cycle often resulting in more settlement of finer material.
4.2.6 Information Needs
The nature of dredge spoil material within the proposed sources of material (Barra or Banjul Port) is currently
unknown, and could vary from soft silts to boulders or crushed rock however, the majority is likely to consist of
finer material (muds and silty sands). Subsequent studies are needed to better determine sediment quality for this
type of use.
Information required to ensure the maintenance dredged material is appropriate includes more knowledge
surrounding the quantities available, sediment type, potential contaminants and possible matches to suitable
beach nourishment locations made.
It is strongly recommended that a feasibility study is therefore undertaken to determine whether this approach is
technically, economically and environmentally appropriate. This should be undertaken to determine the benefits
or otherwise of placing such material made available by the Port of Banjul or from the maintenance dredging
activities of other local ports, plus how this material is best “contained” on the foreshore. The use of “geo-tubes”
or “geo-bags” is one obvious possible solution which could be adhered to (or possibly the design of “polder
structures” as mentioned above).
The purpose of the proposed feasibility stage is twofold:
To assist the UNDP, the ports as well as other private sector stakeholders, in determining how feasible the
placement of aqueous dredged spoil material is within the River Gambia sites and;
How beneficial this approach could be to facilitate better sustainable future adaptation to climate change
for other recipient areas (replicability).
The main outcome of this feasibility study is to clearly demonstrate whether the placement of dredge disposal
material on the foreshore is viable on economic, environmental and physical grounds. The approach for the
feasibility study will be to undertake the following:
Review of current engineering dredging techniques to place aqueous dredge spoils onto a foreshore and
establish the most suitable approach for specific locations;
Identify material source characteristics, i.e. frequency and volume of supply from Banjul Port, etc.
38
Identification of the environmental impact of dredge spoil placement with an emphasis on over-wintering
birds (including requirements for additional surveys as dictated by NEA etc);
An overview environmental / engineering / socio-economic Risk Register to identify and clarify the
anticipated risks/benefits of material placement in an agreed Pilot area and viability for alternative sites.
Indicative (high level overview) financial assessment based on the risk register produced.
Viability of this approach for other areas identified in Gambia.
4.2.7 Estimated Costs The costs of sourcing and placing the material make up by far the greatest proportion of the total costs of any
beach re-building project. Vessel costs make up the greatest proportion of the costs of material supplied from
marine sources, however, material from land based sources is much more expensive (at least twice the cost).
No detailed cost estimates of all the current dewatering systems on the market have been undertaken. However,
the most appropriate system for the situation at Tendaba (the Genesis Rapid Dewatering System) provided within
this report with some indication of costs.
Costs in the US run at between US$11-12/m³ for treatment, with flocculent costs in the region US$ 1-2/yd³ (Atkins
2006). The initial treatment rate was reported to vary from 1000-2000 gallons/minute, with outputs in the region
of 150-300yd³ dry material/hour.
Translated into US$ costs, assuming similar dewatering treatment rates apply for the River Gambia shorelines and
taking Banjul Port as an example of where the material is likely to come from, the likely annual cost of dewatering
(exclusive of machinery purchase), plus polder design and placement over a 5ha area of foreshore, would be
approximately US$0.4million.
The costs of obtaining the necessary licences to carry out a scheme are much less than 10% of the overall costs. EIA
and planning permission costs account for the greatest proportion of licensing costs. The costs of licensing larger
schemes are greater than for smaller schemes but do not increase in proportion to the overall project costs. The
greatest value for money can, therefore, be achieved by seeking to place as much sediment as possible in a single
project. This may also increase time between re-nourishments and reduce long-term costs, but this has not been
explored in any detail.
Local cost estimates for similar projects are currently being determined in partnership with NEA and the Port of
Banjul. Cost estimates for the project cannot be accurately determined in the absence of results from additional
feasibility or other donor projects / studies currently underway or being proposed.
39
B4.3 Offshore low crested semi submerged breakwaters, sand recharge and
rock groynes – Kololi Beach
B4.3.1 Existing Situation Between Kololi Point and Bald Cape no coastal protection works are present, except for local sandbag revetments
in front of the hotels. Characteristic sites along this section are the Senegambia Hotel, the Kairaba Resort Hotel,
the Holiday Beach Club Hotel and the Kololi Beach Club Hotel. The shoreline is retreating. In the hotel and bar area
just south of Kololi Point an average retreat rate of 1 m/yr. is found. This trend seems to have increased from
approximately 0.5 m/yr. in the period 1972-1983 to 1.5 m/yr. in the period 1983-1993 (Haskoning 1999).
In the past four years, the beach fronting the Senegambia Hotel (Kotu Beach) has experienced significant coastal
erosion, impacting on infrastructure over a two kilometer section of the coastline. Various attempts to address the
ongoing erosion has occurred including the construction of offshore “banks” of sand bags. These are depicted by
the circle on Figure B4.11 below.
Figure B4.11 Location of Senegambia Hotel and Karaiba Hotel with offshore sand bag defences (red circle – image from Google Earth Nov 2012)
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Rising sea-levels over the next several decades, and resulting wave impact - particularly at high tide - will further
erode the coastline at Kololi Beach, leading to increasing inundation of and damage to infrastructure along the
shoreline. The current shoreline erosion risk has had a dramatic effect on the tourist community, as the fronting
tourist assets are now at risk from inundation during periods of heightened wave energy. During daily high tides,
tidal waters are within two meters of the current defence line especially during strong onshore winds.
Small pilot defence projects have been trialled, however these efforts have failed and the sea wall project provides
important lessons for the LDCF project. The limited budgets available for these local pilot projects could only use
inappropriate sandbags. More recently, some larger “bags” have been introduced (see Figures B4.12 and B4.13)
which are being monitored for their performance. However, it can be seen in Figure B4.13 that the bags, if not
placed on a geotextile membrane, are liable to sinking and whilst they may prove effective for a short time period,
constant wave energy and several storms that may arise could easily dilute their effectiveness. The hotel has been
advised to place approx. 45 bags some 65m seaward from the beach cliff. It was realized that the implementation
of this advice was impossible due to tide restrictions and hence did not allow the hotel to work within any useful
time period. In addition, it was clear that the bags sank into the sand at a very fast pace, hence the desired crest
height could not be achieved. More solid intertidal sands were found approx 30 metres from the cliff where approx
90 bags have been placed with horizontal spacing between the bags of 25 cm in front the precedent bag.
The long term outcome of this approach is questioned, and significant investment in coastal engineering expertise
is therefore needed to ensure long term success at this location. If not carried out, related impacts on the local
economy and the national “vision” of beach tourism in the Gambia maybe tainted for years to come.
Figure B4.12 Recent placement of larger sand bags in front of Senegambia Beach Hotel (taken Oct 2012)
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Figure B4.13 Settling of larger sand bags due to no geotextile membrane placed on seafloor (taken Oct 2012)
B4.3.2 Purpose of Pilot Intervention
The first purpose of the PI shall be to reduce wave induced coastal erosion and its threat to the tourist assets on
Kololi Beach. The PI shall seek to ensure that a positive sediment budget is restored to the “risk” area of Kololi
Beach and that erosion is managed in front of key assets through the encouragement of sediment deposition and
wave shelter (afforded by offshore low crested breakwaters) so that the sea does not erode the shoreline any
further which would lead to flooding of low-lying areas behind. The PI would be designed to encourage prevention
of sediment loss from the contemporary sediment budget regime along the frontage, and where possible, seek to
provide a sustainable approach to introducing marine sand in areas adjacent to the Kololi Beach tourist assets
Any design of this PI would have to be subject to detailed Gambian EIA permitting and consenting procedures.
B4.3.3 Proposed Location
The proposed location for the Pilot Intervention (PI) shall extend up to 800m from the southern extent of the
Karaiba Hotel (B) to the entrance of the stream outlet to the north of the Senegambia Beach Hotel (A) (see Figure
B4.14)
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Figure B4.14 – Proposed location of Pilot Interventin for Kololi Beach
Overview to the Pilot Intervention
A series of defence hard measures are proposed as part of this PI. The first technique/measure (i.e., the first line of
defense) is represented by the construction of a low crested submerged breakwater structures located in
nearshore zone (approximately 60m offshore from the current shoreline). The purpose of this structure is to
reduce wave energy impacts before waves reach the shoreline. While reducing the energy impacts, the structure is
designed to encourage (over time) sediment accretion in the lee of each breakwater structure, thus building the
beach (in the form of a “tombolo”) as the natural defense mechanism in front of the shoreline assets. Due to the
immediate need for beach sediments to be placed in this particular location, the submerged breakwaters will be
supplemented with the introduction of a second technique/measure involving a degree of artificial beach recharge
onto the intertidal zone. This artificial beach recharge represents the second line of defense as it will provide a
natural buffer to protect the last line of defense and ultimately the man-made assets located on shoreline (NB: this
second line of defence is dependent upon sourcing a suitable source of material from Gambia or Senegal). Thirdly,
(the third technique/measure) shall involve the construction of up to 6 rock groynes will be placed at strategic
locations of the artificially nourished beach to contain the recharged sand in place and to reduce the rate of beach
loss and thus extending the lifetime of the investment (NB: the number of groynes will be dependent upon
completing the beach recharge intervention. Without that, the grioyne intervention may not require 6 groyns and
thus result in a cost saving). Finally, the last line of defense will be located at the backshore/hinterland interface
A
B
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(the fourth technique/measure) which comprises of the upgrade and extension of a geotextile sandbag revetment
structure (utlising existing materials currently being used by Senegambia Hotel if appropriate).
Site: Kololi Beach Intervention: Offshore low crested semi submerged breakwaters, sand recharge and rock groynes
Criteria Rating Comments
Demonstrative value Excellent Very good use of local materials to create the material for filling geo-tubes. Local quarried could be used for rock mattress and groynes and existing sand bag material to be re-used as a buried embankment defence to be non-visually intrusive on this tourist frontage. Maintenance dredge material from Banjul Port Authority makes this a possible replicable technique.
Additionality Good Use of material from Banjul Port represents a very useful additionality approach as it is economically advantageous to the Port Authority to not dispose of the material offshore. Protection to the tourist sector coupled with improved visual appeal to the beach frontage will benefit the tourism sector.
Cost Moderate Initial costs to be medium to high with respect breakwater placements and rock groyne construction. Potentially lower cost of maintenance recharge if material is supplied from local sources.
Urgency Good This is quite an urgent action. The tourist community has already lost much of its beach which is impacting on tourist experience. The protection afforded by this approach to the local tourism.
Social mobilisation Good Consultation has shown a well mobilised community and a willingness and commitment to take part in project has been agreed.
Gender Good The integrated approach holds potential for involvement of both genders in activities.
Sustainability Moderate Polder structures should be able to be maintained by the community.
Exemplars Good. Good evidence of village wide self-organisation.
B4.3.4 The Engineering Approach
For this PI, it is proposed that a series of low crested and submerged structures (LCS) (such as a detached
breakwater or artificial “reef” such as “Reefball”) is introduced to help reduce wave energy impacts on the placed
(re-nourished) material along the shoreline.
In different parts of the world, where this approach has been trialled, sediment retention schemes, have had to
use a combination of offshore wave-breaks and sediment recharge to restore areas of foreshore. LCS’s or “wave-
breaks” are usually placed some distance offshore of the foreshore. They may provide a barrier to wave
progression or simply reduce water depths, causing wave interaction with the seabed and hence reducing wave
energy reaching the shoreline. Wave-breaks can be constructed from sandbags (as they are already – Nov 2012)),
geotextiles or novel components such as redundant ships filled with sediment and sunk offshore (Nottage and
Robertson, 2005).
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Wave-breaks are often deployed parallel to the shoreface or perpendicular to the longest wave fetch. They
minimise wave energy reaching the shoreline but allow water and sediments to pass through. They also slow
currents which may promote sedimentation. Geotextile containers have also been successfully used as “baffles” to
reduce wave energy impacting on the shorelines to enhance sedimentation. The geotextile containers typically
consist of tubular-shaped bags, filled with dredged sand and laid parallel to the shoreline.
Submerged breakwaters can help align waves to be more “shore-parallel” with the concept of wave rotation. It has
been found that salient growth in the lee of the breakwater leads to enhanced shoreline stability and protection.
This trend occurs because the breakwater will diminish wave height in its lee, which reduces the wave’s ability to
transport sand. Meanwhile, sediment will build up in the lee of the breakwater due to the dynamics of the
prevailing longshore current.
LCS’s need to be designed to allow the transmission of a certain amount of wave energy over the structure in
terms of overtopping and transmission through the porous structure (emerged breakwaters) or wave breaking and
energy dissipation on shallow crest (submerged structures). Due to aesthetical requirements, low freeboards are
usually preferred (freeboard around SWL or below). The current techniques being deployed in front of the
Senegambia Hotel are not visually appropriate for a tourist beach front hotel (see Figure 4.4).However, in tidal
environments exposed to a high wave energy exposure (such as along the Kololi Beach), they become less effective
when designed as narrow-crested structures. Broad-crested structures are, however, much more expensive and
their use should be supported by a proper cost-benefit studies. On the other hand the development in alternative
materials and systems, for example, the use of sand-filled geo-tubes as a core of such structures, can reduce
effectively the cost (see Figure 4.15 Pilarczyk, 2008).
Figure B4.15 Indicative cross section of a LCS demonstrating its crest height below MLW (from Pilarczyk, 2008)
Materials to be used – geotextile sand bags (option 1)
Geotextile sand bag systems are possible for Kololi Beach. These utilize a high-strength synthetic fabric as a form
for casting large units by filling with sand or mortar. Within these geotextile systems a distinction can be made
between:
Geotextile sand bags,
45
mattresses,
tubes,
containers and
inclined curtains.
Geotextile Submerged Structures stop wave energy offshore and redirect ocean currents. This effect serves to
protect the coast from the erosional effects of the ocean environment- resulting in the protection of homes,
businesses, beaches and other coastal assets. The proposed Geotextile Breakwaters will be submerged and
located offshore, therefore do not degrade or destroy the natural beauty of the beach.They shall stabilize
beaches by forming a salient- a wider, more stable section of the beach. They take into account the value the
beach provides for local communities, business and tourists. Seawalls and other coastal armouring do not protect
the beach, they only protect the land behind it. In terms of sustainability and ‘green friendly’ the carbon footprint
is significantly lower with Geotextiles in comparison to rock armour. The non-woven geotextile used in previous
projects has proven to act as a very effective platform for providing a habitat for marine growth. A number of
independent studies have showed the geotextile material out-performs rock and wood for marine biology
cultivation
Such reefs can be user friendly and multifunctional, providing a range of benefits. For example, the Narrowneck
multi-functional artificial reef [MFAR] on the Gold Coast in Australia has provided a successful prototype for
effective eco-friendly and multifunctional coastal protection (see Figure B4.16).
Figure B4.16 – use of geotubes for artificial reefs in Australia and Guyana– Filling above water, filling in shallow water with divers,)
All of the above options can be filled with local sand sources or mortar. For the situation at Kololi Beach, the
possibility of using maintenance dredge material from Banjul Port, to fill the geo-tubes is proposed (see Section
46
B4.2 above). In terms of conceptual engineering design of such structures, it is advisable that the design storm
event for the coastal structure is planned for a 50 year extreme water level event. This will typically include a
storm surge and wave setup.
On top of the geo-tube, rock mattresses will be applied as slope and bed protection (see Figure B4.17).
Figure B4.17 Indicative cross sections of a geo-tube LCS offshore wave-break (from Pilarczyk, 2008)
47
To simplify the calculations one can assume the maximum breaking wave at a specific water depth. Once the
breaking wave height is identified (to be determined based on outcomes of the EU GCCA ICZM Feasibility Study
work – scheduled for 2013 and the coastal hydrodynamic modelling results are re available from the EU GCCA
project), one is able to identify the pressure distribution on the LCS. Once the pressure distribution is obtained,
one needs to then check the bag for sliding or overturning potential. These composite high strength geotextile
materials used for geo-containers can also provide a suitable substrate for the growth of “soft” flora such as kelps
and macro algaes which provide a good breeding and feeding habitat. The gaps between the bags increase habitat
complexity, providing protection for fish, lobsters, rays and turtles.
Figure B4.18 shows the possible approach to implementing geotube offshore reefs and how this can be
supplemented with additional beach recharge material from hopper dredgers.
Figure B4.18 Possible approach to combining geotube placement with artificial nearshore recharge
Alternative Materials to be used – use of “Reefballs” (option 2)
An alternative LCS approach for kololi Beach would be the use of artificial reef units such as the Reef BallTM
(see
web site at http://reefball.com) which can be used to achieve not only shoreline stabilization, but environmental
enhancement and recreational snorkelling and diving opportunities for the tourist beach area. These are show in in
Figure B4.19.
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Figure B4.19 – Reefball design and in situ placement image (from Grand Cayman, Caribbean)
The submerged Reef Ball artificial reef breakwater system recommended for consideration for the Kololi Beach PI
is presented below. The proposed breakwater system would help stabilize the beach in front of the”at risk” resort
hotels without adversely affecting the adjacent beaches to the north east or south west. A conceptual design of a
Reef Ball artificial reef submerged breakwater offshore is shown in Figures B4.20 and B4.21 below.
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Figure B4.20 – Conceptual placement of LCS structures and rock groynes (either Reefball or Sand Bag structures)
Figure B4.21 – Conceptual aerial image of the appearance of a LCS structure
50
Reef Balls offer flexibility, as they come in various sizes, shapes, and designs and can be removed or transferred if
needed. They are easy to install and can be constructed locally, even on site. Costs depend on the local prices for
concrete, rock, sand, equipment, and boat time for deployment. An indication of cost is highlighted below. Reef
Balls can be transported on a barge and deployed individually using a crane (Figure B4.22), or rolled down the
beach or backed into the ocean with a trailer. Lift bags can be used to float the units to the site for precise
placement in desired.
Figure B4.22 Reefball deployment (photo by Lee Harris 2007)
For this PI, it is proposed that up to 5 rows of Reefballs should be used, amounting to about 600m (in length) of
breakwaters (designed as 5 separate 100m long “reefs”). The proposed Reef Balls (referred to as “Pallet Balls” are
3' high with 4'-diameter bases, and each reef unit requires 1/3 to 1/2 cubic yards of concrete to fabricate.
Approximately 375 Pallet Balls (75 units long and 5 units wide) would be required to construct a 100 (long) x 15 m
(wide) breakwater (using staggered configuration of reef units). The length and width of the proposed breakwater
can be reduced, but will result in less wave attenuation and hence less effectiveness. The use of Pallet Balls
reduces the costs, due to a 50% or more reduction in concrete volume required for each reef unit, and easier
handling due to the reduced size units.
Supplementary Beach Recharge
Beach nourishment is recommended to be introduced to help supplement this PI. This involves the artificial
placement of material onto the beach to increase the volume of sediment. Beach nourishment does not prevent
erosion or short term fluctuations in beach profile but provides a natural buffer between the erosion hazard and
the asset. Once the initial design life is exceeded further nourishment is likely to be required, unless headland
structures are used to prevent the loss of sediment along the shoreline.
The time period until further nourishment is required depends on the rate of erosion at the site and the volume of
material added. Typically volumes of material are much larger than would be used to build a hard structure.
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A readily available supply of sediment is required in order to nourish the beach and a suitable means of
transporting the sediment to the site. Beach material of preferably the same or larger, grain size and density as the
natural beach material is required. The local source of sediment (sediment reservoirs) shall be determined
through the outputs of the EU GCCA ICZM project (through their sand mining feasibility assessment work and
sediment transport modelling outputs for the coast).
B4.3.5 Opportunities and Challenges The key challenge is associated with the sourcing of appropriate beach recharge material. This may need to be
imported from Senegal or Liberia if appropriate. Local sources in the River Gambia or offshore must be assessed
carefully to ascertain whether extraction is to have an impact on local sediment budgets. The material must also
be of a suitable sediment size and quality.
B4.3.6 Minimum Area Required
It is proposed that the IP project area of up to 800m in length. Exact locations of the PI will need to be determined
in partnership with NEA, UNDP and Ministry of Works. An indication of the length of each PI technique is
presented below with indicative unit lengths for each technique (subject to more detailed review of locally
available resources).
Total Geographic length
of coverage (outcome
impact)
Length of each structure
Low crested breakwater
(geotextile sand bags)
0.8km 5 “reefs” each being 75m in length with circa
100m distance between reefs (space to be
determined through modelling work)
Low crested breakwater (Reef
Ball)
1.5km 5 “reefs” each being 75m in length with circa
100m distance between reefs (space to be
determined through modelling work)
Sand recharge 0.8km Required for the whole stretch of PI
Sand bag revetment Up to 400m Possibly divided into 2 lengths of 200m
B4.3.7 Information Needs See Section 5 of this Appendix.
B4.3.8 Estimation of Costs Proposed Approach Estimated
construction
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costs (excluding
any supporting
studies to
confirm details)
1 Placement of three lines of defenses (one scheme with three techniques/measures
used)
This option includes:
i. Low crested breakwater structure: 5 “reefs” each being 75m in length with approximately 100m distance between reefs, located 60m off shore along 0.86km of coastline ($2,000,000).
ii. Sand recharge: 800m length * 10m beach width * 2m beach depth = 16,000m3
of sand @ $20/m3 of sand (current market price of sand in Gambia) (circa
$250,000).
This is assumed to require replenishment of 50% sand after 5-10 years.
iii. Placement of rock groynes on replenished beach: 4 groynes (circa $380,000)
iv. Sandbag revetment wall along 400m (if required – additional over year 5-10). Minimal maintenance required
$2,630,000-
depending on
the amount of
beach
replenishment
required
The calculation above assumes 50-year longevity with projected increase in sea level rise3. It should also be noted
that, in addition to the cost-effectiveness considerations on the bases of initial investment alone, the sustainability
of the investment was also considered. From the perspective of required initial investment alone, the proposed
approach offers the most competitive costs. However, the approach may require recurring costs in the form of
replenishment of sand. The proposal requires slightly larger initial investment in the form of 4 additional rock
groynes but much smaller estimated recurring costs4. Given the fiscal constraints the government is and will likely
be facing in the future, the degree of maintenance required was considered a critical element of the selection of
interventions. Based on this analysis, for achieving Output2.1, it is concluded that this approach is deemed most
cost-effective of all the measures available.
It is critical to note that the robust (fixed) coastal engineering scheme proposed under Output 2.1 would not only
provide secure lives and livelihoods for the next 50 years, but also represent avoided costs of potential
maladaptation. Without financing assistance from the LDCF and without proper technical assistance that will be
employed as part of the LDCF project, the Government of Gambia, with limited public funds and technical capacity,
is likely to continue to have no options but adopt incorrectly designed reactive measures, such as this, targeting
only specific spot of vulnerability. Not only these approaches are not cost-effective, they often increase coastal
vulnerability in adjacent areas
3 Costs of EIA and transportation of raw materials are excluded from the calculation. 4 Groin bays are proposed specifically to reduce the rate of sand loss over time.
53
Investments proposed with the LDCF resources under this Output have immediate and direct adaptation benefits
to circa 14,000 people who currently reside in the nearby area (Serrekunda District and Kololi Wards etc) as well as
indirect benefits to all residents in Kotu and Serrekunda who rely on the public services most notably from the
tourist resorts and associated retail / restaurant outlets (and infrastructure) located nearby. The proper
engineering design with 50-year design standard will further ensure sustained benefits to future generations. The
element of sand recharge involved with the scheme will also bring much needed recreational, aesthetic and
touristic benefits.
B4.4 Use of Geo-tubes as coastal protection and river training structures – Tanji Bridge
B4.4.1 The Approach
For this PI, it is proposed that the key intervention approach is to manage the drainage outflow from the land to
the sea. This is to be undertaken through a combination of artificial flow regime channeling (using geotube
defences to construct a river training wall/channel outflow), sediment recycling and rock groyne construction to
contain beach levels at Tanji Bridge. Figure B4.22 shows the possible locations of the intervention measure at Tanji
Bridge. The purpose of the intervention is not to directly provide protection to the Tanji Fishing Centre, but to
focus more fully on protecting the road communication (protection scheme) to help ensure transport to market
communication links are kept open.
4.4.2 The Location The Tanji Fishing Centre is the Gambia’s biggest and most complex landing site for artisanal fisheries. Although
most of the fishermen are of foreign origin (mainly from neighbouring Senegal), almost the entire post‐landing
operators are Gambians with women forming the overwhelming majority. Recent surveys undertaken by NEA
during 2012 reveals clear evidence of severe erosion of the coastline as well as pollution in and around the fish
processing plant built under a Japanese Technical Cooperation project. Severe erosion along the valley of the
nearby lagoon is now threatening with collapse a high tension electricity cable with a pole undercut by water (see
Figure B4.23. The Tanji center comprises an ice plant with capacity to produce 10 tons of flake ice per day, a chill
room with 10 tons loading capacity, refrigerated trucks, five fibre glass canoes with nets, and landing facilities. It is
the busiest artisanal fish centre in the country benefitting local communities involved in artisanal fishing, fish
processing (smoking and drying), fish marketing and other related activities. Most of the smoking facilities
(constructed of concrete) in Gambia are established in Tanji and Gunjur. In Tanji 27 smokehouses are in operation
with 600 smoke ovens. The Tanji fishing community support any intervention that this LDCF/GEF Prodoc can
provide (see Appendix D and N). The following summarises their opinions:
1. The community has organized themselves into a fisher folks association as an umbrella for all operators in the
fisheries value chain to undertake development projects/programmes;
54
2. The severe erosion of the coastline is the long‐term consequence of the previous beach nourishment project
implemented northwards in Banjul and Bakau areas. While The project has encouraged sediment deposition at the
latter sites, it however, has led to removals southwards, including the Tanji beaches;
3. The destructive force of the waves of the Atlantic Ocean is not only causing severe erosion of the coastline, but
also destroying fishing gear such as anchored boats, and even harming human beings who try to rescue these
vessels;
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Figure B4.23 Erosion issues at Tanji Bridge (images taken from NEA 2012)
Figure B4.24 Proposed location of geotube protection structure, sediment recycling plus and groynes.
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A series of hard and soft defence measures are proposed as part of this PI. The first technique/measure is
represented by the construction of river training defence to artificially manage the flow of water from land to sea.
The meandering nature of the existing river outlet along the beach is the main cause of beach denudation in the
local area. The management of the mobile sand spit is seen as the key engineering aspect to consider. The scheme
is also designed to encourage sediment recycling (through the use of sand pumps) and transfer from the accreting
north east side of the spit to the eroding foreshore in front of the river. This sediment redistribution is not likely to
have an impact on localized sediment budgets (i.e.: no net deficit – just redistribution).
The replenished beach will then be held in place through the construction of two concrete or rock groynes to help
create a natural buffer to protect the man-made assets located on shoreline. The groynes shall reduce the rate of
beach loss and thus extending the lifetime of the backing investments.
Table B4.3 identifies the project criteria associated with this PI.
Site: Kombo Beach Intervention: Use of Geo-tubes as coastal protection and river training structures – Kombo Beach.
Criteria Rating Comments
Demonstrative value Excellent Local materials to create the material for filling geo-tubes. Local quarried could be used for rock groynes and existing sand bag material to be re-used as a buried embankment defence to be non-visually intrusive on this tourist frontage. Maintenance dredge material from Banjul Port Authority makes this a possible replicable technique. The approach is needed for a number of similar river outlet erosional challenges around Gambia (eg: Tanji Bridge) and so its scope for replicability is high.
Additionality Good Use of material from Banjul Port represents a very useful additionality approach as it is economically advantageous to the Port Authority to not dispose of the material offshore. Protection to the tourist sector coupled with improved visual appeal to the beach frontage will benefit the tourism sector. The approach is needed for a number of similar river outlet erosional challenges around Gambia (eg: Tanji Bridge) and so its scope for replicability is high.
Cost Moderate Initial costs to be medium with respect geotube placements and rock groyne construction. Potentially lower cost of recharge if material is supplied directly from recycling materials from the south west side of the existing river entrance.
Urgency Good This is quite an urgent action. The tourist community has already lost much of its beach which is impacting on tourist experience. The protection afforded by this approach to the local tourism.
Social mobilisation Good Consultation has shown a well mobilised tourist community and a willingness and commitment to take part in project has been agreed.
Gender Good The integrated approach holds potential for involvement of both genders in activities.
Sustainability Moderate Recycling should be able to be maintained and implemented by the tourist community.
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Exemplars Good. The approach is needed for a number of similar river outlet erosional challenges around Gambia (eg: Tanji Bridge) and so its scope for replicability is high.
Table B4.3
For the geotube defence, it is recommended that a woven Geo-Textile Tube System (or similar) is adopted. These
should be constructed of a filter-weave Geo-Textile with woven fabrics of monofilament and multifilament yarn,
which are highly tolerant of UV radiation. These provide a superior strength and durability. Figures B4.25 and
B4.26 show examples of the placement of the geotubes and discharge pipes which can make use of dredge
material from the lagoon wetland area (muds) or possibly be filled with maintenance dredge material from Banjul
Port to the north).
Figure B4.25 – Examples of pipeline placement and scour apron from to placement of geotube (examples from Guyana)
Figure B4.26 – Examples of geotube defence being filled and their appearance at low tide(examples from Guyana)
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Figure B4.27 – Examples of geotube defence being covered by rock for extra protection (possible future intervention at Tanji – not costed for in this example).
Any placement of the geotube (or bag if preferred) will require regular inspection and maintenance. As the main
important issue is the management of the scheme, the geotube may be designed with a crest height that allows a
degree of overtopping from the land side, In addition, fronting beach levels will change and the dynamic link with
sediment pumping and recycling will need to be designed as an iterative process that reflects the dynamics of the
natural system. To this end, a detailed engineering report is needed that better identifies the practicalities of
geotube placement and the details associated with sand pumping etc. Figure B4.27 shows that the geotube could
be covered by rock armour in some instances.
4.4.3 Estimated Costs
EXPENDITURE ITEM COST (US$)
Rehabilitation, bridge design and supervision
3,000
Actual civil works (materials purchase) 22,000
Design Drawings and cost estimate of sea wall 24,000
Procurement (tendering and Evaluation of bids) Supervision of Civil Works 12,000
NEA co-ordination of different stakeholders, organization of meetings, transport refund, etc 6,000
Environmental Impact Assessment study of the project in collaboration with stakeholders 6,000
NEA regular monitoring of the site 5,000
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EXPENDITURE ITEM COST (US$)
GTBoard continuous monitoring of the site and upkeep to ensure tidiness as a tourist attraction site 10,000
Civil Works component of the Project (including 4 x 25m geotube purchase and 2 concrete groyne construction)
400,000
Sand pump purchase and recycling programmes at least twice a year 98,000
Total Project cost (US$) 687,000
B4.5 Mangrove Study, Regeneration and planting (Bintang)
B4.5.1 Background
The Gambia is very rich in mangroves. Six of the seven species of mangroves found in West Africa occur in the Gambia. Mangrove ecosystems are very important refugees utilized by some nationally rare species. Despite their important role, mangrove ecosystems are being degraded due to increasing human pressure. This is compounded by the lack of a national mangrove policy and mangrove dieback especially in the Bintang Bolong area. The cause of the mangrove dieback is not clearly known.
Effective conservation of mangroves in the Gambia will require studying the cause of the mangrove dieback, preparing a national mangrove policy, implementing mangrove regeneration programmes and developing site-specific management plans for each intervention site.
B4.5.2 The Need to Study the cause of mangrove dieback
Mangrove dieback is a common phenomena especially in the Bintang Bolong area. Despite the seriousness of the issue, the cause of mangrove dieback in the Gambia remains unclear. The objective of this study is to investigate the cause of mangrove dieback in the Bintang Bolong and other areas of the country. Three consultants; a mangrove species expert, a mangrove ecosystem fauna expert and a soil salinity expert will be hired to conduct the studies.
B4.5.3 The Need for a National Mangrove Policy
The sheltered coast of the Gambia is dominated by 66900 hectares of mangrove forest, including 15000 hectares of tall mangrove (Rhizophora) and 51900 hectares of short mangrove (Avicennia and Laguncularia) (Republic of the Gambia 2006). The coastal and marine zone harbours important spawning grounds for regional coastal and marine fisheries. It is also an important feeding, nesting, breeding, refuge and habitat of nationally and regionally endangered and threatened species. Mangrove ecosystems are utilized by some nationally rare species such as Tragelaphus spekei (Sitatunga), Aonyx capensis (African Clawless Otter) and Trichechus senegalensis (West African Manatee) (Bakurin et al. 2010).
Mangrove ecosystems are under increasing human pressure due to the exploitation of coastal and marine resources for both subsistence and economic purposes. These pressures have had serious impacts on the ecological integrity of the zone, particularly on the mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove coverage in the Gambia has declined from 704 km
2 in 1980 to 580 km
2 in 2005 (Corcoran et al. 2007). Mangrove ecosystems are threatened
with anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction through human encroachment as a result of increasing human population and declining productive land. Habitat destruction has been identified as a primary cause of
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mangrove loss and the serious decline in populations of marine mammals such as Manatees and Dugongs (Alvarez-Leon, 2001). Mangrove ecosystems are also degraded by environmental stress factors such as the 1970s severe drought in the Sahel, which led to deeper tidal penetration and increased soil and water salinity, the principal causes of the mangrove dieback (Corcoran et al. 2007).
Despite their ecological and economic importance, mangrove ecosystems continue to decline in the Gambia. A number of mangrove regeneration projects have been implemented by the West African Bird Study Association (WABSA), the Integrated Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Management (ICAM) Project Phase 2 and Try Oyster Women’s Association. Moreover, the Department of Parks and Wildlife Management (DPWM) have established a number of protected areas in the coastal and marine zone. Plans are also being made to establish another marine protected area: the proposed Jokadu National Park, in the North Bank region. However, all these efforts have been hindered by the lack of harmonization of legislation and an integrated approach to the management of mangrove ecosystems. The management of mangroves falls under three different departments: Forestry, Fisheries and Parks and Wildlife Management. Each of these departments has its own sectoral legislation which is sometimes conflicting with those of the other departments.
The Gambia has no national policy for the effective conservation and management of mangroves in the country. A national mangrove policy will give a sense of direction and serve as the blueprint for the conservation and sustainable management of mangroves in the country. It will help to improve the problem of cross-sectoral collaboration. The objective of the national mangrove policy would therefore be to promote effective conservation and management of mangroves in the Gambia through harmonization of sectoral responsibilities. The policy will clearly spell out institutional arrangements with regard to mangrove management in the country.
B4.5.4 The Need for Site Management Plans
Mangrove regeneration is one way of restoring mangrove ecosystems. However, effective management of restored areas requires the formulation of site-specific management plans. The local communities and all the stakeholders should be actively involved in the development of the management plan for each site. The management plans will be based on a co-management approach to conservation. Three consultants; a mangrove ecosystem expert, a community engagement expert and an ecotourism expert, will be hired to develop a site-speficic management plan for each mangrove regeneration site.
B4.5.5 Overview to the PI
This Project Intervention (PI) includes the initiation and construction of soft engineering methods that enhance and improve the resilience of mangrove habitats. Up to 2500 ha of mangroves forests close to Bintang are proposed to be planted within existing creek systems. Intervention programmes shall be introduced to help restore and maintain mangrove ecosystems (with specific management plans). New mangrove regeneration strategies and community intervention programmes (“cash for work”) shall be undertaken to help vulnerable areas better withstand climate-induced pressures.
B4.5.6 The Proposed Location - Bintang Bolong
The Bao Bolong, Bintang Bolong and Darsilami, Jokadu areas have mangrove forest that require urgent intervention. The Bintang bolong has been chosen among these areas for mangrove regeneration because it has
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high potential in terms of demonstrative value, additionality, cost, urgency, social mobilization, gender, sustainability and replicability.
The village of Bintang is located near the Bintang Bolong tributary in Foni Bintang District, West Coast Region, about 30 km from the regional capital of Brikama. The Bintang Bolong is one of the five large tributaries of the River Gambia on which the natural drainage of the country is centered. The other tributaries are the Bao, the Nianija, Sandougou and Sofaniama Bolongs. The Bintang area has a high diversity of mangrove species. Four of the six species of mangroves found in the country Conocarpus erectus, Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora harrissonii and Lagunculari racemosa occur in the area.
The village of Bintang has a human population of 700. Their main sources of livelihood include cultivation of groundnuts, rice and vegetables as well as fishing. During the consultations with the local community, the main challenges facing the village were identified as mangrove die back, saline water intrusion into rice fields and destruction of forest upland. Mangrove die back is believed to have been responsible for the drastic reduction in fish catches in the tributary. The key intervention proposed to address mangrove die back was to initiate a mangrove regeneration project near the tributary.
Mangrove regeneration in degraded areas can be done in two ways: natural and artificial. Natural regeneration has the advantage of producing the natural pattern of the original mangrove forest and is less disturbing to the environment. However, natural regeneration may not be successful in areas without adequate seed supply and /or areas of poor soil. In artificial regeneration of mangroves, seeds or seedlings are planted in degraded areas where planting materials are not adequately available. The advantage of artificial regeneration is that species composition, distribution and seedling density can be controlled. Similarly, the natural pattern of the mangrove forest can also be artificially recreated. Moreover, regeneration can also be done based on the objectives of the project such as conservation, sustainable yield and protection of coastal areas. The objectives of the mangrove regeneration project in Bintang are:
to restore the degraded area and conserve biodiversity
to enhance sustainable utilization for fishery products and
to enhance the protection of the area from the negative effects of climate change-related disasters such as storm surges and floods.
B4.5.7 – Engineering Approach
Site selection
The degraded area to be planted is selected based on ground height and tidal condition, salinity, topography and hydrological manipulations and soil conditions. For instance, Rhizophora species prefer tidal heights corresponding to mean water and lowest water levels and Avicennia species prefer mid-water but not lowest low-water level. Salinity may be influenced by freshwater supply, location of rivers, location of rivers, seasonal changes in freshwater supply, exposure to sunlight, etc. Different mangrove species prefer different salinity levels. For instance, Avicennia species prefer high salinity levels and Rhizophora species prefer intermediate levels of salinity (brackish water).
Species selection
The candidate species for regeneration are selected based on the need for planting, adaptability of species, natural occurrence of species, availability and maturity of seeds/seedlings, size of propagule, zonation pattern, tidal amplitude and salinity. Four mangrove species: Conocarpus erectus, Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora harrissonii
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and Lagunculari racemosa occurr in the area. Among these species R. mangle has been selected because it is the most degraded, is adapted to the area, occurs naturally and its propagules are available. Moreover, Rhizophora species are also good candidates for coastal protection, restoration of degraded areas and harvest of forest products.
B4.5.8 Opportunities and Challenges
The planting of mangroves will be conducted by the local community of Bintang on a voluntary basis. The propagules of Rhizophora mangle will be collected from the mangrove forest near Bintang in summer (June to August). The number of propagules to be collected depends on the size of the area selected for mangrove regeneration.
Two hundred and fifty thousand mangrove propagules will be planted in a 50 hectare area of mudflats near the tributary in summer. Propagules of R. mangle will be planted directly in the muddy areas with 2 m spacing between them.
Monitoring is crucial to the success of any reforestation programme. The planted propagules should be regularly monitored to enhance proper regeneration. The propagules should be monitored monthly for two years in order to know the percentage of survival.
B4.5.9 Estimated Costs
Table B4.5.1 Estimated cost of the mangrove planting project at Bintang.
DESCRIPTION UNIT COST (GAMBIAN DALASIS) TOTAL COST (GAMBIAN DALASIS)
Community consultation
Cost of fuel for a vehicle for 1 day @ D4000 per day 4000
Cost of drinks for participants for 1 day
@ D1000 per day 1000
Sub-total 5000
Mangrove planting
Cost of fuel for project vehicle for 2 trips to Bintang
@D4000 per trip 8000
Cost of fuel for 10 boats for 2 days of mangrove propagule collection
@ D500 per boat per day 10000
Cost of fuel for 10 boats for 2 days of propagule planting
@ D500 per boat per day 10000
Sub-total 28000
Monitoring
Salary for project corodinator for 2 years
@ D180000 per year 360000
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DESCRIPTION UNIT COST (GAMBIAN DALASIS) TOTAL COST (GAMBIAN DALASIS)
Salary for 2 field staff for 2 years @ D120000 per person per year 480000
Cost of fuel for 2 years @ D20000 per month 480000
Cost of 4 WD vehicle for monitoring @ D500000 500000
Cost of 4 laptop computers @ D30000 per computer D120000
Rent of office space for 2 years @ D5000 per month D120000
Cost of stationary for 2 years @ D5000 per month D120100
Sub-total D2180000
Total (Dalasi) D2213100
Total (US$) US$200.000 (80,050 per site – 2 sites are proposed as part of this LDCF/GEF intervention)
Table B4.5.2 Estimated cost of the mangrove rehabilitation project
Description Unit cost (US$) Total cost (US$)
Hiring of three national consultants to study mangrove dieback
@ 10,000 per consultant 40,000
Hiring of three national consultants to develop a national mangrove policy
@ 10,000 per consultant 30,000
Hiring three national consultants to prepare a management plan for the Bintang mangrove regeneration project
@ 10,000 per consultant 30,000
Total cost 100,000
Table B4.5.3 Estimated cost of the mangrove die-back study
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Figure B4.5i. Bintang Bolong Fishing Center, Bintang village. (Photo: Amadou S. Camara, October 2012).
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Figure B4.5ii Bintang local community and locally produced mangrove seedlings
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B5 – Information and Data Requirements
B5.1 Initial Data Collection and Pre-construction Monitoring
Technical Datasets Required
Collecting data (monitoring) of each Pilot Project will assist in proper design of the pilot, and improve design
procedures, construction methods, operations, and maintenance. Comparison with historic information will aid in
understanding processes and changes at the site of interest.
Data collection and monitoring studies are required before, during, and after construction. Data collected prior to
pilot project construction establishes the baseline data which is very important to help evaluation success of the
LDCF project. In addition, some data may need to be updated during the design phase of each pilot (i.e.: up to
December 2013). Some data (such as topographic and hydrographic surveys of the pilot project areas), may need
to be updated during the planning and contract specifications phase in order to have the most current information
available prior to release of the tender documentation.
Table B5.1 presents a list of data needs and sources that could be of use for each of the pilot projects mentioned in
Section 4 (NB: the link and additionality with the EC GCCA ICZM Project is linked very closely to achieving the data
and information requirements needed).
Data Needed Best Sources Alternative Sources
Site map/real estate
(Needed to locate structures, land
features, utilities, roads and property or
ownership boundaries.)
Recent surveys Village / District maps, atlases, Local
utility companies, Digitize aerial
photographs. Sketch of site with
proposed structures located by existing
features.
Site topography & bathymetry
(Land and underwater contours needed
to transform waves to site, determine
dredge and beach fill quantities, structure
lengths.)
Port companies (e.g.:
Banjul Port Authority)
Existing admiralty charts and maps;
Contractor surveys, visual estimation of
elevations and slopes
Directional wave statistics (height,
period & direction)
(Needed for estimation of incident wave
for structure design, time series for
sediment transport evaluation, shoreline
Directional wave gauge
deployed near site
Deep water wave gauge with waves
refracted to coast. Wave hindcast using
wind statistics or Wave hindcast using
design wind
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response and beach fill design, channel
design (vessel effects)
Water level (Tidal and Storm setup)
Needed for incident wave computations,
flood evaluations, structure toe depths)
Water level gauge near
site
Interpolation between gauges to site,
Peak stage gauge, tide mark position,
numerical models
Currents (Tidal and Longshore)
Needed for sediment transport
evaluations, dredge disposal fate, scour
potential).
Directional current
meter.
Non-directional current meter,
Measurements using drogues/floats,
Seabed drifters, Numerical models
Environmental data
(Needed for evaluation of natural and
existing environment, and the potential
effects of human activity on flora, fauna,
and water quality)
Likely to be collated as
part of any proposed
EIA (to gain a NEA
environmental permit)
Table B5.1 – Indicative data requirements for each Pilot Project
Pre-construction Monitoring
A monitoring report for each pilot project is needed. This should include details on “Operational monitoring” which
is needed to obtain data for the design, operation, and maintenance of each pilot project. It shall also need to
include the approach for “Research monitoring” which is required to assess the performance of each pilot project
in comparison with its predicted performance or to assist in broadening the understanding of physical processes in
the surrounding area. Information may be required such as check surveys or environmental monitoring of
threatened or endangered species during project construction. Post-construction monitoring maybe operational or
research-oriented (as required by Gambia)
The success of a pre-construction monitoring program depends upon creation of an extensive and implementable
monitoring plan. In developing the plan, the processes and data which most affect each pilot project should be
identified. These aspects have already been briefly highlighted in Section 4 of this report. To be effective, any pre-
construction monitoring should occur when changes are likely to happen (i.e.: during the winter storm period) and
at sufficient intervals to properly assess changes.
Timing of the monitoring should account for seasonal changes in order to allow differentiation from a project-
induced change. Monitoring frequency also should be variable, with more data being gathered immediately after
the project is in place. As project effects diminish, frequency can be reduced.
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Site Visits It is imperative that one fully understand the erosion and flooding problems being experienced at each pilot area
site. This has been briefly assessed in Section 4, though it is imperative that the request for a solution to a coastal
“problem” is valid or accurately stated. The role of NEA and MoW in particular is crucial here, towards helping to
accurately understand the behaviour of physical processes in operation at each site. Once this is understood, it
should therefore be considered vital to meet with those involved and to visit the site in order to gain an
appreciation of the scope of the problem and to observe the scale and relationships of the various
physical/geologic features.
B5.2 Stakeholder Information and Land Ownership The problem to be confronted may entail not only balancing existing data and the need to gather more with
available monetary resources, but also what to do when the project needs to be built with minimal scientific data
available. The latter situation will require a more imaginative approach to assess the basic governing processes of
the region. Narrative and verbal sources of information will be very helpful. These may include newspaper reports,
diaries, local historians, fishermen, marina operators, harbour masters, and local residents. Local communities who
are especially familiar with the area may give a description of historical positions of the shore, past structures
which have since deteriorated, and major storm events.
B5.3 Mitigating Against the Risk of Pilot Project Failure The risk of Pilot Project failure needs to be addressed. Setting up appropriate mitigation action is clearly of utmost importance. This is critical for projects such as those being proposed as a key output of the LDCF project, especially where one is introducing a relatively new international concept (“Salt-Rice-Fish wetland scheme) into a nation where previously this has not been developed. There are lessons from overseas to identify why the initiation of certain field projects fail (i.e.: similar projects seeking to design appropriate soft coastal engineering pilot projects). The key reasons include:
1. The selection of techniques and locations are not unanimously adopted with the local population; 2. Not enough consideration is given to local environmental “ground” or surrounding coastal processes
conditions, local delivery mechanisms and/or who is to be involved in delivering /contracting the appropriate teams to undertake the pilot project;
3. The timing for embarking on the pilot project (during quieter less stormy seasons) is important. This may mean a delay in delivering the project on the ground.
4. Delays in getting the necessary environmental permits to start (initiate) the pilot projects; 5. Communication of the project intentions have not been clearly thought through.
The latter point is a particular risk for this project. Training is obviously very important and this needs to be designed in a careful manner. Any training material produced for individual courses should be reviewed and exploited in a systematic manner. It is therefore proposed that a project ‘Technical Working Group’ should be set up. This group, with representation from a range of stakeholder groups, can be used to help design the content of a proposed “Sea and River Defence Risk Management Guidebook Manual” which has a target audience of local decision makers and engineers. This initiative will prove very useful to help with wider dissemination of the project
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intended outcomes around the Gambia. It shall help to offer an opportunity to capitalize on lessons learnt during the implementation of the project. In addition to the above, the implementation of the pilot projects should consider the following in order to allow the achievement of the expected results.
Reinforce the scientific monitoring modalities in a coherent manner to ensure that decisions are made in the short and longer term interest of the overall project objectives as defined in the project document but also taking into account new developments in the field of adaptation to climate change.
Reduce the distance, where needed, between project beneficiaries (local communities) to better respond to their needs and support field work on project pilot sites. Once a pilot approach is approved and validated by the national Project Steering Committee; delegating responsibility to specific Districts and/or contracting local support in consultation with local authorities and communities is recommended, to establish sustainable practice to implement actions in coherence with other on-going development activities.
Enhance the dialogue between UNDP managers and project staff to make them mutually aware of the critical importance of project deadlines and the need for flexibility on both sides.
Financial engineering for income generating activities - It is recommended, where possible, to enhance the resilience of the local Gambia people through the “Sea and River Defence Risk Management” process. Linking mariculture development with sea level rise adaptation engineering measures (e.g.: SRF wetland scheme) is proposed to be included in the design where possible to reflect local population needs in the wetland areas. Income generation activities are relevant to the objective of the project as it allows increasing people’s resilience. A practical solution would be to explore working in cooperation with other initiatives, in particular the GEF Small Grant programme (SGP).
B5.4 Raising Awareness amongst Stakeholders The proposed pilot projects all need to be supported by the following additional actions by all Gambian stakeholders:
Development and dissemination of project promotional and informational material.
Conducting a project awareness raising workshop for local authority, community leadership, government departments, NGOs and other opinion leaders in the pilot area.
Establishing an adaptation to climate change committee in each pilot area, comprising of community leadership and representatives of relevant governorates and government departments, to guide the identification and implementation of pilot projects.
Training of communities on the anticipated threats of climate change and potential adaptation measures that strengthen resilience.
Regular monitoring of the pilot projects (see Section B5.1).
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It is common experience that globally, good practice dictates that that is often identified is where the initiative directly involves the local communities. Depending on the modalities that will be negotiated for the final step to make it operational (in a participatory manner generating mutually benefits for all stakeholders), the initiative can become a total success story. The dynamism of the project management team is certainly the key factor to make it happen. The worst practice often applies where there is a clear disconnect between field work and central national management team. This can therefore refer to any community engagement strategy likely to be adopted by NEA and MoW for any of the pilot projects being proposed. It advisable that all pilot project engineering designs are kept as simple as possible, and involve the local community in helping towards initiatives such as the construction of grass/wicker polder groynes or the construction of SRF “mounds and ditches” where appropriate.
B6 Pilot Project Risk Management The following table B6.1, includes a series of pilot project specific risks that require consideration as they were raised during subsequent stakeholder discussions. It should also be read in conjunction with the Risk Analysis table presented in Appendix G.
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Table B6.1 – Pilot Project Related Risks
Risk High Med Low Category Proposed Mitigation Strategy
Appropriate ministries and
agencies are not willing to
engage with project staff in
creation of the pilot projects
X Operational High level support of the project within key Ministries will need to be mobilized. Currently,
overlapping mandates will need to be clarified and roles and responsibilities for coastal
adaptation introduced based on wide consultation and consensus-based decisions. Existing
stakeholder coordination platforms such as CMEU will need to be reinforced.
Local stakeholders are not
committed to implement
“soft” engineering adaptation
measures on the ground;
precluding systematic tracking
of development and
adaptation benefits;
X
Operational Continuous stakeholder consultation and engagement will need to be employed by the project.
Meetings with local stakeholders to explain project activities and enlist support need to be
planned and delivered. Community mobilization and participation in design, implementation and
impact monitoring of on-the-ground adaptation measures will be a key part of the pilot project
methodology.
The government, at its high
level is not sufficiently
supportive of or engaged in
the coastal policy planning
process.
X Regular outreach and training/informing programmes are needed (aimed at key ministry
contacts) to explain progress and demonstrate benefits of the “Sea and River Defence Risk
Management” approach.
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Overcoming political inertia x Political The proposed project outcomes (i.e.:delivery of the “Sea and River Defence Risk Management”
concept) will require a substantial change of view within governments, Districts and coastal
communities, changing from reactive crisis management to proactive sustianable sea and river
defence risk management. This needs to include emphasis on addressing issues of land use
planning in the context of coastal management. The greatest risk in this regard is inertia within
government agencies towards change. This risk however is likely to be minimized by impressing
upon government that this UNDP project is an opportunity to be a catalyst for those additional
changes needed to deliver sustainable development programmes and policies. Given the
multitude of stakeholders involved at different levels in different societies, integrated
communication and coordination will be key to this success, as well as the need for continued buy
in and support from all relevant stakeholders. The project aims to address these potential risks by
choosing demonstration pilot areas in locations where a successful outcome is highly likely (i.e.: in
areas where there are existing initiatives with substantial community involvement is likely).
Managing seasonal storm risk x Strategic Unfavourable climatic conditions, possibly including coastal storms, may occur during the project
life cycle. An important assumption is that these climatic extremes will be within coping range and
that existing institutions and com munity groups will rapidly absorb and act on the new skills,
technical approaches and knowledge acquired. The timing of the pilot study implementation
phase needs to reflect storm risks in scheme design, construction and baseline monitoring
approaches.
National economic
development stalls, and
poverty strengthens in the
project areas, thereby
increasing pressure on natural
resource base.
x Financial There is a low chance in Gambia that this will happen, despite the current global economic crisis.
The project strategy will be to focus the project activities at the site level, and improve efforts in
involve and work with the communities.
National policy does not
quickly adopt the lessons
learnt from the
x Regulatory The project will need to use existing and new mechanisms (e.g. through the adoption of the newly
proposed Sea and River Defence Policy Framework – SRDPF) to ensure lessons learnt from the
pilot projects are transferred to the national level and delivery of Sea and River Defence
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demonstrations at the sites. Investment Plans - SRDIMPS. Where necessary, the project will complement existing mechanisms
by developing its own bottom-up transfer mechanisms – e.g. creation of Community Flood
Groups, seminars, or lobbying on specific issues.
Project successes are not
maintained after the project,
and are not replicated to
other sites.
Operational The project strategy needs to ensure that suitable communication mechanisms are set up
including websites and the production of easy to understand Guidance Documents on the
importance of the “Sea and River Defence Risk Management” concept and how this can be
translated into Gambian land use planning policy on the coast. If these are effectively set up,
together, they should ensure the sustainability and replicability of the project successes to other
areas.
Frequent changes in the
government can delay
approvals of necessary
documents and stagnate the
project progress.
x Political The project will try to adapt to the changing environment by monitoring it closely and engaging
with new officials as they are appointed. Project staff needs to be politically experienced and
connected with possibilities to obtain necessary support both from the national and local
authorities.
Some key partners will feel
difficulties (limitation of their
potential of cooperation-
technical, political, personnel)
in effective partnership.
x Operational Regular information sharing and meetings to educate and raise the awareness will be provided to
mitigate the risk.
Stage-by-stage cooperation plans will be applied to decrease this risk. Other partners also will also
be involved to mitigate this risk.
Administrative barriers to
project implementation at
both national and local level
which might impose delays in
project implementation.
x Operational Integration of climate and adaptation issues and Sea and River Defence Risk Management to
policies may be stalled due to the need for progress, political will and understanding at Ministerial
level in Gambia. There is a need to sign and secure a specific agreement (with agreed guidelines
for the production of a Sea and River Defence Policy Framework for Gambia which will help to
provide a platform for the formal delivery of Sea and River Defence Investment Plans (SRDIMPs)
for the Gambian shoreline (priority focus on open “tourist” coast of Kotu/Kombo and Cape Point
in the first instance). This shall involve key elements of coastal zone management and climate
change adaptation.
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Regular information sharing and meetings to educate and raise the awareness will be provided to
mitigate the risk. Other partners also will be involved including the NEA which is vital when
seeking to attain the necessary environmental permits required for the pilot projects.
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ANNEX 1
Enhancing resilience of Vulnerable Coastal Areas and
Communities to Climate Change in the Republic of
Gambia
Vulnerability Consultation Pack
The following overview is produced to help National Consultants and the PPG Core Group to “communicate” the
requirements of the PPG. The “Pack” is comprised of 5 separate task exercises. These are designed to help gather
thoughts, concerns and recommendations from Gambian stakeholders to help determine the most appropriate
locations for interventions (based on number of vulnerable populations) and also the engineering technique that is
most likely to achieve the objectives of the PPG.
The project proposal is currently at Step 2 of a 5 Step process (see Figure 1). Step 1 has been discussed in depth as
part of the DIVA assessment for Gambia plus on-going work (?) and studies are in place to add to this knowledge.
Step 2 now requires all stakeholders to “select the course of action” for the delivery of this current PPG for
Gambia.
Figure 1 – Five Step Procedure for Gambia
The Consultation Approach (August to October 2012)
It is important for the PPG approach to ensure all consultees (local communities to Government bodies) to help
communicate their views on coastal engineering interventions and from this, to prioritise the climate change
related vulnerabilities they experience. This will help in selecting the most appropriate intervention techniques
required. As major stakeholders in the process, all consultees need to have the opportunity to have an input
towards selecting the most appropriate way forward for specific vulnerable communities and to provide input into
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the final location selection process. The possible techniques which could be pursued are presented in Exercise 1
(to be developed by National Consultants).
Structure of the Consultation Approach
Exact details of the approach to consulting local communities/government officials are not presented here. This
shall be agreed amongst the 3 National Consultants on the project (Championed by Bolong Sonko). The following
structure is proposed for adherence. This is not, however, a rigid approach and the National Consultants are
encouraged to adapt this approach where appropriate to gather the necessary information required for populate
the PPG with the suitable evidence to support the proposal. The purpose of the consultation approach is to gather
evidence that a specific intervention technique is needed by a community and that they will take “ownership” of
the approach. Without this evidence, the GEF selection panel may not endorse the project. Therefore, collecting
and demonstrating the need for any intervention measure is pivotal to the success of the PPG.
The structure to the consultation approach is as follows:
Exercise 1 List of Coastal Protection Intervention Techniques for Gambia (a pre-consultation exercise);
Exercise 2 Agreeing Appropriate Coastal Protection techniques (a stakeholder consultation exercise);
Exercise 3 Applying the Technique and benefits over time (Sustainability) (a stakeholder consultation exercise);
Exercise 4 Selection of Techniques to address Vulnerability Levels (a stakeholder consultation exercise);
A recommended approach for development of a future sustainable intervention measures for Gambia is through
the assessment of management options to take account of the way lengths of coastal interact with each other,
rather than considering locations in isolation. The consultation approach therefore needs to identify the
appropriate combinations of approaches to be appraised for different “coastal stretches” of Gambia. Figure 2
addresses the options that should be consulted upon. Figure 3 identifies the spatial location of possible
intervention measures across a beach cross section.
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Figure 2 – Management Options for Gambia
Hard Structure Approaches
The intent of this “Approach” is to maintain the current position of the coast and the level of defence using hard structure techniques. This does not necessarily mean that the hard defences would be maintained in exactly the same form as they are at present. There may be a need to adjust the local alignment in the future or to replace or add to structures e.g. constructing cross shore or shore-linked structures, such as groynes or breakwaters, may be one approach adopted under this Approach in specific cases. Its sets the intent to maintain the current position of the coast in an appropriate manner, which will differ depending on the specific local issues. The techniques involved under this approach include:
Seawalls
Offshore breakwaters
Revetments
Gabions
Soft Structure Approaches
The intent of this “Approach” is to maintain the current level of defence using “soft” structure techniques such techniques may allow the shoreline to move backwards or forwards, with management to control or limit movement (such as reducing erosion or building new soft structures on the landward side of the original defences).
Soft structure approaches maybe used where there is a need for continued intervention to achieve a specific outcome. It may arise from a series of different circumstances. The overall aim is that management of the shoreline would be improved by either allowing or creating the conditions for the coast to realign. The techniques involved under this approach include:
Beach nourishment
Beach recycling
Groyne structures
Mangrove/wetland rehabilitation
Artificial headlands
Accommodation Approaches
The intent of this “Approach” is to review and/or adopt new planning tools (such as “buffer zone” creation or the use of development set back techniques to enable the coast to accommodate sea level rise and storm surge inundation events). This Approach is not an engineering option, but represents a very important planning option to help coastal communities adapt to climate change. The techniques involved under this approach include:
Building permit control
Land use planning regulations
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Raising road levels
“climate proofing” property
Evacuation route construction.
No Active Intervention No Active Intervention (NAI), where there is no investment in coastal defences or operations. A No Active Intervention Approach arises from the coast that needs to be allowed to develop naturally. Typically, it may be that erosion of a frontage is providing sediment to other sections of the coast. It may, therefore, be important that the coast is allowed to continue to erode if sustainable intervention is to be achieved elsewhere.
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Figure 3 - Cross Section of Possible Intervention Measures Proposed for Gambia (indicative only)
MHW
MLW
MSL (2050)
MSL (2030)
(Salient formation in lee of breakwater supplemented with beach recharge)
Intertidal beach
recharge and groynes
Back Stop sand bag and revetment
Settlements
Low crested breakwater
INTERTIDAL ZONE NEARSHONE ZONE
Purpose • Reduce wave energy impacting on intertidal zone • Encourage sediment deposition in front of eroding
coasts and settlement • Encourage biological diversity as part of the
submerged breakwater structure
Purpose • Reduce wave energy
further • Maintain and/or
enhance beach levels • Create a storm buffer
in front of backing defense
REALIGNMENT ZONE
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Exercise 1 - List of Coastal Protection Intervention Techniques for Gambia
Name of Engineering Intervention
Image of technique Cross Section “Zone” where Technique applies (see below)
Description of Technique Appropriateness to Gambia (and consideration for concept design and costing)
Foreshore /Beach Recharge
Intertidal Zone Beach nourishment (also known as beach recharging) involves the importing of sand or gravel to make good losses due to erosion. If the source of material is local and related by coastal processes to the eroding area then this approach is known as recycling (see below). Foreshore recharge reduces the energy and power of the waves through the introduction of extra sediments onto the intertidal (foreshore) zone. This can reduce wave energy before storm waves reach the upper beach and hard defence line. It is also an effective way of protecting damaged defenses or re-creating eroded foreshore areas. It can help in a long-term strategy of adapting to sea level rise. The technique is not activity undertaken in Gambia and is most likely to require intertidal groyne structures to be constructed to hold beach recharge material in place that will reduce longshore transport losses. Where high value assets are to be protected, the nourishment scheme may be backed by a fixed line of defence such as a sand bag revetment, possibly buried by the nourishment.
Nearshore Recharge
Nearshore Zone This technique is similar to the above (foreshore recharge) but is (in engineering terms) more high risk, as sand material is directly dumped (deposited) from barges onto the nearshore area to help initiate “wave breaking” before they arrive at the shoreline (this reducing their energy). The use of geotextile “bags” or “nets” to hold dredge material on the nearshore slope is an alternative and more effective approach for this technique (see “detached breakwater” option below). Possibly use dredged material from Port of Banjul for recharge.
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Sediment recycling/by-passing
Intertidal zone Recycling is the mechanical shifting of sand or coral boulders from an area of accretion to an area of erosion. Normally recycling would be undertaken at a local level, with sediment being taken from an accreting ridge, the lower beach or a lagoon entrance, and transported a short distance to an eroding beach. Alternatively the donor area may be to landward if sand is blown onto roads or other areas where it is not wanted and from where it can be recovered. Re-profiling is an alternative term, usually referring to the direct transfer of material from the lower to the upper beach or, occasionally, the transfer of sand down the beach face from crest to toe. Recycling sand can be undertaken to repair minor erosion problems such as blowouts, or it can be used to rebuild long lengths of upper beach. Use of boulders is usually restricted to relocating small numbers up the beach face to provide temporary armouring of a short length of dune face suffering minor erosion.
Sand Bag Revetted Walls
Backshore/Realignment zone
Low to moderate energy sandy shorelines requiring lower cost, temporary defence. It provides short term fixed line of defence. Depending upon the content of the sand bags and the tensile strength of the geotextile bags used, there design life can be less than 10 years (often less than 2 if cheap materials are used). The burial (or part burial) of the bags may extend the design life. Sand bags of various sizes and lengths can be used to form temporary reefs, breakwaters, groynes, headlands or revetments on sand beaches. They are potentially most useful as a buried revetment under the beach face, where they will form a final line of protection after the overlaying sand has been eroded by storm waves.
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Gabion revetments or block walls
intertidal and realignment area
Gabions are wire mesh baskets filled with cobbles or crushed coral rock. They are filled in-situ, often with locally available material and therefore have a relatively low capital cost. Because they are flexible and porous they can absorb some wave and wind energy, thereby reducing the scour problems associated with impermeable sea defences such as concrete seawalls. Gabions can be placed as sloping “mattresses” or as near vertical cubic baskets. The latter are intended for lagoon bank stabilisation and are not normally suitable for use in an open coast situation. The purpose of a gabion revetment is to provide short term (5-10 years) protection from backshore erosion by absorbing wave energy along the beach or lagoon bank face. Their application is restricted to either the upper part of sandy beaches or in quieter lagoons, since they are not sufficiently durable to withstand regular direct wave action. They should not be installed on purely coral boulder beaches because wear and tear will rapidly cause damage to the baskets. As they are porous structures they will tend to trap windblown sand and allow the growth of vegetation under favourable conditions.
Artificial Headlands
Intertidal Artificial headlands are coral rock structures built along the toe of eroding beaches to protect strategic points, allowing natural processes to continue along the remaining beach frontage. This is significantly cheaper option than protecting a whole frontage and can provide temporary or long term protection to specific assets at risk. Temporary headlands can be formed of gabions (see above) of coral rock or strategically placed sand bags (see above), but life expectancy will normally be between 1 and 10 years depending upon design techniques used. Stability will depend on the length and spacing of the headlands. Short structures with long gaps will provide local protection but may not allow a stable plan shape to develop. If on-going erosion is severe the headlands may need to be extended or relocated to prevent outflanking or structural failure. The embayment
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between headlands will not become independent units as sand will be transported by wind, waves and currents along the lower foreshore to seaward of the structures.
Restoration of coastal habitats (mangroves)
Nearshore, intertidal and realignment zones
Dissipates wave and tidal energy by trapping littoral sediments thus reducing coastal erosion. Suitable for protection against erosion, flooding / overtopping etc. The main factors to consider when planting mangroves are the spacing of the propagules, number of propagules planted together, time of year when propagules are planted, handling of propagules prior to planting and the frequency of inundation. Often sand bag structures/defence blocks are needed to ensure that suitable protection is afforded to the newly planted mangrove propagules.
Coral Rock Groynes (or coral rock “berms”)
Intertidal zone Groynes are cross-shore structures designed to reduce longshore transport on open beaches or to deflect nearshore currents within a lagoon. On an open beach they are normally built as a series to influence a long section of shoreline that has been nourished or is managed by recycling. Rock is often favoured as the construction material, but timber or gabions can be used for temporary structures of varying life expectancies (timber: 10-25 years, gabions: 1-5 years). Groynes are often used in combination with revetments to provide a high level of erosion protection.Placement of shingle in T-shape or Y-shape formation using larger coral rock boulders placed on the intertidal area as temporary groynes.
Rock Revetment
Back of intertidal zone
Limestone blocks are used and cut into appropriate sizes from the local quarries depending on their exposure to wave energy. Examples exist around Gambia varying from locally designed rock revetments.
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Creation of drainage (flood storage) areas
realignment zone The planned decision to set back coastal defences and to encourage specific areas to be wetland (water storage) areas).
Nearshore artificial breakwaters
Nearshore zone Artificial reef breakwaters are shore parallel rock mound structures set towards low water mark of further offshore. They may be long single structures or form a series of reefs extending for some distance alongshore. Nearshore reefs dissipate part of the incident wave energy before it reaches the beach face, protecting the upper beach from erosion and encouraging deposition. Long continuous structures (sills) reduce wave energy over an extended frontage, resulting in a more stable upper beach face. Shorter, segmented reefs protect short lengths of the shore, allowing erosion to continue elsewhere. The result is an embayed shoreline with upper beach deposits (salients) forming behind the reefs. Salients will allow new beach to develop, but this accretion may be at the expense of continued erosion elsewhere. Recycling or nourishment may address this problem, and will enhance the rate of beach recovery. Tombolos (where the beach sand connects with the breakwater) can form with higher crested breakwaters which will significantly disrupt longshore drift, potentially causing downdrift erosion.
Detached Intertidal (semi-submerged) breakwaters
Intertidal Intertidal (semi submerged) breakwaters are segmented, shore parallel structures built along the mid beach area close to high tide mark. Intertidal breakwaters are semi submerged for at least part of the tidal cycle. They are normally built of coral rock, but can be formed of concrete armour units. At maximum tide levels their crests are still visible, but they may be separated from the shoreline. The gaps allow some wave energy to reach the upper beach. Sand build up in the lee of the structures (salients) may
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grow seawards sufficiently to connect with the structure, forming a “tombolo”. If the salient is stable, new beach may develop.
Reefballs or pre-cast concrete blocks/water tanks (use as offshore reefs)
Nearshore Offshore pre-cast structures offer flexibility, as they come in various sizes, shapes, and designs and can be removed or transferred if needed. They are easy to install and can be constructed locally, even on site. Costs depend on the local prices for concrete, rock, sand, equipment, and boat time for deployment. The moulds are pre-fabricated to the desired size with inflated buoys and balls inside to produce the various holes throughout the unit.
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Exercise 2 - Agreeing Appropriate Coastal Protection techniques
Name of Engineering Intervention being reviewed (as listed in Exercise 1 above)…………………………………………………
Question Score ranking (0-5) Score selection
Does the technique proposed help with delivering effective coastal protection for
vulnerable communities in Gambia?
0 = no
5 = exactly matches
Is it a tested technique that is used in Gambia? 0 = no
5 = very common technique in Gambia
Is it a tested technique on an international level where best practice and lessons learnt
can be accommodated into future designs?
0 = no
5 = very common technique internationally
Is the technique cost effective to implement in Gambia? 0 = very expensive to set up and maintain
5 = low cost and self-sustaining with minimal
maintenance costs
Is the technique robust from an engineering perspective for the Gambian coastal area
(open coast or sheltered river coast)?
0 = very difficult to build due to ground conditions
etc
5 = easily constructed based on ground conditions
experienced in the region
Is the technique able to be constructed and monitored within the timescale of the
project?
0 = highly unlikely
5 = highly possible
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Is there engineering capacity within Gambia to design and construct this technique? 0 = highly unlikely
5 = highly possible
Is there political will to see this type of technique work in Gambia? 0 = low desire to see success
5 = high desire to see success
Are there any socio-economic “benefits” of this technique being applied (e.g: local
business construction needs/benefits to local industry)?
0 = no benefits
5 = considerable economic and social “spin off” work
Will the technique be replicable to other areas in Gambia and could it be designed to
present “additionality” (ie: multi-purpose design opportunities?)
0 = highly unlikely
5= highly likely to be used as a national example of
best practice
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Exercise 3 – Applying the Technique and benefits over time (Sustainability)
The outcome of this exercise should summarise the implication of each of the above 4 Management Approaches over 2 time scales set for the project. This high-level
appraisal of each Management Approach is undertaken to assess potential benefits of implementing the Approach. It outlines current management actions (status), the
key factors within each Coastal Stretch (including possible Key Features) and the level of vulnerability (high /medium/low) for the resident population of each Coastal
Stretch. The assessment is based on an evaluation of wave dynamics and energy regime that exist around the coastline and the implications of this on sediment
movements.
The exercise outcomes are communicated in Appendix D. A sample exercise table is presented for information only.
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COASTAL STRETCH 1 (Buniadu PointIKerenti Bolong to Barra Point)
Summary description: exhibits a strand-plain type of coast consisting of sandy barriers and beach ridges. Extensive mangrove systems border the coastline
south of the Kerenti Bolong and in the immediate vicinity of the Senegal-Gambia border.
Key Features of Unit –,
Management Approach Option Years 0 – 5 (2017) Years 5 - 20 (2032)
Hard Structure Approaches
Soft Structure Approaches
Accommodation Approaches
No Active Intervention
Current status
Existing Defences Vulnerability (people)
Preferred Approach
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Exercise 4 – Selection of Technique to address Vulnerability Levels.
The aim of Exercise 4 is to discount the possibility of inappropriate techniques being introduced or recommended at specific coastal “stretch” locations. The scoring
system is limited to giving each coastal “stretch” a positive, negative or neutral score with further space to record additional comments where necessary. The rationale
behind each score shall be whether or not the Coastal Stretch (and ideally more detailed location identification) would be appropriate to “host” such a scheme (+),
prove to be difficult to implement as a technique and hence is less feasible (–) or finally, have no discernible benefit or not enough is known about the location and
more focused assessment is required (0). An overall score for each location is then calculated, with negative scores being subtracted from positives or vice versa.
The Tables (for each Coastal Stretch ) shall be designed to help discount specific techniques, based on information gathered during the consultation phase which may
dictate the success/failure of an approach being pursued. It also should help to determine the number of people/properties that ate VULNEREBLE to coastal erosion
which is the focus of the PPG.
Table 4.1 outlines the draft approach and questions that were asked during the consultation process (to be adapted as appropriate by the National Consultant team).
This is communicated in text format within Appendix D.
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COASTAL ENGINEERING TECHNIQUE 1 Beach recharge, sediment recycling with groynes
Coastal Stretch 1 Coastal Stretch 2 Coastal Stretch 3 Coastal Stretch 4 Coastal Stretch 5 Coastal Stretch 6
CRITERIA
Environment
What is the nature conservation value of the stretch (- internationally designated, 0 local/national designations, + no designations)
(+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)
Are there any habitats/species of interest? (even if not designated) (- numerous protected species/habitats, 0 a few protected species/habitats, + no protected species/habitats)
(O) (O) (O) (O) (O) (O)
If this technique was implemented, would the unit be able to naturally evolve with climate change (i.e. does it slope to the rear?), will it be sustainable? (-unlikely, 0 uncertain but possibly some room for transition, + sustainable approach that can be designed to accommodate sea level rise)
(+) (O) (-) (O) (O) (O)
Will the current use of the unit pose problems for any potential engineering scheme? (- existing public amenity, 0 local agriculture, + no specific use)
(-) (O) (-) (+) (+) (+)
Flood Defence/Economics
Would the engineering technique increase flood risk to neighbouring properties/services? (- numerous properties/services could be at risk, 0 a few properties/services could be at risk, + no properties/services at risk)
(+) (O) (-) (+) (O) (O)
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Would rear defences be needed? (- extensive defences probably needed, 0 moderate/small scale defences may be required, + no defences thought to be required)
(+) (O) (-) (O) (O) (+)
Planning
Would the technique meet/conflict with any national land use development policy? (- impact on land use policy, 0 help to maintain the line, + encourage managed realignment of defences)
(+) (-) (-) (O) (O) (O)
Would the technique conflict with local planning policy? (- site designated for development, 0 agricultural/amenity use, + no specific planning policies)
(+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)
Are there any services running through the stretch which could be affected by the technique? (- numerous services would need re-routing, 0 minimal impact, + no services at site)
(O) (O) (O) (O) (O) (+)
Would there be any loss of amenity value to the site? (- significant loss, 0 little impact on amenity value, + positive amenity benefit)
(O) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)
Other
Who owns the land? (- unknown, 0 private landowner, + statutory authority)
(+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)
Would communities be interested in being involved in the future management of the site ? (- known hostility, 0 unknown, + could be persuaded)
(+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)
What is the local feeling about the technique in this area? (- hostile, 0 unknown/unconcerned, + welcome)
(O) (O) (+) (+) (+) (+)
How many people would benefit from the introduction of this scheme (- <small numbers, 0 over 100, + over 500)
(O) (O) (+) (+) (+) (+)
FINAL SCORE 7 4 1 8 7 9
FINAL SCORE MULTIPLIED AGAINST SHORT TERM VULNERABILITY OF UNIT (HIGH = 3, MED = 2, LOW = 1)
7 4 1 8 8 18
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Appendix C – Relevant National Initiatives
NB: the following Appendix provides an indication of the type and value of existing small grants and initiatives that could be continued or applied as part of the project. Table 3.3 of the main Prodoc suggests budgets for “small grants” and the following outlines possible continuation sources of money that could be used.
1. Association of Small scale Enterprises in Tourism (ASSET);
Areas of intervention: Promoting small scale tourism business, sustainable tourism development. Target group: juice pressers, fruit vendors, small Hotels, Beach bars,Lodges & Guest houses, Tourist Guides etc Geographical Area of Operations: Banjul, KM, West Coast Region, Lower River Region,Central River Region. A DFID-funded Marketing Survey was implemented in 2003. In December 2011, ASSET (Association of Small Scale Enterprises in Tourism), the Travel Foundation and Thomas Cook joined forces with Sandele Eco-Lodge to further develop a project showcasing locally-produced Gambian crafts, and the Guaranteed Gambian brand was born. The project aims to improve the livelihoods of artisans/craft producers in The Gambia by increasing and sustaining their income through tourism. The product development process is based on market research, encouraging new and innovative designs and opening up access to new markets, including tourism businesses. The project is currently working with 15 talented producers, 5 from Kartong and 8 from the Greater Banjul area, and over 50 new products have been developed and promoted through the brand. Guaranteed Gambian is now into its second season of trading and has extended the number of retail outlets to include the Sheraton hotel shop, as well as the Top-Shop stores at the Senegambia and Kombo Beach hotels. Guaranteed Gambian is also proud to be collaborating with the Gambia Tourism Board and National Centre for Arts and Crafts on securing the future of the brand.
2. IDB-funded Community-based Infrastructure and Livelihood Improvement Project (CILIP) Brikama Area Council has signed MOU with GAMWORKS for the construction of basic infrastructure for coastal communities such as access roads, markets, health centre etc. Counterpart contribution has already been paid ro GAMWORKS,
3. Future In Our Hands (FIOH) Areas of intervention: School construction, InSerive teacher training, Environmental Management, Women’s empowerment etc. By far the most specialized and consistent funding scheme for Civil Society Organisations active in the environment sector is the GEF Small Grant Programme (SGP) which began it’s operations in The Gambia in 2008. Todate, the following CSOs have had projects funded under the programme:
4. Integrated coastal biodiversity and natural resources management project The aim of the project was to conserve biodiversity in the nearby Nuimi National park which is a trans-boundary protected area covering the northern park of The Gambia and parts of Senegal. The park experiences a lot of encroachment from the neighbouring communities. The grantee worked closely with The departments of Parks and Wildlife Management, Agriculture and Forestry to implement sustainable livelihood activities which would reduce the pressures on the park and thus conserve its rich biodiversity. Area of Work: Biodiversity/Operational Phase: Phase 4
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Grant Amount: US$ 20,000.00 ; Co-Financing in-Kind: US$ 6,679.00 Project Number: GMB/SGP/OP4/CORE/09/07 Start Date: 12/2009 ; End Date: 11/2010 Status: Satisfactorily Completed
5. Grantee: West African Bird Study Association (WABSA) Country: Gambia Mangrove rehabilitation project The project aims to conserve, protect and regenerate mangroves found within the Nuimi National park which are heavily exploited by the local people. The project will involve community sensitization on the need to protect the mangroves and the regeneration of about 8 hectares of old mangrove lands Area Of Work: Biodiversity /Land Degradation Operational Phase: Phase 4 Grant Amount: US$ 40,000.00 Co-Financing Cash: US$ 850.00 Co-Financing in-Kind: US$ 650.00 Project Number: GMB/SGP/OP4/CORE/09/09 Start Date: 12/2009 End Date: 11/2010 Status: Satisfactorily Completed
6. Grantee: Stay Green Foundation (SGF) Country: Gambia Community action for environmental conservation and management The aim of the project is to build capacities in environmental management focusing on environmental education. The project would be implemented in selected schools and communities in the Lower and Upper Nuimi Districts of The North Bank Region- one of the most environmentally degraded regions of the country.The specific objectives of the project are: to promote afforestation and reafforestation in targeted communities using indigenous tree species, to facilitate environmental education and communication initiatives in selected schools and to create awareness among project beneficiaries on environmental and natural resources governance. Area Of Work: Biodiversity Climate/Change Mitigation/ Land Degradation Operational Phase: Phase 5 Grant Amount: US$ 25,000.00 Co-Financing Cash: US$ 21,000.00 Co-Financing in-Kind: US$ 4,615.00 Project Number: GMB/SGP/OP5/Y1/CORE/BD/11/15 Start Date: 8/2011 End Date: 7/2012 Status: Currently under execution
7. Conservation and sustainable management of the mangrove ecosystem of the TANBI National park and periphery communities.
The aim of the project is to conserve coastal biodiversity in order to sustain livelihoods and reduce poverty among the women of the Try oyster Association. The specific objectives of the project are to sensitize and build the capacity of the oyster women harvesters on the sustainable conservation, management, and development of the mangrove ecosystem in order to enhance increased oyster and fish yields and ensure access to market and finance, thereby reducing poverty within the fishery sub-sector. Grantee: TRY OYSTER WOMEN ASSOCIATION Country: Gambia Area Of Work: Biodiversity
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Operational Phase: Phase 5 Grant Amount: US$ 20,000.00 Co-Financing Cash: US$ 10,000.00 Co-Financing in-Kind: US$ 5,733.00 Project Number: GMB/SGP/OP5/Y1/CORE/BD/11/11 Start Date: 8/2011 End Date: 12/2012 Status: Currently under execution
8. Mangrove planting and swamp resource management project
The aim of the project is to restore the mangrove vegetation in the main village river where it had undergone degradation stemming from both human activities and climatic effects. The project activities involved the collection, propagation and planting of mangroves, training on the management of mangroves and undertaking surveillance activities to protect the young seedlings. Grantee: Kartong Allahein Environment and Cultural Organisation Country: Gambia Area Of Work: Climate Change Mitigation Operational Phase: Phase 5 Grant Amount: US$ 5,000.00 Co-Financing Cash: Co-Financing in-Kind: US$ 3,500.00 Project Number: GMB/SGP/OP5/Y1/CORE/BD/11/03 Start Date: 8/2011 End Date: 5/2012 Status: Satisfactorily Completed
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Appendix D – Report on Consultations with local communities
D1 Introduction The involvement and active participation of stakeholders is crucial to the successful implementation of any environmental project. As part of the project formulation the National Consultants undertook stakeholder consultations with various communities, government agencies, and local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The following sections relate solely to the consultations with the local communities and NGOs.
D2 Methodology The consultations with the local communities took place during the months of September and October 2012. The programme is attached as Annex I to this report. Some of the consultations were held in settlements already mentioned in the PIF whilst others were held in settlements in ecologically sensitive areas such as the Nuimi National Park and the Bao Bolong. To facilitate the task and in recognition of the different physical and geo-morphological characteristics, the coastline has been divided into six Coastal Stretches as indicated below (Fig. D1). A description of each coastal stretch is also given in the next section.
Fig. D1. Proposed Gambian coastal stretches.
The consultations took the form of focused group discussions using selected “themes” to guide the discussions and for this purpose a set of questions were prepared as follows:
- The type of challenges faced by the community in context of expected climate change and sea level rise;
- The impact of these challenges on the community especially women and youth and on their livelihoods;
- Recommended intervention Techniques/ measures to address these challenges. A sample of the questionnaire used to gather the information is attached as Annex II.
The following villages have been visited as part of this process:
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Bakau;
Barra;
Batokunku;
Berending;
Gunjur;
Jinack Niji;
Kachumeh;
Sanyang;
Tanji . In addition to the above, socio-economic groups with a recognisable stake in the development of coastal resources at each location were approached for discussion. These included organisations such as the Oyster Harvesters Association and the Gambia Hotel Association (notably in Coastal Stretch 4 and within the Greater Banjul Area) were consulted. A local NGO, (Stay Green Foundation), based in Essau, Lower Nuimi were also visited. A list of participants for the consultations in each community is given in Annex 1.
Coastal Stretch 1
This Stretch comprises the area from Buniadu Point/Kerenti Bolong to Barra Point (Fig. D2). The Stretch exhibits a strand-plain type of coast consisting of sandy barriers and beach ridges. Extensive mangrove systems border the coastline south of the Kerenti Bolong and in the immediate vicinity of the Senegal-Gambia border. These wooded wetlands are useful as habitats for birds and for provision of timber for construction and fuel wood. The systems are also important as fish spawning grounds. An important protected area in this area is the Nuimi National Park which is a designated Ramsar Site.
Fig. D2. Coastal stretch 1.
Coastal Stretch 2
This stretch covers the Gambia River estuary which starts from the mouth of the River Gambia inland to about 200 km inland (Fig. D3). At its widest point, the River is about 11 km wide between Cape St. Mary and Buniadu Point which reduces to about 4 km wide between Banjul and Barra. From there-on the River narrows down to about 1.5 km at Carrol's Wharf (about 200 km inland). The estuary is characterised by extensive mangrove systems and mud flats flanking the River Gambia that are important for spawning and as habitats for aquatic species. Fish and shrimp from these wetlands provide the population with their daily protein supply. The mud flats and adjacent low marshy lands are also used for rice cultivation. Die-back of mangroves has been identified in some areas, particularly in the delta area and the Bintang Bolong.
Important environmental value in this area is the Bao Bolong Wetlands which is a Wetland of International
Importance (Ramsar Site) and covers a total area of 22,000 hectares.
Coastal
Stretch 1
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Fig. D3. Coastal stretch 2.
Coastal Stretch 4
The coastline is characterized by actively eroding cliffs with protective measures taken to stabilize them at some places (Fig. D4). The stabilization measures include concrete-type structures built from the waterline to about a third of the height up the cliffs. Erosion of the cliffs is mainly due to direct wave action on loose cliff material when large waves occur at high tide.
Fig. D4. Coastal stretch 4.
Coastal Stretch 5 This area stretches from Fajara to Tanji (Fig. D5). In the Fajara Area the main geo-morphological feature is the Kololi Point in the northern part. Active erosion and shoreline recession is evident by the wave-cut cliffs. Between Bijilo Forest Park and the Brufut fish landing sites, wave-cut sandy cliffs reach a height of about 30 m in some locations. The area has CIRCA 15 major hotels and tourist resorts which have been built on the shoreline and include the five star Kairaba Beach Coco Ocean and the Sheraton Hotels. Bijilo Forest Park is located on the cliffs to the northwest of Bijilo.
Further south there is the sand spit at the mouth of the Tanji River. The Tanji River recently has cut the sandy spit in half in order to reach the Atlantic Ocean. The erosion has increased in recent years and currently poses a serious threat to road infrastructure and the electricity lines. In fact one of the electric poles had to be moved
Coastal
Stretch 4
99
about two metres further inland in 2012. This section of the stretch is relatively less disturbed by tourism development compared to other coastal stretches.
Fig. D5. Coastal stretch 5.
Coastal Stretch 6
This long, undeveloped strand-plain type of coast rises from the beach to meet a cliffy zone, which is an ancient, wave-cut cliff, delineating an earlier shoreline (Fig. D6). This wide strand-plain is accretionary. South of Sanyang Point the strand-plain is even more expansive, and the Kakima River is virtually cut off from the ocean by accumulating sand. Increased sand mining from this Stretch has negatively impacted on the coastline.
Fig. D6. Coastal stretch 6.
D3 Results of the consultations with the local communities
A summary of the main findings during the consultations with each of the communities is presented in the Table D1 below: The climate change-related challenges facing the local communities vary depending on coastal stretch. However, the major challenges identified across all the coastal stretches were: coastal erosion, salt water intrusion into rice fields and vegetable gardens, mangrove die back and flooding and storm surges (Table D1). The following interventions have been proposed to address the major challenges: mangrove and coconut
Coastal
Stretch 5
Coastal
Stretch 6
100
planting, construction of dykes and provision of alternative livelihoods such as bee-keeping and vegetable gardening.
The major challenges in coastal stretch 1 were: coastal erosion and use of improper fishing gear and methods. In order to address the challenges, the interventions proposed were mangrove planting and enforcement of appropriate fishing laws and regulations to protect juvenile fish (Table 1). In coastal stretch 2, the major challenges were saline water intrusion into rice fields and vegetable gardens and mangrove die back due to high salinity levels and human activities. The following interventions have been proposed to address the challenges: construction of dykes and replanting and protection of mangroves (Table 1). The major challenges in coastal stretch 4 were identified as saline intrusion into rice fields and costal erosion. The proposed interventions included construction of dykes to stop saline water intrusion and protection and replanting mangroves (Table 1). As in coastal stretch 4, the major challenges in coastal stretch 5 were coastal erosion and saline water intrusion. The following interventions have been proposed to address the challenges: mangrove and coconut planting and construction of dykes to minimize saline water intrusion (Table D1). The major challenges identified in coastal stretch 6 were coastal erosion, sand mining, saline water intrusion and mangrove die back. The interventions proposed were beach reclamation as done along the coastline in Banjul, shifting sand mining further inland away from the coast, construction of dykes to stop saline water intrusion and mangrove and coconut planting (Table D1).
Table D1. Summary matrix of the major findings of the consultations.
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COASTAL STRETCH/ STAKEHOLDER COMMUNITY/SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP
MAJOR CHALLENGES PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Stretch 1
Local communities
Barra: Fisherfolks, farmers and traders
-Coastal erosion
- Destruction of mangroves
- Fishing in fish breeding areas
- Use of improper fishing gear
-Encroachment of farmlands by human settlement
- Use of sand bag revetted walls
- Enforcement of appropriate fishing laws and regulations
- Construction of an appropriate drainage system
Jinack Niji: Fisherfolks, farmers and herders
-Coastal erosion
- Saline water intrusion in farmlands and rice fields
-Storm surges damage houses
- Lack of safe drinking water
- Flooding during the rainy season
- Beach reclamation as done in Banjul
- Construction of dykes on farmlands
- Planting of trees around the village
- Provision of safe drinking water
NGO
Stay Green Foundation - Use of drag nets which destroy mangroves
- Overfishing including catching juvenile fish
-Rampant waste dumping in the wetland and along the coast
- Strict law enforcement by the Fisheries Department.
- Greater sensitization of the general public including opinion leaders
- Develop partnership with local NGOs and CBOs
- Provision of alternative livelihoods such as bee-keeping, vegetable gardening, aquaculture, new techniques of oyster harvesting, etc.
Stretch 2
102
Local communities
Darsilami-Jokadu: Farmers, fisherfolks and herders
-Saline water intrusion which destroys rice fields
-Destruction of the salt ponds and difficulty accessing salt mines
- Destruction of mangroves due to high salinity levels and human activities
- Construction of dykes to stop saline water intrusion
- Rehabilitation of the salt mine and construction of access roads
- Improved techniques for salt production (using tarpaulin sun dried techniques.
Illiassa: Farmers, fisherfolks and herders
Saline water intrusion of rice fields in Bao Bolong
-Competition for land
Between farmers and herders
-Destruction of mangroves resulting in creased saline water intrusion
-Flooding impacts worsen by the management of sluice gates by Senegalese to the north of the village
-Construction of dykes to stop saline water intrusion
-Replanting and protection of mangroves
-Improved techniques for sustainable land management as part of the PIWAMP project
Stretch 2
Local communities
Tendaba: Fisherfolks and farmers
-Serious erosion of the foreshore
- Saline water intrusion into rice fields and the village destroying wells
- Destruction of mangroves (Avicennia spp. dieback)
- Inadequate supply of fresh water to maintain livestock (collapse of local wells)
- Combination of both hard and soft engineering
- Construction of dykes to stop saline water intrusion
- Establishment of protected areas network for fisheries protection
- Provision of improved water supply system
Provision of skills training such as tie and dye
-Enforcement of fisheries laws and regulations to protect the fishing areas
- River transport business opportunities
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Table D1. Summary matrix of the major findings of the consultations.
COASTAL STRETCH/ STAKEHOLDER
COMMUNITY/SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP
MAJOR CHALLENGES PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Stretch 2
Local communities
Tendaba: Fisherfolks and farmers
-Serious erosion of the foreshore
- Saline water intrusion into rice fields and the village destroying wells
- Destruction of mangroves (Avicennia spp. dieback)
- Inadequate supply of fresh water to maintain livestock (collapse of local wells)
- Combination of both hard and soft engineering
- Construction of dykes to stop saline water intrusion
- Establishment of protected areas network for fisheries protection
- Provision of improved water supply system
Provision of skills training such as tie and dye
-Enforcement of fisheries laws and regulations to protect the fishing areas
- River transport business opportunities
Bintang: Fisherfolks, farmers and tourism workers
-Mangrove die back
-Saline water intrusion into rice fields
-Erosion of topsoil causing sedimentation issues in the bolong
- Destruction of forest upland
- Need new fish landing jetty and fish storage facilities
- Salt mining difficulty due to lack of iodine to add to the salt
- Lack of adequate fishing gear
- Replanting and protection of mangroves
- Construction of dykes to stop saline water intrusion into rice fields
- Provision of improved water supply
- Provision of skills training such as tie and dye
- Improved market opportunities
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COASTAL STRETCH/ STAKEHOLDER
COMMUNITY/SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP
MAJOR CHALLENGES PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Bintang: Fisherfolks, farmers and tourism workers
-Mangrove die back
-Saline water intrusion into rice fields
-Erosion of topsoil causing sedimentation issues in the bolong
- Destruction of forest upland
- Need new fish landing jetty and fish storage facilities
- Salt mining difficulty due to lack of iodine to add to the salt
- Lack of adequate fishing gear
- Replanting and protection of mangroves
- Construction of dykes to stop saline water intrusion into rice fields
- Provision of improved water supply
- Provision of skills training such as tie and dye
- Improved market opportunities
105
COASTAL STRETCH/STAKEHOLDER
COMMUNITY/ SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP
MAJOR CHALLENGES PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Stretch 4
Local communities
Bakau: Hotel workers, government workers, private sector workers, fisherfolks and farmers
-Coastal erosion particularly from Fajara to the fish landing site
-Saline water intrusion into rice fields
-Improper drainage system resulting in flooding of the rice fields and vegetable gardens
- Current jetty has no flooring associated with it
- Establish control measures to minimize saline water intrusion into rice fields and vegetable gardens
- Construction of a proper drainage system
- Protection and replanting of mangrove in and around Tanbi Wetland Complex
- Construction of a sea wall to minimize/halt alarming erosion
NGOs
TRY Oyster Harvesters Association
-Reduced production of oysters due to mangrove die back
-Saline water intrusion into rice fields
- Marketting of oysters in terms of having a designated marketing area
- Continue the planting and protection of mangroves of in Tanbi Wetland Complex
- Continue/maintain the close season system to allow oysters to mature
- Construction of dykes to stop saline water intrusion into rice fields
- Provision of designated marketing equipped with proper sanitary facilities including toilets
106
COASTAL STRETCH/STAKEHOLDER
COMMUNITY/ SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP
MAJOR CHALLENGES PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Stretch 5
Local communities
Tanji: Fisherfolks, farmers, horticulturalists and herders
-Beach erosion caused by a transient river channel
- Waste disposal especially fish waste along the beach
- Siltation problems
- Saline water intrusion
- Flooding
-Soft engineering options : mangrove regeneration, coconut planting to protect coastline
-Building dykes to minimize saline water intrusion
- Establishment of an effective waste management strategy
Batokunku: Fisherfolks, farmers, traders and herders
-Erosion of the beach
- Lack of equipment and fishing gear
-Saline water intrusion into rice fields
- Siltation and windstorms
- Lack of proper community garden to help women engage in vegetable gardening
- Reduced land for livestock grazing as a result of human encroachment
- Beach nourishment as done in Banjul
- Construction of dykes to protect the rice fields
- Provision of credit facilities for the fishing community to acquire fishing gear
- Development of aquaculture as an alternative to fishing
- Establishment of community garden for the women
NGOs
107
COASTAL STRETCH/STAKEHOLDER
COMMUNITY/ SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP
MAJOR CHALLENGES PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
The Gambia Hotel Association -Need for hard engineering measures to be introduced to demonstrate that specific techniques can be a success
-The impact of sand mining needs to be better understood before engineering intervention measures are set up and implemented
Stretch 6
Local communities
Sanyang: Fisherfolks, farmers, traders and herders
-Alarming rates of erosion
- Annual storm surges
- Sand mining exacerbating erosion
- Saline water intrusion into rice fields
- Annual floods
- Reduced mangrove vegetation (mangrove die back)
- Shift sand mining further inland from the coast to minimize erosion
- Soft engineering such as beach reclamation
- Establish proper irrigation schemes
Stretch 6
Local communities
Kachumeh: Farmers, fisherfolks and horticulturalists
-Sand mining
-Land acquisition along the beach
-Coastal erosion
-Salt water intrusion
- Move mining away from the coast
-Proper land use planning
-Replanting trees to stabilize the coastline
108
COASTAL STRETCH/STAKEHOLDER
COMMUNITY/ SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP
MAJOR CHALLENGES PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS
Gunjur: Farmers, fisherfolks, horticulturalists , herders and government workers
- Coastal erosion
- Sand mining near the rice fields
- Storm surges that destroy boats at the fish landing site
- Beach reclamation as done in Banjul
- Use of sand bag revetments
- Planting of mangroves on the beach
Berending: Farmers, fisherfolks, horticulturalists and herders
- Salt water intrusion into rice fields
- Siltation of garden and rice fields by run off water
- Mangrove die back around the bolong which affects fish spawning grounds
- Coastal erosion
- Construction of dykes to stop salt water intrusion
- Planting of mangroves near the bolongs
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Annex 1 – List of participants in community consultations. LOCAL COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS
A. ATTENDANCE LIST FOR BAMBA TENDA FISHERMEN ASSOCIATION NAME PROFESSION
1) Mr. Abdoulie Gaye President of the Association 2) Mr. Saihou Ndow Fisherman 3) Mr. Abdou Sowe “ 4) Mr. Ansumana Gassama “ 5) Mr. Saikou Conteh “ 6) Mr. Waiya Jaiteh “ 7) Mr. Ebou Gaye “ 8) Mr. Bakary Njie “ 9) Mr. Adama Joof “ 10) Mr. Musa Sey “ 11) Mr. Babacarr Kanteh “ 12) Mr. Mamour Sey “ 13) Mr. Amadou Sallah “ 14) Mr. Sulayman Joof “ 15) Mr. Sulayman Joof “ 16) Mr.Saul Jagne “
B. ATTENDANCE LIST FOR G.P.A. STAFF BAMBA TENDA NAME ORGANISATION
1) Mr. Ousman. S. Jeng G.P.A 2) Mr. Ebrima Camara G.P.A. 3) Mr. Junkung Suso G.P.A.
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN DASILAMEH VILLAGE
(JOKADU DISTRICT, NOTH BANK REGION)
Name Occupation
Mr. Kebba Kamu Fofana – Alkalo of Darsilami Village
Mrs. Nyima Bass Farmer
Mr. Kabba Gassama Farmer
Mrs. Fatou Joof Farmer
Mrs. Sutung Fadara Farmer
Mrs. Fatoumatta Fofana Farmer
Mrs. Sally Touray Farmer
Msr. Jabou Jammeh Farmer
Mrs. Sainabou Jammeh Farmer
Mrs. Touray-Ba Trawally Farmer
Mr. Wally Fofana Farmer
Mr. Marong Gassama Farmer
Mrs. Jama Manneh Farmer
Mr. Lang Nyimading Fofana Chairman, VDC
Mrs. Isatou Jammeh Farmer
Mr. Abdou Sybally Farmer
Mr. Momodou Watara Farmer
Mr. Saikou Jammeh Farmer
110
Mr. Famara Dibba Farmer
Mr. Masanneh Gassama Farmer
Mr. Masanneh Jargue Farmer
Mr. FodayBa Barrow Herdsman
Mr. Sambujang Sillah Farmer
Mr. Landing Jallow Fofana Farmer
Mr. Lalou Jargue Farmer
Mr. Douto Manneh Farmer
Mr. Buba Mass Member of the VDC
Mr. Ba Ansu Chakuneh Farmer
Mrs. Ma Kangi Farmer
Mrs. Binta Sonko Farmer
Mrs. Dajang Fofana Farmer
Mrs. Jaka Jammeh Farmer
Mrs. Borry Jammeh Farmer
Mrs. Binta Bojang Farmer
Mr. Bambara Fofana Farmer
Mr. Lamin Kanyi Farmer
Mr. Dembo Sillah Alkalo of Karantaba Village
Mrs. Jankey Fofana Farmer
Mrs. Haddy Fofana Farmer
Mr. Bubacarr Touray Farmer
Mr. Foday Ba Barrow Farmer
Ms. Suwa Ceesay Mrs. Njuji Jaiteh
Farmer
Mrs. Nyima Fofana Farmer
Mrs. Binta Marong Farmer
Mrs. Jorr Keita Farmer
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN ILLIASSA VILLAGE, UPPER
BADDIBU DISTRICT, NORTHERN BANK REGION
Name Profession
Mr. Ebrima Jammeh Chief of Upper Baddibu District
Mr. Omar Ceesay Farmer
Mr. Bakary Jammeh Farmer
Mr. Bakading Jadama Member VDC
Mr. Kebba Saidy Farmer
Mr. Barra Jaiteh Farmer
Mr. Omar Secka Alkalo of Kerr Biram Village
Mr. Kebba Suso Farmer/Fisherman
Mr. Bakery Jammeh Farmer
Mr. Nonga Conteh Farmer
Mr. Abdoulie Jammeh, Alkalo of Illiassa Village
Mr. Sutura Sowe Farmer
Mr. Kalilu Jadama Farmer
Mr. Kebba Yorro Conteh Farmer
Mr. Sambou Dampha Farmer/Fisherman
Mr. Sanna Conteh Farmer
Mr. Saikou Marong Farmer
111
Mr. Ebou Secka Farmer/Fisherman
Mr. Pa Sutay Jammeh Farmer
Mr. Bakary Sanyang Farmer
Mr. Sulayman Jammeh Farmer
M. Kebba Jadama Farmer
Mr. Jamba Keita Farmer
Mr. Demba Marong Alkalo of Jarari Village
Mr. Saikou Saine Farmer
Mr. Ebrima Dampha Farmer
Mr. Sulayman Marong Alkalo of India Village
Mr. Barra Jallow Herdsman
Mr. Samba Saine Farmer
Mr. Bakary Marong Farmer
Mr. Alagi Saine Farmer
Mr. Bakary Marong Farmer
Mr. Alagi Saine Farmer
Mr. Lamin Jobe Farmer/Fisherman
Mrs. Musukebba Saho Farmer
Mrs. Fatou Secka Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Yafily Dibba Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Masanne Basam Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Yima Jammeh Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Sarjo Jammeh Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Mariama Marong Trader
Mrs. Fillijay Njie Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Mariama Dampha Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Isatou Dibba Member of VDC
Mrs. Binta dampha Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Kumba Darboe Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Nading Sabally Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Kaddy Mbye Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Bintou Conteh Farming/Horticulture
Mrs. Manding Conteh Farming/Horticulture
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN TENDABA VILLAGE, KIANG
CENTRAL DISTRICT, LOWER RIVER REGION
Name Sector
Mr. Famara Mamburay Badge -Messager Chief’s Representative
Mr. Lamin Jargue Alkalo of Tendaba
Mr. Jerry Yabo Youth Leader
Mr. Tong Keita Fisherman/Farmer
Mr. Lang Demba TAILOR
Mr. Filijay Daffeh Farmer /Herdsman
Mr. Essa Jammeh Fisherman/Farmer
Mr. Sarjo Touray(Tendaba Camp) Proprietor Tendaba Camp
Mr. Mustapha Trawally Chairman , V.D.C
Mr. Kebba Marong Chairman Fishermen’s Association
Mrs. Naba Yapp Member VDC
Mrs. Haja Yassin Fadera Member VDC
112
Landing Sanneh Youth Representative
Fijijay Sabally V.D.C Member
Mrs. Sally Camara Fishmonger/Farmer
Mrs. Satou Sanyang Fishmonger/Farmer
Mrs. Matty Sanyang Fishmonger/Farmer
Mrs. Fatou Yabo FISHERIES DEPT STAFF
Mrs. Fatou Drammeh Fishmonger/Farmer
Mrs. Karo Sonko Fishmonger/Farmer
Mrs. Faye Jammeh Fishmonger/Farmer
Mrs. Binta Daffeh Fishmonger/Farmer
Mr. Saihou Ndow Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Abou Sowe Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Ansumana Gassama Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Saikou Conteh Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Waiya Jaiteh Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Ebou Gaye Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Bakary Njie Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Ousman S. Jeng Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Adama Joof Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Ebrima Camara Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Junky Suso Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Abdoulie Gaye Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Ebou Ngum Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Musa Sey Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Babacarr Kanteh Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Mamour Sey Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Amadou Sallah Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Sulayman Joof Fisherman/ Farmer
Mr. Sulayman (Saul) Jagne Fisherman/ Farmer
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN BINTANG VILLAGE, FONI-
BINTANG KARENI DISTRICT, WEST COAST REGION
Name Sector
Mr. Gibril Ceesay Alkalo of Bintang Village
Mr. Bakary Bintou Ceesay Chairman, V.D.C.
Mr. Ansumana Isatou Ceesay Farmer
Mr. Ebrima Ceesay President of the Association of Fishermen of Bintang
Mr. Jackaria Ceesay Fisherman/Farmer
Mr. Bakary Sanneh Fisherman
Mr. Mamadou Kassama Fisherman/Farmer
Mr. Bunja Saidy Fisherman/Farmer
Mr. Kebba Ceesay Fisherman
Mr. Lamin Ceesay Fisherman
Mr. Bakary Banku Kassama Fisherman
Mr. Ansumana Filly Ceesay Fisherman
Mr. Dawda Colley Farmer /Fisherman
Mr. Wuyeh Sarr Farmer /Fisherman
Mr. Bakary Philit Ceesay Farmer /Fisherman
Mr. Lang Bolong Ceesay Farmer /Fisherman
113
Alh. Nuha Manneh Herdsman
Mr. Foday Jobarteh Farmer /Fisherman
Mr. Yaya Mamadi Jobarteh Farmer /Fisherman
Mr. Kadri Manneh Farmer /Fisherman
Mr. Abu Nyang Farmer /Fisherman
Mr. Abdou Jarju Farmer /Fisherman
Mr. Yaya Jobarteh Farmer /Fisherman
Mrs. Hina Ceesay Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Bintou Ceesay Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Borry Ceesay Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. MusuKebba Jorbateh Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Kaddy Sanyang Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Kaddy Trawally Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Jarkong Tunkara Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Isatou Darboe Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Adama Jammeh Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Kulay Ceesay Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Karafanding Manneh Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Nyakassi Camara Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Sohna Ceesay Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Mariama Ceesay Famer/Fishmonger
Mrs. Fatoumatta Jobarteh Famer/Fishmonger
Mr. Pa Joof Fisheries Assistant, Dept. Fisheries
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN BARRA VISILLAGE, LOWER
NUIMI DISTRICT, NORTH BANK REGION
Name Sector
Mr. Baba Jali Jah Market seller
Mr. Kebba Jobe Fisherman
Alh Kebba Njie Fisherman
Alh Kambuya Fye Fisherman
Alhaji Juldeh Jallow Imam
Mr. Omar Bob Fisherman
Mr. Samba Sarr Fishmonger
Mr. Amadou Daffeh Fisherman
Mr. Yusupha Jangom Fisherman
Mr. Biram Fye Sailor/farmer
Mr. Ebou Bahoum Driver
Mr. Dodou Jagne Driver
Mrs. Adama Njie Horticultural Garden
Sainey Joof Fisherman
Yankuba Jammeh Trader
Salieu Jangom Fisherman
Lang Jangom Fisherman
114
Jainaba Gaye Fishmonger
Baboucar Jobe Fishmonger
Modou Njie Fishmonger
Mrs. Haddy Jobe Fishmonger
Mrs. Amie Jeng Fishmonger
Mrs. Saffie Jeng Fishmonger
Mrs. Ramou Senghore Fishmonger
Mrs. Awa Joof Fishmonger
Mrs. Fatou Senghore Fishmonger
Mrs. Rohey Fye Fishmonger
Mrs. Fatou Chorr Ice Seller
Mrs. Haddy Nyang Trader
Demba Bah Fishmonger
Mrs. Adam Njie Trader/gardener
Mrs. Haddy Cham Fishmonger
Mrs. Mariama Joof Market seller
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN JINACK NIJI
VISILLAGE, LOWER NUIMI DISTRICT, NORTH BANK REGION
Name Sector
Nyabally Bojang Fisherman
Buba Bojang Farmer
Kebba Camara Farmer /Herdsman
Abdou Bojang Imam
Jibril Camara Wildlife \ Fisherman
Bakary Bojang Agric Officer
Lamin Camara VDC Vice Chairman
Omar Ndure Tailor
Yusupha Bojang VDC Organiser
Omar Jatta Farmer \ Talibe
Malick Manneh Mason \ Wildlife
Alasa Camara Student
Ebrima Bojang Fisherman
Ebrima Bah Fisherman
Alhaji Sonko Fisherman
Asu Ceesay Farmer
Jarrie Camara Fisherman
Fatou Camara Fisherman
Khadi Sanyang Fisherman
Maira Bojang Fisherman
115
Sally Camara Fisherman
Fatou Sullu Bojang Farmer \ Garden
Lamin Bojang Bushmen
Omar Bojang Fisherman
Mbinkow Manneh Garden \ Fisherman
Yusupha Camara Farmer \ Fisherman
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN BAKAU, K.S.M.D
Name Sector
Alhahji Sanyang Market/fisherman
Rambo Jatta Councillor
Jalamang Jatta Horticultural Gardens
Dodou Bojang Alkalo
Baba Njie Fishmonger
Abdoulie Conteh Fishmonger
Bubacar Njie Fishmonger
Demba Sankareh Fishmonger
Adama Saine Fishmonger
Musa Sowe Shopkeeper
Sana Sarr Fisherman
Musa Bojang Fisherman
20 Women from Horticultural Gardens
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS WITH MEMBERS OF THE OYSTER HARVESTERS ASSOCIATION (KAMALO) AT THE OFFICES OF TRY OYSTER IN OLD JESHWANG, K.S.M.D
Name Sector
Fatou Janha Mboob TRYOYESTERS Women
Binta Gassama TRYOYESTERS Women
Fatoumatta Sabally TRYOYESTERS Women
Ousman Drammeh USAID/BaaNafaa
Ellen Sambou Kamalo Women
Rose Jarju Kamalo Women
Mansarta Jatta Kamalo Women
Maimuna Jarju Kamalo Women
Maimuna Jatta Kamalo Women
Asalem Jarju Kamalo Women
Marie Sambou Kamalo Women
Cleare Jarju Kamalo Women
Therese Jarju Kamalo Women
Ines Jarju Kamalo Women
Matty Sambou Kamalo Women
116
Ellen Jatta Kamalo Women
Clara Jarju Kamalo Women
Marie Barera Kamalo Women
Isatou Sambou Kamalo Women
Neneh Sanyang Kamalo Women
Berdenet Jatta Kamalo Women
Ida Jarju Kamalo Women
Lorma Sambou Kamalo Women
Mamareta Jarju Kamalo Women
Bintou Jarju Kamalo Women
Marcellina jatta Kamalo Women
Amie Jatta Kamalo Women
Haddy Camara Kamalo Women
Fatou Kujabi Kamalo Women
Belinda Jatta Kamalo Women
Albert Jammeh UCAD/FST/ISE
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN TANJI, KOMBO SOUTH DISTRICT, WEST COAST REGION
Name Sector
Baboucarr M Cham NEA
Alansana Ndow VDC
Musa M L Colley Farmer
Alimameh Jammeh Farmer
Bubacarr Jaiteh Farmer
Momodou Jawo Animal Rearing
Ba- Fanding Kanteh Council of Elders
Foday Jack Fisherman
Momodou Jammeh Fish smoker
Fatou Faye Fish smoker / Dry
Basiru Bah Animal Rearing
Daba Sarr Fish Dryer
Ebrima Baldeh Tailoring
Laibo Manneh VDC Chairman
Hatab Ceesay VDC Member
Bakary Jammeh VDC Member
Sainey Camara Fish monger
Foday Saidy Fish Smoker
Alimameh Jammeh Fisherman
Gidom Baldeh VDC Member
117
Yaya Jallow Business man
Fekebba Kolley Fishmonger
Baboucarr Jammeh Agriculture
Pamadou Camara VDC Membrt
Yaya Kujabi Farmer
Hassan Jallow Fish man
Dembo Bojang Alkalo
Foday Keita Student
Mama Manneh Dry / smoke Fisher
Mama Sanyang Fish monger
Neneh Konateh Fish monger
Ndey Sirra Jatta Dry/Fish Smoker
Sallru Faye Fisherman
Pa Manneh Fisher man
Mariama Manneh VDC Member
Babucarr Sanneh VDC Member
Musa Jallow Wheelbarrow dealer
Karime Darboe Farmer
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD BATOKUNKU, KOMBO DISTRICT SOUTH, WEST COAST REGION
Batokunku
Name Sector
Alage Fafa Jatta Alkalo
Ebrima Touray Garden
bubu Ceesay Farmer
Felley Fatty Farmer
Musa Jallow Fisher man
Pa Jatta Farmer
Amadou Jobe Farmer
Babucarry Kujabi Fisher man
Saikouba Ceesay Fisher man
Ebrisa Jatta Farmer
Abbie Jatta V.D.C Farmer
Feburama Ceesay Chairperson Farmer &Tailoring
Berray Darboe Garden
Sanne Sarjo Fish Seller
Mba Nyima Jatta Garden
Kaddy Mansally Garden
Amie Secka Market seller
Sutou Camara Fish Seller
118
Ndodou Touray Fish Seller
Kombeh Camara Fish Seller
Isatou Jara Fish Seller
Mariama Touray Garden
Jankey Daffie Garden
Kaddy Manjang Garden
Naba Jallow Market seller
Anta Njie Garden
Mba Fadera Garden
Teney Ndure Garden
Kaddy Njie Market seller
Sainey Marena Market seller
Lamin Sembery Fisherman
Fandousa Camara Fish Seller
Tutu Bojang Market seller
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN SANYANG, KOMBO SOUTH DISTRICT, WEST COAST REGION
Name Sector
Ousman Jassey Chairman Primary school Comitee
Alhaji Fabakary Jabang Alkalo
Babou Jobe
Sidia Saidy
lamin Jabang VDC rep
Maget Mbye Fishmonger
Jokou Sonko Horticultural Gardens
Mawfo Ngum Fishmonger
Baboucar Jaye Fishmonger
Musa Njie Fishmonger
Yahya Tamba Mason
Omar Jobe Mason
Pap Jobe Fisherman
MalickNyang Fisherman
Salieu Jobe Fisherman
Ebrima A.S. Bah Shopkeeper
Sana Jabang Mining/quarry
Jibba Jabang APRC Chairman
Yankuba Jarju Taxi driver
Landing Bojang Technician
Alhaji Saidy Mason
119
Omar Saidy VDC Secretary
Kabiro Ceesay Technician
Alasan Saho Healh Practitioner
Salif Jata CCF
Khady Saidy Health Centre
Ablie Nying Carpenter
Nfansu Jabang Imam
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN KACHUMEH, KOMBO SOUTH DISTRICT WEST COAST REGION
Name Sector
John L.R. Mendy Alkalo
Luran Jammeh Farmer
Abdoulie Mballow fisherman/farmer
Ensa Mendy Farmer/fisherman/hunter
Albert Gomez Farmer
Yassin Jarju Gardener
Musa Ceesay Farmer
Anna Pierra Gardener
Ompelli Mendy Gardener
Akapou Jarju Farmer
Merseww Kumba Mason
Mr John T.B. Gomez Teacher
Amissong Mendy Teacher
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN GUNJUR, KOMBO SOUTH DISTRICT, WEST COAST REGION
Name Sector
Omar Bojang Kombo south Farmers Kafoo
Lamin Jammeh Mason
Malang b. Jammeh Farmer
lamin Barrow VDC/businessman
Ebrima Kunta Community Fisheries
Haddy Kolley Gardens
Amie Badjie Gardens
Yusupha Saho Fish Smoker
Karamo Jallow Fish Smoker
Ba Barrow Herdsman
Dembo Touray VDC Chairman
Abdul Aziz Njie Fisherman
120
Lamin Touray Fisherman
Binta Janneh Gardens
Sally Darboe Gardens
Karamo Nyassi Capital society
Alhaji Ousman Darboe Farmer
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT THE COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS MEETING HELD IN BERENDING, KOMBO SOUTH DISTRICT, WEST COAST REGION
Name Sector
Abdoulie Sanyang Mason/famer
Omar Badjie Teacher
Ansumana Jarju School Admin
Haddy Jammeh Horticultural Gardens
Fatou Sarjo Horticultural Gardens
Mama Tamba Horticultural Gardens
Fatou Jatta Horticultural Gardens
Isatou Jatta Horticultural Gardens
Ansumana jarju VDC rep
Dembo Bato Badjie Farmer
Abdoulie Sanyang Farmer
Momodou Sanyang Farmer
Imam Yahya Dammeh Imam
Ebrima Jatta Shopkeeper/ farmer
Modou Tamba Farmer
Lamin Jatta Agricultural Extension
Bajuo Jatta Farmer
121
Appendix E – UNDP Gambia SPG Projects NB: the following Appendix provides an indication of the type of existing or past UNDP SPG initiatives that could be continued or applied as part of the project. Table 3.3 of the main Prodoc suggests budgets for “small grants” and the following outlines possible continuation sources of money that could be used.
Community action for environmental conservation and management (2011)
The aim of the project is to build capacities in environmental management focusing on environmental education. The project would be implemented in selected schools and communities in the Lower and Upper Nuimi Districts of The North Bank Region- one of the most environmentally degraded regions of the country. The specific objectives of the project are: to promote afforestation and re-afforestation in targeted communities using indigenous tree species, to facilitate environmental education and communication initiatives in selected schools and to create awareness among project beneficiaries on environmental and natural resources governance.
Community-based beekeeping as an enterprise development strategy for biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization (2011)
The project seeks to develop a community-driven beekeeping initiative in Manduar village in the Kiang West District of The Gambia as part of an integrated sustainable natural resources conservation and management project specifically conserving natural habitats found in the area. The specific objectives of the project were to:
- To assist the local communities including women to improve honey production
- To conserve genetic resources of the native honey bee (Apis mellifera) through the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies.
- Promote new adoptable and adaptable applied techniques for beekeeping which eliminate the use of fires.
- Develop marketing and facilitate networking among the groups.
Livelihood Enhancement through Environmental Promotion and Natural Resources Management for Community Empowerment (LENCE) (2011)
The LENCE project aims to reduce poverty through the adoption of sound environmental and improved natural resources management practices to enhance food security and protect the environment for long term sustainability of livelihoods. The project aims to promote the adoption of soil and water conservation techniques, introduce agroforestry into the farming systems, promote tree planting for drought mitigation and reduce energy use through the introduction of energy saving cooking stoves among households. The project will also work with local communities in addressing the effects of domestic animals on the local environment and come up with ways to incorporate crop-livestock agriculture which would improve livelihoods and reduce environmental destruction.
Mangrove planting and swamp resource management project (2011)
The aim of the project is to restore the mangrove vegetation in the main village river where it had undergone degradation stemming from both human activities and climatic effects. The project activities involved the collection, propagation and planting of mangroves, training on the management of mangroves and undertaking surveillance activities to protect the young seedlings.
122
Appendix F – Dimensions of the Proposed National Coastal Zone Monitoring Programme An adequate management of coastal areas is highly dependent on relevant information in different dimensions (e.g. geomorphology, hydrodynamic, human pressures and activities, etc.). A reliable, accurate and efficient monitoring system is needed to support planning and decision-making, especially when coastal erosion has to be addressed. In Gambia the limitations in terms of coastal zone monitoring are present at different levels: lack of a monitoring program with systematic procedures; the baseline information available is poor and partial considering the many dimensions involved in coastal zone management (e.g. lack of bathymetric data, digital terrain model, aerial photography); deficit in basic data gathering and information management; limited use of geographic information systems (GIS); reduced number of technicians focused on coastal management and monitoring activities; insufficient number of qualified staff to perform data management tasks and to provide analytic reports (e.g. to decision makers); relevant baseline information for understanding coastal processes, environmental conditions and socio-economic coastal activities is spread around several institutions and sometimes in non-digital formats (paper), making it more difficult for integration and analysis; lack of data sharing procedures between institutions and state departments; the national research and scientific system is very limited with almost no contribution for the understanding of coastal dynamics and management. At a more local level, the knowledge and the perceptions of the traditional communities (e.g. fisheries, farming) about climate change and associated trends and impacts are not sufficiently valorised and used for monitoring and decision-making purposes.
The project objective under output 1.4. is to develop a national coastal zone monitoring program that is functional to support planning, management and decision-making processes, considering the limitations described. The proposal is focused on three strategic dimensions to be complementary monitored and managed by the National Environmental Agency, considering also the strengthening of their institutional operational capacities.
The Figure F1 represents the general structure of the proposed monitoring program.
123
The first “Place” dimension corresponds mainly to the monitoring of the biophysical indicators associated with coastal and marine processes (e.g. bathymetry, topography, geomorphology, sediment transport, erosion rate, sea currents, biochemical parameters, land use cover, biodiversity, economic activities, others). The priority is be to create a robust baseline of information, that can be updated and improved over time, considering that at the moment the information gaps are very significant. The deficit in information management must also be addressed at several levels, especially through the enhancement of GIS capacities of the Coastal and Marine Unit of NEA. For example, the Unit should have a technician (a new human resource) allocated to monitoring activities and GIS management. Nevertheless, competences at this level must also be transversal and all the unit staff should have basic knowledge and skills in operating information systems at a basic user’s level. The current GEF project is additional to other projects and on this monitoring output it is important to highlight the EU project “Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Climate Change” (2012-2015), which is planning to address and to fund the monitoring of the biophysical dimensions. That is why the GEF project is proposing a complementary approach, including two other monitoring dimensions, in other to achieve additionality.
The second “People” dimension will be focused on community participation and it will monitor the local and traditional knowledge about the trends and the impacts associated to climate change, at their geographic locations. The local empiric and qualitative knowledge can complement quantitative and scientific analysis. Considering that in many situations there aren’t local data due to remoteness or lack of institutional administrative capacities to scientifically monitor it over time, the local knowledge is the only source of information available.
It is possible and relevant to design and to propose a monitoring approach, complementary to other more scientific approaches of data collection and analysis, focused on obtaining and validating local knowledge about climate change and their impacts. This proposal is in line with an approach called Community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM), in which the communities are actively engaged in the identification, analysis, treatment, and evaluation of environmental and disaster risks, in order to reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their adaptive capacities and resilience. For example, the emergence of several problems (e.g. salt intrusion, drought impacts) in some situations can be early detected or post assessed by the local people, with benefits in terms of social learning. From a methodological perspective the “People” monitoring dimension will include the development of key indicators to be measured over time, at local level, with the active engagement of the communities.
124
The approach will include an annual survey to be conducted on a determined period of the year; the chief of the local community will be responsible to conduct it collectively and collaborative; NEA will collect the surveys in order to gather, to analyse and to compare the data; the processing will allow to obtain maps and graphs with trends over time along the coastal territory. In the end of each monitoring year, an annual report should be produced and divulgated. The approach may also include activities focused on schools and students, for example asking for drawings with the main climatic and environmental problems faced by their communities (environmental awareness), after a general session or a visit to specific sites.
The information produced will be available to support planning and decision-making, complementing the qualitative data and analysis. The project will start to develop the approach and built the methodology, on a pilot basis, on three groups of local communities: 1) Sea fishing communities (Bakau, Tanjii); 2) River fishing communities (Tendaba, Ferrafeni, Bintang); Coastal farming communities (Kinta Kunda, Desalami, Illiasa). Those are also the main communities considered on the overall project. The community monitoring process might be called by the acronym “Bolong to People” (in Mandinka language, Bolong means river or creek, and in English the word sounds like belong) and in this case the meaning is all about belonging, ownership and engagement.
The third “Project” dimension will focus on “in depth” monitoring of the interventions proposed to address coastal protection and erosion management. It is important to understand what is the evolution of the coastal and marine system in the areas affected. Quantitative and qualitative indicators should be set in order to monitor and assess the impacts of the interventions. This dimension of the project as a close relation with the GEF M&E approach, which aims to assess its the overall performance. The main objective of this third monitoring tier is to highlight the importance of looking at it on a more integrated basis, having in consideration the other two tiers (people and place). After the end of the project with all the M&E requirements, it should continue to exist a monitoring approach, at the intervention sites, to assess the long term impacts on the coastal and marine system.
The fundamental perspective about the monitoring project is to make Gambian institutions, and specially NEA, aware, prepared and capacitated to deal with it on a more systemic basis, to support planning and decision-making. Monitoring should be seen as fundamental process to support coastal management, with the need to continue to work long after the end of the current GEF project.
This output will be coordinated with the UNEP-LDCF project “Strengthening of the Gambia’s Climate Change Early Warning System”- which focuses on enhancing the capacity of the networks of synoptic meteorological and hydrological stations within the country to identify climate-related natural hazards (mainly drought, flooding, wind storms leading to wind erosion) and forecast their potential impacts on vulnerable communities as well as delivering climate information including early warning to enhance adaptive capacity and reduce vulnerability of The Gambia’s population to climate change. There are strong complementarities between the two projects, especially from a monitoring perspective and the Table F1. aims to highlight the key ideas on that regard. During the project preparation phase two meetings occurred between the responsible institutions and there is a mutual interest in establishing procedures and protocols, to enhance a closer collaboration between the two systems, especially considering issues related to data sharing and information management, but also in the field of capacity building (e.g. training in GIS methodologies).
Early Warning System Coastal Monitoring Strategy
Institution responsible Department Water Resources National Environmental Agency
UN Program support UNEP UNDP
GEF Project role Full role / Individual Project Partial role / current Output 1.4.
Duration 36 months / Start 04/2011-End 04/2014 48 months / Start 2013 - End 2017
Main focus Meteorological processes Coastal and marine processes
Main problem to address Weather disturbances Coastal erosion
125
Management perspective Disaster reduction Coastal planning
Timescale Short term threats Long term trends
Example of indicators Rainfall, temperature, wind speed, … Beach profile, land cover, erosion, …
Relation with key sectors Providing information to Collecting information from
Climate change impacts To predict and to alert To monitor and to plan
Convergence and Complementarities between projects
Data and information sharing between systems and institutional departments
Capacity building activities to reinforce technical skills (e.g. collaborative training)
Table F1. Monitoring complementarities between two GEF projects
126
Appendix G – Component Outcomes, Activities and budget.
Appendix G1 – Component 1
COMPONENT 1 – POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 1 : US$9,568,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $895,900 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
OUTPUT
TITLE
OUTPUT DESCRIPTION ACTIVITY TITLE ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED
TOTAL BUDGET
(US$)
Output 1.1
Climate risk
management
capacity
development
programme
for coastal
areas.
This output is designed to address the
institutional and capacity development
programmes needed to help implement sea and
river defence risk management (SRDRM) within
Gambia. Its focused delivery shall be aimed at
key national and local institutions and
individuals to include: at least 50 technical staff
drawn from national departments (including
fisheries, agriculture and planning) ; at least 200
extension staff drawn from relevant regional
agricultural, engineering, planning and fisheries
directorates (e.g.: at Yundum, Kerawan, Jenoi),
Ward and Village Development Councils
Committees and community fisheries centres
(eg: at Kartong, Brufut, Tanji, Sanyang, Gunjur,
Bakau) and various planning departments.
Specific interventions will be addressed at the
Ministry of Works (MoW) which under the law
of the GOTG are responsible for contracting and
oversight of public works, including physical
1.1a Improve roles,
responsibilities,
visibility and voice
of key sectoral
agencies (NEA,
MoW and Coastal
and Marine
Environment
Working Group
(CMEWG)), in
matters of Sea and
River Defence Risk
Management
(SRDRM);
This activity focuses on reviewing existing regulatory roles and responsibilities of NEA and
MoW. Particular emphasis will be placed on providing a review or update to existing
environments (EIA) regulations and building “codes of practice” to better accommodate
climate risk management strategic decision making into existing processes. A review of all
current coastal engineering or development related EIAs shall represent the background
to any legislative or codes of practices updates that may be required to ensure SRDRM
implementation in the future. Work will commence on reviewing existing “gaps” and
proposing workable strategies to help develop a clear national SRDRM Policy Framework
from year one. With the exception of the works component, emerging obligations will
focus on adopting the SRDRMP and SRDIMP. Consistent with these commitments, the
primary focus of the first two years in implementing will be stewardship of NEA, MoW and
the Policy Framework. Legislative empowerment of the MoW and NEA and improved
institutional framework of the NEA along with monitoring of performance should be top
priority, over the first two years.
34,900
1.1b Improve
information sharing
and collaboration
between local
agencies;
This activity focuses on creating the baseline evidence needed on defence and coastal
condition surveys. These currently are not undertaken and as part of the first year (2013)
target it is important, through the MoUs are created so there is a transfer of all relevant
data to the GIS data-structure. Through improved data “contract” design (contracts to
enforce inter-department information sharing of sea and river defence management
45,000
127
COMPONENT 1 – POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 1 : US$9,568,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $895,900 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
coastal protection. These will involve supporting
a (i) review of the organisational structure of
MoW with a view to creating a specialist unit
with a responsibility to flooding and coastal
protection, (ii) improvement of technical
expertise with respect to flood management and
coastal protection within officers of the MoW
through implementation of a number of relevant
short courses tailored to the problems
experience in Gambia. This Output will be the
formation of a cadre of involved actors with
capacity to understand the role of climate
change and how interventions can build climate
resilience platforms on which project physical /
livelihood interventions can be based.
information) a comprehensive identification of the areas of greatest need for intervention
will be derived based on “on the ground” knowledge of District Councils in association
with the most recent data available in EC funded ICZM GIS (co-funding initiative). The EC
funded GIS based management system, once adequately populated, is expected to form a
comprehensive tool in prioritization of sea and river defence works. It is anticipated that
by mid-2014, the GIS data structure would have been populated with pertinent data and
will provide a more predictive model to assist in prioritization.
1.1c Review of
MoWs
Organisational
Structure and
improve technical
expertise to assist in
the implementation
of SRDRM;
This activity focuses on reviewing the existing institutional framework and capacity for
climate risk management, and providing a clear institutional needs assessment (INA) to
help ensure that all future aspects of SRDRM are incorporated into existing (or new)
institutions. This activity will seek to develop draft new “climate proof” regulations to take
forward SRDRM and help to confirm institution responsibilities and targets. This activity
also focuses on delivering a focused training programme for staff both within MoW and
NEA on SRDRM. The current employment of a Sea and River Defence engineer with NEA is
a key focus to take forward and assess (see Appendix H). In addition, from this exercise, a
critical mass of trained coastal engineers shall be planned for by 2015. Delivery of SRDRM
principles shall be aimed at key national and local institutions and individuals to include: at
least 50 technical staff drawn from national departments (including fisheries, agriculture
and planning) ; at least 200 extension staff drawn from relevant regional agricultural,
engineering, planning and fisheries directorates (e.g.: at Yundum, Kerawan, Jenoi), Ward
and Village Development Councils Committees and community fisheries centres (eg: at
Kartong, Brufut, Tanji, Sanyan) and various planning departments.
45,000
128
COMPONENT 1 – POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 1 : US$9,568,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $895,900 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
Output 1.2
Review and
Revision to
National and
Regional
Development
Plans.
This output shall review existing national and
regional development plans (such as the Gambia
Tourism Masterplan, Banjul City Masterplan,
North Bank, Western and Lower River
Development Plans) and where appropriate, be
strategically refined to introduce a practical “sea
and river defence risk management” approach
to decision making. Sea and River Defence
Investment Plans (SRDIMPs) may be linked to
existing plans to help climate-proof key planning
documents to help integrate risk management
planning into the planning infrastructure of the
various involved government bodies. This shall
support closer alignment with respect to coastal
resilience in the future. Moreover, and
appreciating the baseline barriers, SRDIMPs, for
each District, are likely to set investment
schedules for “new built” and “maintenance”
budgets to help prioritise future investments for
coastal resilience measures. Their existence shall
importantly be the catalyst for creating
Government budget lines for sea and river
defence risk management within the Ministry of
Works and the NEA.
1.2a Design
workable planning
“tools” to help
deliver sustainable
coastal resilience
practices in Gambia;
The focus of this activity is to establish how to introduce new guidelines, codes and
practice and land use “set back” policies into existing national and district development
plans. Addendums to existing planning laws shall be drafted and introduced for GoG
acceptance. The approach will need to be accepted and endorsed by all national
development stakeholders in addition to local Village Development Committees to ensure
SRDRM is mainstreamed into national and local development planning approaches.
45,000
1.2b Preparation of
Sea and River
Defence Investment
Management Plans
(SRDIMPs) for
specific coastal
Districts in Gambia
with each defining
sets of maintenance
targets (aka
“Infrastructure
Investment Plans”)
and to integrate
recurrent and
capital
expenditures.
The focus of this activity is to create the evidence (vulnerable risk analysis work to be
undertaken by the EC GCCA project) and actions needed to sustainably plan land use
development along the coast of Gambia. This will be designed in the form of SRDIMPs
which shall represent the enforceable document for land use planning on the coast for
specific coastal districts. They will provide practical investment timelines and guidance,
from which the GoG, can implement the actions and set financial budgets for defence
construction and maintenance needs for the next 5 to 10 years. Additionally, it is
anticipated with the implementation of the SRDIMPs by 2016, that a more objective
approach to the infrastructure management process will commence via the utilization of
existing and new baseline data (from the EC funded GIS system). The Gambia Tourist
Board (GTB) will be key stakeholders towards informing onany updates to existing or new
Tourist Development Areas (TDAs) to help with SRDIMP production and content.
200,000
(UNDP co-finance
contribution =
200,000)
1.2c Prepare
“Coastal
Development and
Environmental
Policy Guidelines” to
help NEA to deliver
SRDRMP as part of
existing
The focus of this activity is to produce a robust set of supporting documents (guidelines)
that can be appended to engineering contracts to ensure that compliance to environment
and building / construction regulations is adhered to. Their purpose is to help improve the
quality standards and efficiency in sea and river defence infrastructure development,
through the development of two key standard operating manuals. The “Coastal
Development Guidance Manual” is intended to establish the criteria, procedure and other
key considerations in selecting the type of structure to be adopted in coastal and river
defence interventions. The manual must take cognizance of the implementation of the
120,000
129
COMPONENT 1 – POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 1 : US$9,568,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $895,900 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
environmental
regulatory
frameworks.
SRDRMP in 2016, with the ultimate aim of being integrated into the development of the
District SRDIMP. The Gambia Tourist Board (GTB) will be key stakeholders towards
informing onany updates to existing or new Tourist Development Areas (TDAs) to help
with SRDIMP production and content. The “Environmental Policy Guidelines” is aimed at
presenting a standard procedure for the provisions of resources for EIA and delivery of
coastal adaptation strategies in coastal regions of Gambia. The manual should present
basic guidelines to be followed in approving development within the coastal and river
zones. It will be specifically designed for MoW (in tandem with NEA) to help forge
strengthened links between environmental mitigation and sustainable planning decision
making. It thus represents the overarching framework for GoG to consider, to help guide
development of actions required for sustained sea and river defence management in the
Gambia.
Output 1.3 -
High-level
institutional
mechanism
to guide
climate
change
resilient
development
of coastal
zones.
This Output shall set clear formal structures to
communicate the responsibility to coordinate
and provide policy direction on “climate
proofing” of development initiatives and climate
change adaptation measures. A review of
defined remits within the government structure
shall be carried out compared with the actual
situation, areas for enhancement will be
identified and consultations will secure these
interfaces to permit collective working.
Significant gaps will be addressed through
institutional reform, which will be implemented
within the lifetime of the project. Enhancing
working and reforming to fill gaps will lead to
improved coordination of future sea and river
defence risk management and land use
development, physical interventions and sea and
river defence maintenance. This shall create an
enabling environment to introduce and ensure
1.3a Preparation of
a “Sea and River
Defence” Policy for
Gambia to formalise
law and regulatory
enforcement;
The focus of this activity is for the requirement to create a formal SRD Policy Framework
Document. This shall include reference to mangrove management in addition to newly
constructed defence schemes (link to Activity 2.3e). This should be completed by 2017
with formal approval of the updated document by Cabinet. This shall compliment the EU
GCCA project (ICZM). Issues of additionality are described in Section 2.6.
75,000
1.3b Institutional
reform to improve
District and regional
coordination for
future sea and river
defence
construction and
maintenance.
The focus of this activity is to create the enabling environment to allow the
decentralisation of SRDRM over time. Attention shall be placed on how to create the
greater value of all coastal Districts in Gambia being managed in a strategic manner for
both roads and bridge infrastructure and sea defence infrastructure.
68,000
1.3c Integration of
SRDRM and the
GCCA ICZM Project
This activity focuses on the actual integration of the two separate project Steering
Committees to ensure collaboration and integration of SRDRM and wider ICZM delivery
between the two projects. This is identified as an activity on the EU GCCA Project to
30,000
130
COMPONENT 1 – POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 1 : US$9,568,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $895,900 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
compliance to engineering and planning design
standards within low lying flood-plains and
identified “vulnerable” areas within the coastal
zone.
activities (i.e. data
management and
research tasks) to
help develop
SRDIMPs
ensure compatibility within the LDCF.
1.3d Prepare a Draft
Code of Practice for
Sea and River
Defence Structures
& Coastal
Development.
The Draft Code of Practice for Sea and River Defence Structures and Coastal Development
is likely to comprehensive, providing valid considerations such as:
• Sound engineering consideration in the design of coastal and river structures with
emphasis on the impact of sand extraction, foreshore erosion, mangrove and other coastal
features on the hydraulic parameters and general design principles;
• The Code will also be specific to key design considerations applicable to the local
environment and include construction requirements and key considerations of materials,
specifications and quality control for various sea and river defence structures. The Code
shall outline maintenance requirements and methods applicable to various types of
structures encountered in Gambia; and rehabilitation requirements and methods
applicable to various types of structures encountered.
39,000
Output 1.4
Coastal
monitoring
programme
The Output is to develop a national coastal zone
monitoring program that is functional to support
planning, management and evidence-based
decision-making. The monitoring program will
be managed by the National Environmental
Agency as befitting their institutional remit and
also the strengthening of their institutional
operational capacities. Clear roles of research
institutions and the NEA shall be set out in order
to monitor and advise on aspects such as coastal
habitat change and project /engineering design
performance etc. Guidance for monitoring
support roles of the Village Development
1.4a Improving the
knowledge database
for delivering
SRDRM;
This activity focuses on providing a clear strategy for data information management that is
required. Close links with the EU GCCA project shall clarify and determine the need for any
hardware and software modifications required to make the system compatible with the
requirements to input, store and manipulate LiDAR data, Mangrove Restoration Project’s
GIS information, fly-over images, modelling information (such as coastal models) etc; and
importantly to allow flood hazard mapping. This activity may entail building of additional
modules to the GIS Data-structure to allow feeding of baseline information into the
system.
45,000
1.4b Establish a new
Gambia SRDRMP
Research and
The research component of the SRDRMP is intended to set the stage for the policy
development and implementation of an integrated S&RD management tool. This research
component will consist of two initiatives:
50,000
131
COMPONENT 1 – POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 1 : US$9,568,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $895,900 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
Committees (VDC) shall also be introduced at
this time. This output shall be designed to
integrate with other donor funded initiatives,
especially the EU 'GCCA support project to The
Gambia for integrated coastal zone
management and the mainstreaming of climate
change' project and the UNEP-LDCF project
“Strengthening of the Gambia’s Climate Change
Early Warning System”, in order to ensure
synergy and complementarity. The monitoring
approach shall be targeted to support the
development of coastal resilience as such it shall
have three main components: (i) the “place”
dimension corresponds mainly to the monitoring
of the biophysical indicators associated with
coastal and marine processes (e.g. bathymetry,
topography, sediment transport, erosion rate,
land use cover) (ii) the “people” dimension will
be focused on community participation and it
will monitor the local and traditional knowledge
about the trends and the impacts associated to
climate change, at their geographic locations
and, (iii) the “project” dimension will focus on
“in depth” monitoring of the impact of
interventions proposed to address coastal
protection and erosion management ( App F).
Development
Programme;
(1) Identifying research “themes” to reflect integrated needs of GoG to deliver sustainable
sea and river risk management; and
(2) Establishing a detailed inventory of research “titles” needed to deliver the programme
and support efforts to complete the implementation of risk management driven SRDIMP.
The main deliverable of this SRDRMP research programme is the development of a
programme document with action plans, budget and financial (investment) plan for the
SRDRM. Based on the future workflows, the completion of this activity is essential and will
require the use of technical assistance, primarily personnel with the expertise in risk
management and coastal planning, to guide the NEA on the way forward.
1.4c Establish
standards and
protocols for the
accurate and
meaningful
presentation of sea
and river defence
data;
The focus of this activity is on setting data sharing protocols and the introducing of
centralised information systems (role of NEA) to manage coastal data and make it
accessible to the diverse range of technical stakeholders. The concept of contractor of
“data clauses” is one tool possibly being introduced. NEA should aim to promote best
practice in data gathering to ensure that data are properly archived. To ensure that (public
sector) research and survey commissioning bodies (Clients and contractors) need to adopt
this best practice and have a contractual basis for the data gathering programs they
commission from Contractors (or Tenderers). NEA should develop a style of standard
clause that can be used in all tender specifications, so forming a fundamental part of the
contract from the start. This will ensure that data management best practice and its
associated costs are addressed by Contractors (tenderers) at the tender compilation stage. This clause alerts potential contractors (tenderers), via the tender specification, to the
best practice so that costs can be taken into account at the tender preparation stage. On
acceptance of a tender, this then becomes a contractual commitment and a condition of
payment. The tender documents could identify appropriate standards or sources of
expertise to be referred to..The clause essentially enforces best practice, so additional
effort from the contractor or client should not be significant.
64,000
1.4d Establish
SRDRM
“performance
The SRDRM process will set out clear objectives, policies and activities to help GoTG and
local communities have ownership of the way forward and to provide both the
“engineering solutions” and the “non-engineering” (planning and local self-help)
35,000
132
COMPONENT 1 – POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 1 : US$9,568,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $895,900 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
measure”
procedures for
projects and
engineering
interventions.
techniques which may be initiated to help communities adapt, respond to, and quickly
recover from infrastructural damage to sea and river defences resulting from coastal and
fluvial hazards. Under this activity, “performance measures” to ensure that community
resilience is being achieved will be established to determine if NEA/MoW are fulfilling
their mandates in implementing the SRDRM programme. Creation of an improvement to
the institutional set up of Village Development Committee structures to accommodate this
maybe one approach to consider.
Appendix G2 – Component 2
COMPONENT 2 – PHYSICAL INVESTMENTS IN COASTAL PROTECTION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 2 : $14,880,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $5,900,300 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
OUTPUT OUTPUT DESCRIPTION ACTIVITY TITLE AND DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED
TOTAL
BUDGET
(US$)
Output 2.1 Hard coastal
protection infrastructure
measures are designed,
constructed with
additional redundancy
against sea level rise and
This output is designed to provide protection to the tourism and
fisheries sectors, through hard defence interventions (to address coastal
erosion) at Kololi Beach and Tanji Bridge. The reason for the focus on
these locations is set out below.
The Senegambia (Kololi Beach area) remains of pivotal importance to
the national economy. It also remains a key employer to local
2.1a Initiate EIAs and other permitting applications for each pilot project area (for
both Kololi beach and Tanji Bridge interventions);
50,000
2.1b 2.1b Detailed Engineering Report – Tanji Bridge. Clear document to better
understand the amount, type, cost of placing material on the foreshore etc ;
75,000
133
COMPONENT 2 – PHYSICAL INVESTMENTS IN COASTAL PROTECTION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 2 : $14,880,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $5,900,300 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
climate induced erosion populations in the Serrekunda District. The tourism industry is
geographically concentrated along a 10 km strip along the Atlantic coast,
constituting the Tourism Development Area (TDA). The degree of spatial
concentration in one corner of the richest part of the country is striking
and has implications for the pro-poor impact of tourism across the
country. Almost 90 per cent of the tourist accommodation is located in
20 large hotels, with over half the national bed stock found in the seven
largest of these (mainly focused in Serrekunda District).The need to
improve the beach tourism product in the location will sustain seasonal
tourism and also improve “out of season” local economic development
in the area (maintenance of the supporting restaurant area, waterfront
attractions etc).
Tanji Fishing community is well established, though is at risk from
coastal erosion in a few locations, including the risk of communication
(road) erosion close to Tanji Bridge. Failure to protect this area will have
serious implications on local and national transportation “routes to
market” for the community as climate change impacts become worse.
Details of the monitoring and maintenance plans are presented in
Appendix B.
2.1c Detailed Engineering Report – Kololi Beach. Clear document to better
understand the amount, type, cost of placing material to counter coastal erosion
(fronting the tourist assets at Kololi Beach).
75,000
2.1d Geotechnical, bathymetric and topographical investigation work at proposed
pilot study sites (for both Kololi and Tanji Bridge interventions);
200,000
2.1e Prepare detailed engineering specifications of proposed pilot projects (for
both Kololi and Tanji Bridge interventions);
85,000
2.1f Production of “hard engineering” Overview Acceptance Project Sites Report in
coordination and cooperation with Competent Authorities (for both Kololi and Tanji
Bridge interventions)
45,000
2.1g Construction of defences at Kololi Beach and at Tanji Bridge (2 separate
interventions) with clear monitoring, surveillance and maintenance budgets/ plans
in place.
3,317,000
Output 2.2 Low cost
infrastructure to protect
up to 1,500 ha of
vulnerable rice growing
areas.
Under Output 2.2, up to 1,500 ha of low-land rice growing areas in the
Lower and Central Valleys will also be protected through the installation
and maintenance of protection dykes, tidal gates and other flow control
structures and machines in targeted areas. This will involve a
participatory Sea and River Defence Risk Management planning process
shall be formulated to help engage beneficiaries from the outset with
regards to sea and river defence siting, design, implementation and long
2.2a Initiate EIAs and other permitting applications for each pilot project area
(Tendaba and Dasalami/Illiasa interventions);
50,000
2.2b Detailed Engineering Report – Dasalam/Illiasai wetland management
(Salt/fish/rice) scheme. Clear document to better understand the amount, type,
cost of implementation and construction;
45,000
134
COMPONENT 2 – PHYSICAL INVESTMENTS IN COASTAL PROTECTION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 2 : $14,880,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $5,900,300 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
term management and maintenance. LDCF resources will be used to
design and build structures that will directly benefit at least 1,500
families. It is expected that a level of maintenance of these defence
structures will be provided by beneficiary communities. To achieve this,
a co-management approach will be necessary that will involve relevant
government agencies, such as the Department for Water Management,
Department of Soil and Water Management and the Ministry of
Agriculture.
Details of the monitoring and maintenance plans are presented in
Appendix B.
2.2c Detailed Engineering Report – Tendaba foreshore enhancement (polders).
Clear document to better understand the amount, type, cost of placing dredged
material within a “polder system” in front of Tendaba village material to counter
coastal erosion (fronting eco-resort and the fishing village);
45,000
2.2d Geotechnical and topographical investigation work at proposed pilot study
sites (Tendaba and Dasalami/Illiasa interventions);
100,000
2.2e Prepare detailed engineering specifications of proposed pilot projects
(Tendaba and Dasalami/Illiasa interventions);
40,000
2.2f Production of “soft engineering” Overview Acceptance Project Sites Reports in
coordination and cooperation with Competent Authorities (Tendaba and
Dasalami/Illiasa interventions);
40,000
2.2g Create community involvement plans (monitoring and maintenance) to aid in
local engagement (Tendaba, Tanji and Dasalami/Illiasa interventions);
25,000
2.2h Construction of defences at Tendaba and Dasalami/Illiasa (minimum 2
separate interventions) with clear monitoring, surveillance and maintenance
budgets/ plans in place.
1,353,000
Output 2.3 - Up to 2500
ha of mangroves forests
restored and maintained
through mangrove
management plans and
regeneration to
Output 2.3 will restore and maintain 2,500 ha of the mangroves forests
close to the communities within Bintang Bolong through the creation of
physical intervention (planting), a co-management approach and the
creation of a brand new enforceable mangrove management policy (and
plan) to act as an additional buffer against climate-induced pressures in
coastal areas. These mangroves will directly complement hard physical
2.3a Study to assess mangrove “die-back” across all degraded areas. 100,000
(UNDP co-
finance
contribution
= 100,000)
135
COMPONENT 2 – PHYSICAL INVESTMENTS IN COASTAL PROTECTION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 2 : $14,880,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $5,900,300 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
withstand climate-
induced pressures in
coastal areas
measures designed to project lowland rice growing and will be planned
an implemented alongside these hard measures through participatory
planning. Selected communities members (populations within Bintang
Bolong around these mangroves and oyster producers) will be trained in
mangrove management measures including physical planting,
monitoring of the health of the mangrove, developing and maintaining
community based agreements on use of the resource. Communities at
large will also be sensitized on the role of mangroves roles in promoting
coastal resilience.
2.3b Strategic implementation plan for mangrove planting at Bintang village,
Kamaloo and Fajikunda (monitoring and implementation plan based on findings
from Activity 2.3a);
25,000
2.3c Planting of mangrove seedlings, 160,000
(UNDP co-
finance
contribution
= 100,000)
2.3d Monitoring of project performance 25,300
2.3e Preparation of a National Mangrove Management Policy and Associated Plan 45,000
136
Appendix G3 – Component 3
COMPONENT 3 – STRENGTHENING LIVELIHOODS OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES AT RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 3 : $15,000,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $2,703,800 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
OUTPUT OUTPUT DESCRIPTION ACTVITY TITLE ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED
TOTAL
BUDGET
(US$)
Output 3.1
Supporting
agricultural
development in
vulnerable
saline areas
Salinity resilient rice growing and horticulture technologies
(desalinization, salt resistant seeds, techniques to reduce impacts of
salt soils on crops, techniques to reclaim highly salted soils) shall be
reviewed, along with the initiation of new techniques for salt
mining, which shall be tested, introduced and disseminated to 1,500
rice growers and 300 horticulture producers at risk from climate
change. Up to thirty households shall be invited to take part in a
series “soil desalination” experiments in order to valid this approach
for more extensive use. The experimental soil desalinization process
shall be implemented during the dry season. At this time, the soil
shall be desalinized through collecting water in containers (through
rainwater harvesting). This method of growing in pots enables
people to cultivate without large amounts of water and has good
potential as a horticultural adaptation approach.
It is proposed that a series of pilot community focused trial and
demonstrative programmes shall be initiated based on a small-grant
mechanism which appropriate access measures for community
members. The small-grant pilot trials will be a combination of saline
rice / halophytic regeneration and desalinisation approaches. In
3.1a Pilot saline agriculture
and desalinisation pilot
plots will be trialled in 5
wards and effectiveness
assessed.
Thirty households will undertake “soil desalination” experiments as a pilot for
wider extension. These desalination trials will commence in the dry season and
involve pot-based growing techniques. The potential for soil desalination through
appropriate and locally available technology will be determined and assessed for
wider implementation.
300,000
(UNDP co-
finance
contribution
= 100,000)
3.1b Small grants
mechanism established to
replicate community-
based measures in
vulnerable saline areas.
Pilot community focused trial and demonstrative programmes based on a small-
grant mechanism will be used to extent the vulnerable saline farming approaches.
These grants will be accessible across all community members but focussed on
saline rice / halophytic regeneration and desalinisation approaches as well as
supportive vegetable farming. From the consultations carried out, the decline in
rice growing is being partly offset by increased small-scale vegetable farming – thus
there is value in supporting this trend, partly as an alternative to rice, but more
importantly for building a more diversified and thus resilient agricultural base.
250,000
(UNDP co-
finance
contribution
= 200,000)
137
COMPONENT 3 – STRENGTHENING LIVELIHOODS OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES AT RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 3 : $15,000,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $2,703,800 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
addition, the intention is to help produce over 700 kg of vegetables
through the small grant programmes which may then be replicated
to other salt intrusion risk areas in the Gambia. From the
consultations carried out, the decay in rice growing is being partly
offset by increased small-scale vegetable farming – thus there is
value in supporting this trend, partly as an alternative to rice, but
more importantly for building a more diversified and thus resilient
agricultural base. The approaches trialled through the small-grants
procedure will be reviewed using criteria focused on sustainable
income opportunities and increasing resilience of degraded rice
growing communities. Key lessons from the portfolio of approaches
to support wider uptake of the successful approaches will be
documented and used to support dissemination at a regional and
national scale (Output 3.4).
3.1c Review small-grants
community approaches
and identify key lessons
with wide applicability to
fringing rice growing
communities.
Successes and failures of the various small-grants projects will be reviewed using
criteria focused on sustainable income opportunities and increasing resilience of
degraded rice growing communities. Lessons from the activity will be derived from
grant-holder interviews coupled with wider group participatory sessions as well as
documentary evidence. These activities will be organized in tandem with the
dissemination and implementation of shoreline/freshwater management
investments through the small grant program established above. Activities may
include i) Arrange study visits of members of Village Development Committees
during the implementation of soft engineering shoreline management measures; ii)
Organize targeted training to village water committees and women’s groups; iii)
Disseminate project briefs and guidance notes; iv) Prepare local media news items
about the project. V) Develop further the ongoing work of ASSET (Association of
Small Scale Enterprises in Tourism), the Travel Foundation and Thomas to develop
locally-produced Gambian crafts, and continue the “Guaranteed Gambian brand”
across the country. The latter project is key to help improve the livelihoods of
artisans/craft producers in The Gambia by increasing and sustaining their income
through tourism. Through this project, it shall be developed to encourage talented
producers, to develop new products (materials/crafts etc) and be promoted
through the brand. “Guaranteed Gambian” is linked to the Gambia Tourism Board
and National Centre for Arts and Crafts on securing the future of the brand.
140,000
Output 3.2
Supporting
fishing
communities in
wetland
community
areas
This Output shall seek to introduce support measures to help
improve fisheries management and planning methods (i.e. resilient
fisheries and wetland management plans, custom rules for wetland
access and exploitation, community monitoring of fisheries quotas)
which shall be introduced and transferred to at least 25 vulnerable
communities (wards) at risk from climate change in the Lower and
Central Valley areas.
Trial fishery activities shall be supported, organised and monitored
3.2a Feasibility study on
environmental
sustainability and potential
for income generation of
wetland fishing activities.
Trial fishery activities shall be supported, organised and monitored over 1 year in at
least 4 wards and the feasibility of the approaches assessed for livelihood benefits
as possibilities for extension within the sustainable yield of the target areas.
65,000
3.2b Directed small grants
mechanism established to
replicate fishing
A community-based small grant mechanism shall be used to support more widely
entry into the fishing market as a wider trial once feasibility has been confirmed –
aspects to be included shall include fishery capture, fish processing and marketing.
180,000
138
COMPONENT 3 – STRENGTHENING LIVELIHOODS OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES AT RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 3 : $15,000,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $2,703,800 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
over 1 year in at least 4 wards and the feasibility of the approaches
assessed for livelihood benefits as possibilities for extension within
the sustainable yield of the target areas. A community-based small
grant mechanism shall be used to support more widely entry into
the fishing market as a wider trial once feasibility has been
confirmed – aspects to be included shall include fishery capture, fish
processing and marketing.
The value of fishing as a supplemental activity which supplies
protein to the community diet and increases livelihood activities will
be assessed. The trials and small-grant mechanisms should provide
adequate background data to assess the financial sustainability of
the approach as a supplementary-income activity as well as
environmental sustainability of the fisheries stocks. Guidelines for
sustainable development of fish resources in the target area shall be
developed as a demonstrative resource for dissemination (Output
3.4).
community-based
measures in wetland
areas.
Any activities will be led by extension staff within the Department of Fisheries
working closely with the existing community based fisheries centres and
management committees used by the Banafaa project. This work will be carried out
in the vicinity of the mangrove restoration work to be implemented under
Outcome 2 (ie: Bintang District). Financial support will be provided to the most
vulnerable to implement the new management measures
3.2c Sustainable
community-based fisheries
protocol produced as
protein / income
supplemental community
activity.
Trials coupled small-grant mechanisms will provide background data to assess the
financial sustainability of the approach as a supplementary-income activity.
Guidelines for sustainable development of fish resources in the target area shall be
developed as a demonstrative resource for dissemination (Output 3.4). Through a
process of community consultation closely linked to Outputs 3.1 and 3.2, specific
vocational training and support programmes will be developed, market access
studies and analysis provided, and start up financing supported linked to the local
banking system, notably the Village Savings and Credit Association (VISACA) created
by the terminated IFAD Rural Finance and Community Initiatives Project and the
Livelihood Improvement Fund of the IDB supported Community-based
Infrastructure and Livelihood Improvement Project.
280,000
(UNDP co-
finance
contribution
= 200,000)
Output 3.3
Implementation
of climate
resilient
alternative
income
generating
activities
This Output shall seek to introduce a “route map” towards the
implementation of effective alternative business income streams for
vulnerable coastal communities such as beekeeping, ecotourism,
forest management, coastal defence installation and maintenance
measures etc. The actions and strategies shall be introduced to at
least 15 vulnerable communities (wards) at risk from climate change
in the study areas propsed in Appendix B.
Through literature review and extensive community consultation,
information shall be collected to ascertain the effectiveness of
alternatives in securing economic activity and sustaining livelihoods
3.3a Literature and project
review of alternative
livelihood options and
community engagement to
screen possibilities.
A review of literature and outputs from the various trials will be undertaken. A
“route map” for the implementation of effective alternative business income
streams for vulnerable coastal communities will be produced.
43,300
3.3b Alternative
livelihoods of at least 5
different types (e.g. bee
keeping, tree nursery)
developed and trialled and
Community consultation, coupled to Activity 3.3, will guide selection of alternative
activities. At least 5 alternative livelihoods in 15 wards shall be assessed to ensure
viability and that it is sustainable post-project. Specific activities shall include ways
to 1) Finalize the operational/financial architecture for the funding and quality
assurance mechanism ii) Generate criteria for funding, which will include the focus,
300,000
(UNDP co-
finance
contribution
139
COMPONENT 3 – STRENGTHENING LIVELIHOODS OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES AT RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 3 : $15,000,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $2,703,800 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
as well as cultural and gender aspects of these alternative income
generation activities. Through project-supported trials, the
robustness of at least 5 alternative livelihoods in 15 wards shall be
assessed to ensure viability and that it is sustainable post-project.
A “good practise guide” shall be produced (in English and local
languages) which outlines possible alternative incomes which are
relevant to the extensive areas in the saline areas of The Gambia.
The supported trials will be used to illustrate the approach. The
guide will provide a “route map” targeted at the community level
which will detail approach to follow and the necessary protocols.
assessed for viability and
appropriateness in at least
15 wards (as defined
within the Gambia Local
Government Act 2002)..
involvement of communities, especially women, and MRV requirements for the
small grants iii) Target training for the delivery NGO on the project appraisal,
screening, and reporting iv) Dissemination of the small grant scheme through
national TV, radio and newspaper. V) Develop an action plan/strategy for resource
mobilization.Work is to include a cofinancing mechanism from the beneficiary
community
= 100,000)
3.3c A “good practise
guide” produced (in
English and local
languages) of approaches
which realise a secure
income and post-project
sustainability.
Information from this shall Output shall be collated to produce a “good practise
guide” shall be produced (in English and local languages) which outlines possible
alternative incomes which are relevant to the extensive areas in the saline areas of
The Gambia. The good practice guide will set out the procedures needed for setting
up “cash for work” programmes. This is important as the expected results and
outputs of the “cash for work” programmes, in terms of community livelihood
improvements, will ensure they do not disrupt the local economy, that all members
of the community are involved (gender sensitive), artificially inflate wages or result
in unsustainable shifts in the labour force. To this end, efforts to focus on fishing
community “product diversification” and on rewards to improve fishing
infrastructure resilience shall be prioritised.
50,000
Output 3.4
Dissemination
of practical
livelihood
diversification
approaches for
The Gambia.
A focus will be made on the dissemination of practical and viable
alternatives possible to enhance economic wellbeing. Two main
themes will be disseminated (i) methods to enhance existing
livelihoods through rice improvements / fish capture (ii) alternative
or additional livelihoods which could replace or subsidise existing
livelihoods.
At least 30 workshops will be undertaken and 1500 briefing notes
will be disseminated to rural dwellers with respect to locally-
relevant aspects of coastal resilience, possible interventions to
reduce vulnerability and participatory wetland management.
3.4a Community
engagement and resilience
programmes for each
coastal / estuary District.
30 workshops will be undertaken and 1500 briefing notes will be disseminated to
rural dwellers with respect to locally-relevant aspects of coastal resilience. During
these workshops additional or supplemental livelihood options will be identified
and discussed. Livelihood options will involve lessons identified from pilot and will
be disseminated to at least 30 wards.
425,000
3.4b Education and
awareness training
programmes on coastal
resilience, intervention
For each of the 30 wards a “Climate Resilient Village Network” will be formed to
oversee supplemental or alternative livelihoods and help tailor them to the very
local situations.
300,000
140
COMPONENT 3 – STRENGTHENING LIVELIHOODS OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES AT RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 3 : $15,000,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $2,703,800 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
Building on from this, possible additional or supplemental livelihood
options will be identified and discussed. Livelihood options will
involve lessons identified from pilot trails in rice and desalination,
fisheries and other alternative livelihoods – these will be
disseminated to rural dwellers in at least 30 wards. For each of the
30 wards a “Climate Resilient Village Network” will be formed to
oversee supplemental or alternative livelihoods and help tailor them
to the very local situations.
Additionally, through the decentralised institutions associated with
the local layer of government and the ward level, the lessons on
practical enhanced or alternative livelihoods will be disseminated in
at least 10 workshops. Details of necessary resource mobilisation
procedures and processes will be included, so as to facilitate
community members and NGO’s towards pump-priming funds to
initiate more diverse / alternative livelihood approaches.
Community Flood Management Committee’s (CFMC’s) will be
developed at the regional level which promote cooperation,
engagement and ownership on flood management issues and
provides a go-between national (e.g. NEA) and local (i.e. Climate
Resilient Village Network”) organisations and to champion resource
mobilisation.
At the national level the approaches will also be disseminated
through at least 5 workshops and livelihood briefing notes to other
relevant organisation, including governmental (e.g. Ministry of
Agriculture) and NGO’s.
options (e.g. “polder
design). and participatory
wetland management
programmes approaches.
3.4c Sustainable
halophytic rice techniques,
community fisheries
protocol and good practise
alternative livelihoods
used to support “Climate
Resilient Village Networks”
in at least 30 wards from
all coastal Districts.
The lessons on practical enhanced or alternative livelihoods will be disseminated in
at least 10 workshops. They will be used to facilitate community members and
NGO’s towards pump-priming funds to initiate more diverse / alternative livelihood
approaches within the “Climate Resilient Village Network”.
250,000
3.4d Establish Community
Flood Management
Committee’s – CFMC’s at
the regional level that
promotes cooperation,
engagement and
ownership on flood
management issues and
provides a go-between
national and local
Community Flood Management Committee’s (CFMC’s) will be developed from
community members and constitutions formulated. CFMC will mirror the approach
already established for District Disaster Committees. They shall be involved in
linkages with NEA, DWR, MoW and other government agencies in relation to
relevant flood management issues.
70,500
141
COMPONENT 3 – STRENGTHENING LIVELIHOODS OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES AT RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE
Indicative Co-financing amounts for Outcome 3 : $15,000,000
Grand Total Budget requested: $2,703,800 (UNDP “cash” co-financed contribution in brackets of Estimated Total Budget)
organisations.
3.4e Cost benefits analysis
of the adaptation options
supported under the
outcomes 2 and 3 to
inform the policy and
decision making process
A cost-benefit analysis will be carried out on the intervention under Outcomes 2
and 3. The cost-benefit analysis will follow the traditional approach, but will take
further considerations into account to assess the practicality of the approach to be
up-taken on a community-level (e.g. availability of up-front investment) and
disbursement of benefits across the community. Within this document various
lessons will be uncovered which will be relevant regionally and in other donor-
supported programmes.
50,000
142
Appendix H - Risk Analysis.
TABLE . RISK TYPES, IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES
Description of risk Risk category
Potential consequence
Level
Management response
Lack of political will to support project
Political Project failure and/or limited sustainability
Low The project had political support from the planning stage of the process and that support should be actively kept along the inception and implementing stages
Poor coordination and/or conflicts between implementing and executing agencies
Organizational and political
Project failure and/or limited sustainability; Delays in project implementation;
Medium Clear project management arrangements and regular interactions between the agencies, including the signing of Memorandum of Understanding on key issues
Poor coordination and/or conflicts among the participating stakeholders (government, non- government and private)
Organizational Delays in project implementation
Medium Clear project management arrangement, participatory and transparent project implementation
Limited capacity to effectively tackle all project components
Strategic and organizational
Inadequate attention paid to components lacking required human resource expertise
Medium
Constitution of a robust multi-disciplinary project implementation team supported with additional training if necessary.
Lack of technical skills and capacities (e.g. coastal engineering) available in the country
Organizational Delays and limitations in project implementation;
Medium To reduce the gap of institutional technical skill through recruitment processes according with ToR’s developed under the project
Inadequate provision and poor maintenance of critical infrastructure (e.g. hard and soft protection structures)
Organizational and environmental
Project implementation delays; Infrastructure degradation
Medium Adequate monitoring strategy (e.g. NEA) and enhancement of technical capacities (e.g. MoW) to assess and perform maintenance works
Dependence on other projects with a decision making impact (e.g. the EU project Feasibility Study will be important to support physical decisions on coastal protection)
Organizational and environmental
Project implementation delays
Low Management arrangements between the two projects and regular interactions between the coordinating agencies (NEA and EU Gambia)
Extreme weather events Environmental Disruption of project activities and damage to project infrastructure
Medium Coordination will be undertaken with other projects (e.g. Early Warning System) in order to ensure the response interventions are prepared
Inadequate or poor level of collaboration and
Strategic Successful Implementation
Medium Participatory and transparent project implementation as well as adequate
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commitment of participating communities
project may be compromised
sensitization of the importance of the project and potential benefits from the project will minimize/eliminate this risk
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Appendix I – ToR for Sea and River Defence Engineer and Memorandums of Understanding H1 Terms of Reference The following TOR was completed in November 2012 with input from MOW & NEA. The TOR is for a permanent position with the NEA not just for the project but as a permanent staff at the agency. Therefore, the attached document is the final TOR approved by the Executive Director of NEA. As of 14 January 2013, NEA confirm that the Coastal Engineers position would be filled pending government procedures on recruitment.
Typical Work Activities
The Civil Engineer will be expected to provide engineering input and advice for the management of the coast, including Shoreline Management Plans and Integrated Coastal Zone Management to help NEA take forward Sea and River Defense Risk Management (SRDRM). Typical work activities are likely to include:
Undertaking technical and feasibility studies and site investigations with other NEA staff;
Assist in developing detailed design plan in collaboration with Ministry of Works and Coastal and Marine Environment Working Group;
Assessing the potential sea and river defense risks of specific projects, as well as undertaking risk management in specialist roles;
Supervising tendering procedures and putting together proposals with NEA and the Ministry of Works;
Being apart of a team managing, supervising and visiting contractors on site and advising on civil engineering issues;
Assist NDMA with sea and river emergency plans, including responding to flood events;
Liaise with other local, regional or national agencies having interest along the coastal zone;
Communicating and liaising effectively with colleagues and architects, subcontractors, contracting civil engineers, consultants, co-workers and clients;
Thinking both creatively and logically to resolve design and development problems;
Using a range of design computer packages for designing projects and undertaking complex and repetitive calculations;
Any other task as assigned by the Executive Director.
Experience/Skills
Experience/knowledge of coastal processes and coastal management will be an advantage;
Experience/knowledge of coastal engineering principles;
Knowledge and practical experience of CAD and/or GIS;
Good communication skills both written and oral;
Able to develop processes and systems;
Project management and site supervision;
Coastal and civil engineering skills including design and construction;
Techniques, use of materials, steel and timber piling;
Good IT and problem solving skills.
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Qualifications
Gambian national;
BSc degree in a civil engineering related subjects;
An advance degree in civil engineer will be an added advantage.
H2 Draft Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
The following draft MoU wording shall be used at the outset of the project.
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING (MoU) BETWEEN THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
AGENCY AND THE MINISTRY OF WORKS, COMMUNICATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
The present Memorandum of Understanding is entered into between the National Environment Agency (on
the one hand) herein referred to as the Agency and the Ministry of Works, Communications and Infrastructure
(on the other hand) herein referred to as the Ministry.
WHEREAS the Agency is mandated by the National Environment Management Act (NEMA) 1994 for the
management of coastal zone, rivers and wetlands ; and
WHEREAS the Ministry is designated by The Government of Gambia (GoG) to oversee/supervise all GoG
infrastructural projects in the country,
NOW, THEREFORE, the Parties hereby agree to collaborate on the following terms and conditions for the
implementation of the Project entitled: “Enhancing Resilience of vulnerable Coastal Areas and Communities to
Climate Change in the Gambia;”
Responsibilities of the Agency
1. The Agency, shall remain the coordinating agency for coastal zone management which includes planning and ICZM delivery in accordance the provisions of Article 30 of the NEMA 1994
2. The Agency as the Implementing Partner of the Project shall, in consultation with the Project Management Unit, identify key environmental problems along the coastal area and along the estuary that require engineering interventions.
3. The Agency, with the support of the Project, shall prepare a concept paper of the areas identified for intervention and suggest appropriatee engineering options to address the problem(s).
4. The concept paper shall be delivered to the Ministry for consideration and action. The Sea and River Defence Engineer at the Agency shall be the liaison between the Agency and the Ministry on all matters relating to sea and river defence engineering and planning.
5. In recognition of the limited capacity in sea and river defence engineering in the Ministry the Agency shall, through the Project, provide support to the Ministry to build capacity. Such capacity building shall include training and staff capacity development in all aspects relating to sea and river defence risk management engineering.
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Responsibilities of the Ministry
1. The Ministry shall be responsible for design, construction and supervision onall engineering interventions along the coastal areas and the estuary.
2. At the Inception Phase of the Project the Ministry shall identify/recruit the engineers to be trained and clearly identify their training needs as well the duration of such training. Such trained engineers shall form the core of a future “Sea and River Defence Unit) within the Ministry.
3. On the basis of the Concept Paper from the Agency the Ministry shall, in consultation with the Agency, review the proposals and prepare detail intervention strategy (ies) which may include the preparation of regional/district Sea and River Defence Investment Plans (SRDIPs), detailed contractual terms of the reference for the works, formal bill of quantities exercises and intervention “best practice” manuals / training for any works/repairs that can be executed locally.
4. Where the works are of a complex nature requiring the hiring of consulting engineers (national or international) the Ministry shall prepare the detail terms of reference for the consulting engineers which shall be discussed and agreed with the Agency.
5. The Ministry shall be responsible for the supervision of the consulting engineers as well as the contractor(s) and upon completion of the works shall hand over them to the Agency with a certificate of satisfactory completion.
Joint Responsibilities
1. Tender evaluation shall be carried out in accordance with the GoGtender selection procedures. Duration
This MoU shall govern the collaboration between the Agency and the Ministry throughout the implementation
of the Project and unless either party objects shall continue to guide the working relations between the Parties
subject to the necessary amendments.
Amendments
Either Party has the right to propose amendments to this MoU which shall be discussed by the Parties and
agreed upon.
By signing below the Parties agree that they have read and accept the terms and conditions of this MoU.
National Environment Agency Ministry of Works, Commun. & Infr.
Name: Name:
Title: Title:
Signature: Signature:
Date: Date:
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Appendix J - Terms of Reference for Project Board and Key Capacity Resources
Project Board
Composition and its Membership
Composition of the Board shall be multi-disciplinary and multi-stakeholder and in this regard the membership shall be drawn from the following broad categories: (i) representatives of the implementing institution which, in this case, is the NEA and the Responsible Partners (ii) representative(s) of individual or group of individuals providing funding and/or technical expertise to the project; (iii) representative(s) of individual or group of individuals representing the interests of project beneficiaries (iv) nominated representatives from the private sector in Gambia. The Board contains three distinct roles, including:
An Executive: individual representing the project ownership to chair the group. This will be a most senior official from the ministerial level MoFE. The Executive is ultimately responsible for the project, supported by the Senior Beneficiary and Senior Supplier. The Executive’s role is to ensure that the project is focused throughout its life cycle on achieving its objectives and delivering outputs that will contribute to higher level outcomes. The Executive has to ensure that the project gives value for money, ensuring a cost-conscious approach to the project, balancing the demands of beneficiary and supplier.
Specific Responsibilities (as part of the above responsibilities for the Project Board)
Ensure that there is a coherent project organisation structure and logical set of plans
Set tolerances in the AWP and other plans as required for the Project Manager
Monitor and control the progress of the project at a strategic level
Ensure that risks are being tracked and mitigated as effectively as possible
Brief Outcome Board and relevant stakeholders about project progress
Organise and chair Project Board meetings
Senior Supplier: individual or group representing the interests of the parties concerned which provide funding for specific cost sharing projects and/or technical expertise to the project. The Senior Supplier’s primary function within the Board is to provide guidance regarding the technical feasibility of the project. This will be a Representative from UNDP that is held accountable for fiduciary oversight of LDCF resources in this initiative. The Senior Supplier represents the interests of the parties which provide funding and/or technical expertise to the project (designing, developing, facilitating, procuring, implementing). The Senior Supplier’s primary function within the Board is to provide guidance regarding the technical feasibility of the project. The Senior Supplier role must have the authority to commit or acquire supplier resources required. If necessary, more than one person may be required for this role. Typically, the implementing partner, UNDP and/or donor(s) would be represented under this role.
Specific Responsibilities (as part of the above responsibilities for the Project Board)
Make sure that progress towards the outputs remains consistent from the supplier perspective
Promote and maintain focus on the expected project output(s) from the point of view of supplier management
Ensure that the supplier resources required for the project are made available
Contribute supplier opinions on Project Board decisions on whether to implement recommendations on proposed changes
Arbitrate on, and ensure resolution of, any supplier priority or resource conflicts
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The supplier assurance role responsibilities are to:
Advise on the selection of strategy, design and methods to carry out project activities
Ensure that any standards defined for the project are met and used to good effect
Monitor potential changes and their impact on the quality of deliverables from a supplier perspective
Monitor any risks in the implementation aspects of the project.
Senior Beneficiary: individual or group of individuals representing the interests of those who will ultimately benefit from the project. The Senior Beneficiary’s primary function within the Board is to ensure the realization of project results from the perspective of project beneficiaries. The most important party in this group will be a high level representative of MoFE to ensure that the two processes of local governance and public administration reform are actively linked. Other ministries are mainly concerned due to their gaps at sub national level. The Senior Beneficiary is responsible for validating the needs and for monitoring that the solution will meet those needs within the constraints of the project. The role represents the interests of all those who will benefit from the project, or those for whom the deliverables resulting from activities will achieve specific output targets. The Senior Beneficiary role monitors progress against targets and quality criteria. This role may require more than one person to cover all the beneficiary interests. For the sake of effectiveness the role should not be split between too many people.
Specific Responsibilities (as part of the above responsibilities for the Project Board)
Ensure the expected output(s) and related activities of the project are well defined
Make sure that progress towards the outputs required by the beneficiaries remains consistent from the beneficiary perspective
Promote and maintain focus on the expected project output(s)
Prioritise and contribute beneficiaries’ opinions on Project Board decisions on whether to implement recommendations on proposed changes
Resolve priority conflicts
Where the project’s size, complexity or importance warrants it, the Senior Beneficiary may delegate the responsibility and authority for some of the assurance responsibilities.
Project Assurance
Project Assurance is the responsibility of each Project Board member; however the role can be delegated. The Project Assurance role supports the Project Board by carrying out objective and independent project oversight and monitoring functions. This role ensures appropriate project management milestones are managed and completed. Project Assurance has to be independent of the Project Manager; therefore the Project Board cannot delegate any of its assurance responsibilities to the Project Manager. A UNDP Programme Officer typically also holds the Project Assurance role. Specific responsibilities would include:
Initiating a project
Ensure that project outputs definitions and activity definition including description and quality criteria have been properly recorded in the Atlas Project Management module to facilitate monitoring and reporting;
Ensure that people concerned are fully informed about the project
Ensure that all preparatory activities, including training for project staff, logistic supports are timely carried out
Running a project
Ensure that funds are made available to the project;
Ensure that risks and issues are properly managed, and that the logs in Atlas are regularly updated;
Ensure that critical project information is monitored and updated in Atlas, using the Activity Quality log in particular;
Ensure that Project Quarterly Progress Reports are prepared and submitted on time, and according to standards in terms of format and content quality;
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Ensure that CDRs and FACE are prepared and submitted to the Project Board and Outcome Board;
Perform oversight activities, such as periodic monitoring visits and “spot checks”.
Ensure that the Project Data Quality Dashboard remains “green”
Closing a project
Ensure that the project is operationally closed in Atlas;
Ensure that all financial transactions are in Atlas based on final accounting of expenditures;
Ensure that project accounts are closed and status set in Atlas accordingly.
Specific Responsibilities of Project Board
Defining a project
Review and approve the Initiation Plan (if such plan was required and submitted to NEA).
Initiating a project
Agree on Project Manager’s responsibilities, as well as the responsibilities of the other members of the Project Management team;
Delegate any Project Assurance function as appropriate;
Review the Progress Report for the Initiation Stage (if an Initiation Plan was required);
Review and appraise detailed Project Plan and AWP, including Atlas reports covering activity definition, quality criteria, issue log, updated risk log and the monitoring and communication plan.
Running a project
Provide overall guidance and direction to the project, ensuring it remains within any specified constraints;
Address project issues as raised by the Project Manager;
Provide guidance and agree on possible countermeasures/management actions to address specific risks;
Agree on Project Manager’s tolerances in the Annual Work Plan and quarterly plans when required;
Conduct regular meetings to review the Project Quarterly Progress Report and provide direction and recommendations to ensure that the agreed deliverables are produced satisfactorily according to plans.
Review Combined Delivery Reports (CDR) prior to certification by the Implementing Partner;
Appraise the Project Annual Review Report, make recommendations for the next AWP, and inform the Outcome Board about the results of the review.
Review and approve end project report, make recommendations for follow-on actions;
Provide ad-hoc direction and advice for exception situations when project manager’s tolerances are exceeded;
Assess and decide on project changes through revisions;
Closing a project
Assure that all Project deliverables have been produced satisfactorily;
Review and approve the Final Project Review Report, including Lessons-learned;
Make recommendations for follow-on actions to be submitted to the Outcome Board;
Commission project evaluation (only when required by partnership agreement)
Notify operational completion of the project to the Outcome Board.
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Terms of Reference for Project Board Members
The National Project Director (NPD)
The NPD will be responsible for overseeing overall project implementation on regular basis and ensuring that the project objective and outcomes are achieved. This function is not funded through the project. The NPD, assisted by the Project Manager, will report to the Project Board on project progress. The NPD will be responsible for coordinating the flow of results and knowledge from the project to the Project Board.
The Project Manager (PM)
The Project Manager will be a senior NEA staff appointed by MoFE and confirmed by the Project Board. The Project Manager has the authority to run the project on behalf of the Implementing Partner within the constraints laid down by the Board. The Project Manager’s prime responsibility is to ensure that the project produces the results specified in the project document, to the required standard of quality and within the specified constraints of time and cost. The function is to be funded by the project. The Project Manager will be supported by an Assistant Project Manager (APM) recruited full-time under a local technical assistance contract.
The PM will be responsible for the day-to-day management, administration, coordination, and technical supervision of project implementation. S/he will provide overall operational management for successful execution and implementation of the programme. S/he will be responsible for financial management and disbursements, with accountability to the government and UNDP. The PM will ensure provision of high-quality expertise and inputs to the project.
In carrying out her/his responsibilities, s/he will advocate and promote the work of adaptation to climate change in the Gambia and will also closely work and network with the relevant government agencies, UN/UNDP, the private sector, NGOs, and civil society organizations. Specific responsibilities would include:
Overall project management:
Manage the realization of project outputs through activities;
Provide direction and guidance to project team(s)/ responsible party (ies);
Liaise with the Project Board or its appointed Project Assurance roles to assure the overall direction and integrity of the project;
Identify and obtain any support and advice required for the management, planning and control of the project;
Responsible for project administration;
Liaise with any suppliers;
May also perform Team Manager and Project Support roles.
Running a project
Plan the activities of the project and monitor progress against the initial quality criteria.
Mobilize goods and services to initiative activities, including drafting TORs and work specifications;
Monitor events as determined in the Monitoring & Communication Plan, and update the plan as required;
Manage requests for the provision of financial resources by UNDP, using advance of funds, direct payments, or reimbursement using the FACE (Fund Authorization and Certificate of Expenditures);
Monitor financial resources and accounting to ensure accuracy and reliability of financial reports;
Manage and monitor the project risks as initially identified in the Project Brief appraised by the LPAC, submit new risks to the Project Board for consideration and decision on possible actions if required; update the status of these risks by maintaining the Project Risks Log;
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Be responsible for managing issues and requests for change by maintaining an Issues Log.
Prepare the Project Quarterly Progress Report (progress against planned activities, update on Risks and Issues, expenditures) and submit the report to the Project Board and Project Assurance;
Prepare the Annual review Report, and submit the report to the Project Board and the Outcome Board;
Based on the review, prepare the AWP for the following year, as well as Quarterly Plans if required.
Closing a Project
Prepare Final Project Review Reports to be submitted to the Project Board and the Outcome Board;
Identify follow-on actions and submit them for consideration to the Project Board;
Manage the transfer of project deliverables, documents, files, equipment and materials to national beneficiaries;
Prepare final CDR/FACE for signature by UNDP and the Implementing Partner.
Project Support
The Project Support role provides project administration, management and technical support to the Project Manager as required by the needs of the day-to-day operations or by the Project Manager. The project support functions are available through a National Project Support Unit (PSU) and up to 2 Provincial Project Support Units (PPSUs). NEA will provide office space for the PSU at central level and the local level. The PSU will ensure project implementation proceeds smoothly through effective work plans and efficient administrative arrangements that meet donor requirements. To facilitate and assure smooth and quick provision of services and support in the regions, the PSU will set up two small branches or PPSUs, one for Tendaba, Illiasa and Tanjie areas. The PSU will be composed of the following core staff: Assistant Programme Manager, Senior M+E Officer, Senior Finance and Admin Officer, two Provincial Finance and Admin Assistants, and a translator. The PSU offices, both at national and regional levels will also provide a ‘home’ for technical consultants supporting the delivery of specific project outputs.
Specific responsibilities: Some specific tasks of the Project Support Team would include:
Provision of administrative services:
Set up and maintain project files
Collect project related information data
Update plans
Administer the quality review process
Administer Project Board meetings
Project documentation management:
Administer project revision control
Establish document control procedures
Compile, copy and distribute all project reports
Financial Management, Monitoring and reporting
Assist in the financial management tasks under the responsibility of the Project Manager
Provide support in the use of Atlas for monitoring and reporting
Provision of technical support services
Provide technical advices
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Review technical reports
Monitor technical activities carried out by responsible parties
Key Capacity Resource - International Consultants
Climate Change Adaptation Expert
The international Climate Change Adaptation Expert for climate resilient development will report to the National Project Manager and NPD. A detailed TOR for the Climate Change Adaptation Expert will be prepared by the NEA with support by the Project Manager during the project implementation.
Responsibilities
Develop site-specific adaptation plans in consultation with concerned implementing partners. These plans will focus on the following:
a. Participatory approach for climate change adaptation and coastal erosion;
b. Participatory approach for gender-sensitive livelihood diversification; and
c. Participatory approach for assessing early warning needs to safeguard alternative livelihood investments against extreme climate events.
Apply her/his knowledge on community-based adaptation to climate change and work closely with research organizations involved in the development of site-specific adaptation plans
Communicate these plans to each agency that will be responsible for its implementation.
Qualifications
Postgraduate degree in environmental sciences, social science, geography and/or relevant disciplines including engineering.
Extensive experience in vulnerability and adaptation needs assessments at the community level and regarding the formulation and implementation of community-based climate change adaptation measures.
Previous demonstrated experience working in a project team.
Familiarity with, and up-to-date knowledge on, various international efforts in vulnerability and adaptation to climate change and climate variability.
Excellent verbal and written English skills.
Sea and River Defence Engineer
The Sea and River Defence Engineer will be expected to provide engineering input and advice for the management of the coast, including Shoreline Management Plans and Integrated Coastal Zone Management to help NEA take forward Sea and River Defence Risk Management (SRDRM).
Responsibilities
Undertaking technical and feasibility studies and site investigations with other NEA staff
Assist in developing detailed design plan in collaboration with Ministry of Works and Coastal and Marine Environment Working Group;
Assessing the potential sea and river defense risks of specific projects, as well as undertaking risk management in specialist roles;
Supervising tendering procedures and putting together proposals with NEA and the Ministry of Works;
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Being apart of a team managing, supervising and visiting contractors on site and advising on civil engineering issues;
Assist National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) with sea and river emergency plans, including responding to flood events;
Liaise with other local, regional or national agencies having interest along the coastal zone;
Communicating and liaising effectively with colleagues and architects, subcontractors, contracting civil engineers, consultants, co-workers and clients;
Thinking both creatively and logically to resolve design and development problems;
Using a range of design computer packages for designing projects and undertaking complex and repetitive calculations;
Any other task as assigned by the Executive Director.
Qualifications
MSc (or equivalent degree) in a civil engineering related subjects;
An advance degree in civil engineering.
Experience/knowledge of coastal processes and coastal management;
Experience/knowledge of coastal engineering principles;
Knowledge and practical experience of CAD and/or GIS;
Good communication skills both written and oral;
Able to develop processes and systems;
Project management and site supervision;
Coastal and civil engineering skills including design and construction;
Techniques, use of materials, steel and timber piling;
Good IT and problem solving skills.
Monitoring and Evaluation Expert
The Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Expert will report directly to the National Project Director (NPD). While the NPD and Project Manager will oversee monitoring and evaluation activities, the M&E Expert will provide the on-the-ground support needed to closely evaluate progress and barriers and to prepare detailed quarterly, annual, and other monitoring reports.
The M&E policy at the project level in LDCF/GEF/UNDP has four objectives: i) to monitor and evaluate results and impacts; ii) to provide a basis for decision making on necessary amendments and improvements; iii) to promote accountability for resource use; and iii) to document, provide feedback on, and disseminate lessons learned. Project monitoring and evaluation is conducted in accordance with established UNDP and GEF procedures and is undertaken by the project team and the UNDP CO with support from UNDP-GEF. The Logical Framework matrix provides performance and impact indicators for project implementation along with their corresponding means of verification. These, along with the objectives, procedures, and tools described in the project document’s M&E plan will form the basis on which the project's M&E system will be built.
Responsibilities
Establish the overall M&E strategy in accordance with the M&E plan outlined in the project document and promote a results-based approach.
Provide timely and relevant information to the NPD, Project Manager, PMU, and other project stakeholders.
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Coordinate and maintain close communication with the NPD, Board representatives, representatives of primary stakeholder groups, external consultants, and field staff, as well as with members of external M&E-related missions.
Guide and coordinate the review of the project logframe, including:
a. Provide technical advice for the revision of performance indicators;
b. Ensure realistic intermediate and end-of-project targets are defined
c. Conduct a baseline study (situation at project start);
d. Identify sources of data, collection methods, who collects data, how often, cost of collection and who analyzes it;
e. Ensure all critical risks are identified.
Coordinate the preparation of all project reports. Guide staff and executing partners in preparing their progress reports in accordance with approved reporting formats and ensure their timely submission. This includes quarterly progress reports, annual project report, inception report, and ad-hoc technical reports. Reports should identify problems and causes of potential bottlenecks in project implementation, and provide specific recommendations.
Foster participatory planning and monitoring by training and involving primary stakeholder groups in the M&E of activities.
Monitor the follow up of evaluation recommendations.
Organise (and provide) refresher training in M&E for project and implementing partner staff, local organisations, and primary stakeholders to develop local M&E capacity.
Qualifications
Post-graduate degree in a field related to development and/or management and experience in Monitoring and Evaluation
Statistical skills essential with knowledge of environmental and development applications
At least several years of proven experience with:
a. The logical framework and other strategic planning approaches;
b. M&E methods and approaches (including quantitative, qualitative and participatory);
c. Planning, design, and implementation of M&E systems;
d. Training in M&E development and implementation and/or facilitating learning-oriented analysis sessions of M&E data with multiple stakeholders;
e. Data and information analysis;
f. Report writing.
A solid understanding of adaptation to climate change and environmental management, with a focus on participatory processes, joint management, and gender issues.
Familiarity with, and a supportive attitude towards, processes to strengthen local organisations and build local capacities for self-management.
Willingness to undertake regular field visits and interact with different stakeholders, especially primary stakeholders.
Leadership qualities, personnel and team management (including mediation and conflict resolution).
Understanding of UNDP and GEF procedures.
Experience in data processing and with computers.
Excellent verbal and written English.
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Key Capacity Resource - National Consultants
Climate-resilient Livelihoods Expert
The local Climate-resilient Livelihoods Expert will report to the Project Manager and the NEA. A detailed TOR for the Climate-resilient Livelihoods Expert will be prepared by the NEA with support by the Project Manager during the project implementation.
Responsibilities
Work in collaboration with the international Climate Change Adaptation Expert to prepare site-specific adaptation plans, which include the following:
a. Participatory approach for mangrove and non-mangrove coastal forest work;
b. Participatory approach for gender-sensitive livelihood diversification;
c. Participatory approach for assessing early warning needs to safeguard alternative livelihood investments against extreme climate events; and
d. Definition of specific adaptive measures for coastal livelihoods.
Apply her/his knowledge on participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques and climate-resilient livelihood support
Work closely with research organizations that will be involved in the development of site specific adaptation plans
Qualifications
Postgraduate degree in agriculture, natural resource management, and/or relevant disciplines.
Extensive experience in the assessment and support of communal livelihoods
Ability to assess livelihood assets and their vulnerability to present and future climate impacts.
Experience in the design and implementation of different livelihood measures at community level.
Previous demonstrated experience working in a project team.
Familiarity with, and up-to-date knowledge on, various international efforts in livelihood diversification to deal with different environmental and climatic stresses including variability.
Excellent verbal and written English skills.
Agriculture / Aquaculture Advisor
The Agriculture / Aquaculture Advisor will report to the National Project Manager. The expert will be engaged in the analysis, development and implementation of agricultural and aquacultural techniques promoted in the threated coastal areas which include saline rice cultivation and the salt-rice-fish multicropping system.
Responsibilities
Review and provide up-to-date status of appropriate agricuktural and aquacultural approaches used in Gambia and West Africa that have potential to be applied in coastal areas of Gambia. Refine these approach in collaboration with line Ministries and local agricultural cop-operatives.
Formulate a plan for action to implement extension activities of Component 3 built upon the status review and consult with local farming / aquaculture groups on timelines and support required.
Implement a series of agricultural and aquaculture extension activities to deliver Comnponent 3 and report back on progress and challenges as well as work closely with M7E expert.
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Formulate guidelines on climate resilsint agiculture and aquacultural techniques for Gambia in coastal threatened areas and disseminate through Component 3 activities.
Qualifications
Bachelors degree in agriculture or aquaculture / natural sciences.
Professional experience of working with communities in agricultural / aquaculture extension activities including local stakeholder consultations.
Good communication skills, including proven ability to write comprehensive reports in English..
Policy and Institutional Expert
The local Policy and Institutional Expert will report to the National Project Manager. The expert will be engaged in the analysis of all sectoral policies and institutional mandates in Gambia which promote or impede sea and river defence risk management and coastal community resilience.
Responsibilities
Review and analyze the Gambia National Environment Policy, National Forest Policy, National Land Use Policy, National Water Management Policy, and the Coastal Zone Policy, with a focus on livelihoods and financial impacts at the community level.
Support integration of climate change into sectoral policies.
Develop a series of policy and institutional guidance notes outlining and demonstrating the impacts, costs, and benefits of a particular sectoral policy on developing sea and river defence risk management in Gambia and the resilience of livelihoods in all coastal areas.
Qualifications
Masters degree or above in climate change, coastal management, development policy, or related discipline.
Proven experience in policy analysis, specifically related to the impacts of environmental or development policies on coastal management.
Experience working with national, district, and local government partners.
Excellent verbal and written English skills.
Communication and Gender Experts
The local Communication and Gender Expert will report to the National Project Manager and also receive guidance from the NPD.
Responsibilities
Drafting and implementing the project communications strategy and work plan.
Coordinating various media, gender and advocacy initiatives to ensure understanding and visibility of the project.
Responding to requests for information from donors, the media, government, and general public by providing documents and/or facilitating their access to relevant information sources.
Monitoring local and international media and prepare clippings or records of project-related news making full use of electronic news and discussion networks.
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Producing a minimum set of outreach materials, e.g. brochures, newsletters, reports, case studies, and beneficiary reports, and distributing them to stakeholders
Designing and regularly updating the project website (if set up at project outset).
Developing and maintaining a list of key journalists and other individuals in the prime target groups to ensure wide and targeted distribution of information, for example to UNDP knowledge networks or other development networks
Organizing special events related to the project involving various stakeholders gender specific).
Maintaining photographic documentation of project activities, assisting in video production and editing, and maintain the audio-visual library.
Maintaining the project event calendar.
Utilizing new information technology to communicate internally and externally.
Contribute as resource person in training courses organized by the project/UNDP.
Qualifications
Masters degree in the field of journalism, mass communication, gender or other relevant disciplines
At least five (5) years hands-on experience in journalism, public information, social marketing, advocacy positions, and/or campaign management.
Highly resourceful and self-motivated.
Regional and National Community Liason Advisors
The role of the National Community Liaison Advisorof action around all the 5 districts and numerous wards that are reciving focal attention during the project. This shall ensure high morale is maintained through a variety of programmatic activities. These activities include social, recreational and cultural events well as counseling, disseminating information and providing education assistance for community members and their families. The National Community Liason Advisor will undertake systematic and accountable capacity-building and training missions to project programmes and be available to provide remote support and guidance to operational staff, including Technical Operations Managers and Regional Community Advisors (set for Bintang/Kotu and Tanji/ Dasalami and Tendaba. The National Advsor shall support Regional Advisors with the design and delivery of initiatives relating to research and development, contribute towards the development and dissemination of best-practice, support efforts to institutionalise organisational learning and knowledge retention and provide support to business continuity and development.
Principal Responsibilities
Structured Capacity Building & Support
• Undertake assessments of regional capacity in programmes, producing objective and accurate reports with recommendations against agreed Terms of Reference for Regional Community Advisors;
• Design and deliver training, mentoring and capacity building of regional support staff;
• Provide expert advice to programmes on the development of capacity building strategies;
• Undertake post-deployment visits to programmes to develop training and development plans;
• Provide remote support to operational staff on project issues, ensuring that technical teams understand the appropriate channels for continued support;
• Support programme senior managers to improve the effective integration within programmes.
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Appendix K – Agreement Letters
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Appendix L – Stakeholder Capacity Assessment and HACT capacity
L1 Role and potential benefits of key stakeholders
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Role and contribution of stakeholders to the project
Organizations Mandate/objective Role in the Project Specific Output
Responsibilities
Potential Benefits
Ministries and Departments
Ministry of Forestry and
Environment
Responsible for the formulation of policy in
environment, forestry and wildlife management.
Contribute in the overall project leadership through NEA
and promote mainstreaming of climate change into
sectoral policies and strategies.
Output 1.1
Output 1.3
Output 3.4
Staff of the ministry and its
departments will benefit directly
from the project‘s institutional
and human resources capacity
building activities. in order to
mainstream CC concerns into the
development agenda.
National Environment
Agency
Responsible for promoting and coordinating all
environmental policies in the country;
Acts as the Secretariat for the Coastal & Marine
Environment Working Group.
The Agency will be the Implementing Partner and will host
the Project Management Unit (PMU). It will participate in
the design and implementation of the Project including the
capacity building activities. It will also participate in the
monitoring and evaluation of the project activities.
Output 1.1
Output 1.2
Output 1.3
Output 1.4
Output 2.1
Output 3.4
The Agency will benefit from the
project’s institutional and human
resources capacity building
activities with a strengthened
CMEU and Coastal & Marine
Environment Working Group
Ministry of Fisheries,
Water Resources and
National Assembly
Matters
Responsible for formulating policy and promoting
investment in water resources and fisheries.
Contribute to the overall project leadership and promote
the mainstreaming of climate change in the sectoral
policies and management plans.
Output 1.1
Output 3.2
The Ministry staff will also benefit
from the project capacity building
activities as a member of CMEU.
Ministry of Agriculture Responsible for formulating agricultural policy and
promoting investment in agriculture and implementation
of agricultural. Programs
Mainstream climate change in the agriculture policy; and
support the small scale interventions for rural livelihoods
improvement.
Output 1.1
Output 3.1
Output 3.3
Output 2.2
Staff to benefit from the capacity
development program.
Ministry of Finance and
Economic Affairs
Responsible for overall national economic policy and
development plans as well as the national budget.
Provision of Government contributions to projects
Assist in mainstreaming climate change risks and
adaptation into the policy at national & local development
planning and related budgeting. It will provide counterpart
funds as government’s contributions to the project.
Output 1.2 Improved understanding of
potential negative impact of
climate change events on national
development and economic goals.
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Role and contribution of stakeholders to the project
Organizations Mandate/objective Role in the Project Specific Output
Responsibilities
Potential Benefits
Ministry of Works,
Communications &
Infrastructure
Responsible for the Government’s infrastructural policy
and development. Oversees the implementation of these
infrastructural development programs.
Participate in the feasibility assessment and social and
environmental screening (SES) of the coastal protection
infrastructure during the project preparation. It will
coordinate the supervision of coastal protection
infrastructures design, building maintenance and ensure
that they integrate the recommendation from the SES
exercise. Participate in the monitoring and evaluation of
the project activities
Output 1.1
Output 2.1
Development of strong coastal
engineering capacity within the
Ministry through the institutional
and capacity building program.
Ministry of Regional
Administration, Lands &
Traditional Rulers
Responsible for regional and local administration and
development. Through its technical department, it
develops guidelines for urban and land use planning as
well as building control inside and outside the coastal
zone.
Support mainstreaming of climate change in regional and
local area development plans
Output 1.2 Staff to benefit from the capacity
development programme of the
project..
Department of Water
Resources (DWR)
Responsible for climate, weather and hydrological
information and data; UNFCCC’s focal point, responsible
for National Communications on CC
Provide timely climatic, weather and hydrological
information for project beneficiaries. As the Focal Point of
the UNFCCC it will contribute in the overall project
leadership.
Output 1.1
Output 1.3
Output 1.4
Staff to benefit from Capacity
development program of the
project.
Department of Fisheries
(Ministry of Fisheries
and Water Resources)
Responsible for implementation of national fisheries
policy; Promotion of artisanal fisheries and aquaculture;
Management of fish landing sites
The design and implementation of climate resilient fisheries
including the development of aquaculture; and support for
the rehabilitation and protection of fish landing sites
against sea-level rise
Output 3.2
Output 3.3
Staff to benefit from capacity
building program of the project
Department of Forestry Responsible for the forest policy and legislation and the
supervision of the community forestry programs
Provide technical support to physical interventions in some
of the project sites.
Output 2.2
Output 2.3
Staff to benefit from capacity
building program of the project
Department of Parks
and Wildlife
Management
Responsible for the administration of national parks and
all Protected Areas in collaboration with local
communities.
Design and implement climate resilient wetlands
management plans; and Assist in the rehabilitation and
maintenance of mangrove forests in the project sites.
Output 2.2
Output 2.3
Staff to benefit from capacity
building program of the project
Gambia Navy (Ministry
of Defence)
Responsible for coastal zone surveillance and protection Provide support for coastal change monitoring program Output 1.4 Staff to benefit from capacity
building program of the project
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Role and contribution of stakeholders to the project
Organizations Mandate/objective Role in the Project Specific Output
Responsibilities
Potential Benefits
Geology Department Responsible for regulating the exploitation of sand along
the coast.
Support to coastal change monitoring program Output 1.1
Output 1.4
Staff to benefit from the
Institutional and Capacity
development program.
National Disaster
Management Agency
Responsible for disaster management; Promotes local
and national disaster management plans; and
Integration of disaster risk reduction into sustainable
policies and plans.
Help in mainstream climate change into the national and
local disaster management plans and strategies.
Output 1.1
Output 1.2
Output 1.3
Output 1.4
The Agency will benefit from the
capacity building program of the
project.
Gambia Ports Authority Responsible for Ports management, monitoring of
information on tides and dredging activities.
Provide information and data on the tides as well as the
dredging activities
Output 1.4 Staff to benefit from capacity
building program of the project
Gambia Tourism
Authority
Responsible for the promotion and development of the
tourism industry.
Engage the tourism and leisure industry in on coastal zone
vulnerability to climate change.
Output 1.3
Output 1.4
Output 2.1
Greater awareness of dynamics of
coastal zone, and improved
capacity to mainstream climate
changes in tourism development
plans.
Department of
Community
Development
Assist local communities to organize and undertake
community development projects in their areas
Support mobilisation of local communities in pilot areas to
undertake community work and assist them in integrating
climate change in the community plans
Output 1.2
Output 3.4
Improved understanding of
climate risk reduction issues and
delivery at community level
Women’s Bureau Support the formulation of policies and programmes for
promoting gender
mainstreaming at all levels
Support mobilisation of women in pilot areas and assist
them in Implementing
climate resilient alternative
income generating activities
Output 3.3 Improved understanding and
integration of climate risk
reduction issues in gender policy
and programmes
National Agricultural
Research Institute
The Institute carries out research on crops, livestock,
forestry, fisheries and other natural resources.
May be involved in research activities, linking natural
resource management and biodiversity and climate change
issues and development of relationships with communities
for on-farm action research.
Output 3.1
Output 3.4
Development of staff capacity
through the project.
University of The
Gambia
The University provides training at graduate and
undergraduate levels in fields including climate change
The University may be contracted to carry out some of the
training required under the project program.
Output 1.1 Staff to benefit from capacity
building program of the project
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Role and contribution of stakeholders to the project
Organizations Mandate/objective Role in the Project Specific Output
Responsibilities
Potential Benefits
related fields and livelihoods development.
Local Governments of
North Bank, Western
and Lower-River
Responsible for the administration of the areas in their
jurisdiction
Contribute to the implementation of the project‘s activities
in the pilot sites and the mainstreaming of climate changes
in the regional development plans.
Output 1.2
Will benefit directly from the
project‘s capacity building
activities
Local Communities-
Fishermen (including
women) and farmers
organizations as well as
Herdsmen Group and
Vegetable Growers
Group
Community organisations to promote development at
local level.
Assist in the mobilization of community efforts for
development work.
Mobilize and participate in the design and the
implementation of adaptation schemes and the
maintenance of adaptation infrastructures at the
community level.
Output 1.2
Output 1.4
Output 2.2.
Output 2.3
Output 3.1
Output 3.2
Output 3.3
Greater awareness and capacity
development and benefits from
the livelihood revenue schemes.
NGOs Delivery of development activities at local and
community levels in partnership with donors and local
communities and their organizations.
Support implementation of community training and
sensitization in order to increase the climate resilience of
communities along the coast and estuary.
Output 2.3
Output 3.3
Output 3.4
Selected NGOs will benefit from
the project capacity building
activities
Gambia Hotel
Association
Organizes the stakeholders in the hotel industry to
promote the industry; and encourage good practice
among members.
Participation in increasing awareness of climate change
risks among their membership and provide a forum for
interaction between the project and the hoteliers.
Output 1.4
Output 2.1
Increased awareness of impact of
climate change hazards on the
industry and sensitization to
develop adaptation measures.
Media: Gambia Radio
and Television Services;
Press
Provision of news and information on varies issues of
interest to the general public as a way of raising
awareness and promoting development
Information dissemination on the project; dissemination of
impacts of climate change and the need for adaptation to
the general public and target areas; sensitization of
stakeholders
Output 3.4
Increased awareness of impact of
climate change on the
socioeconomic development and
the role of media in this context
UNDP Works to eradicate poverty;
Supports the elaboration of
Executing Agency for the Project Output 1.1
Increased Inter-agency
cooperation in assisting The
Gambia reduce vulnerability to
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Role and contribution of stakeholders to the project
Organizations Mandate/objective Role in the Project Specific Output
Responsibilities
Potential Benefits
national strategies and policies in
the area of climate change
adaptation; Supports technical capacity building
(Institutional, Financial and Human);
climate change.
L2 National Environment Agency The Implementing Partner for this Project is the National Environment Agency which has, amongst others, the responsibility to manage coastal zone, rivers and wetlands. NEA programmes are grouped into two networks:
(I) The Inter-Sectoral Network (ISN) which deals with coastal and marine environment, agriculture and natural resources, environmental education and environmental information management; and
(II) The Technical Services Network (TSN), which addresses environmental impact assessment, environmental legislation, environmental quality, pesticides and hazardous chemicals, ozone depletion and disaster preparedness.
(III) The Inter-Sectoral Network and The Technical Services Network are both supported by an Administration and Finance section.
L3 Baseline Analysis Coordination of the management of the coast and marine environment within the NEA is the responsibility of the Coastal and Marine Unit which is within the Directorate of Inter-sectoral Services Network. The mandate of the Unit includes (i) Policy formulation and advice with respect to the management of the coast and marine environment; (ii) Coastal zone monitoring and Inspection; (iii) Coordination of actions of other stakeholders in the coast and marine environment; (iv) Awareness creation among the various stakeholders particularly among the local communities in the fish landing site; and (v) Serve as Secretary to the Agriculture and Natural Resources Working Group as well as the Secretariat for the Abidjan Convention.
Currently the unit is staffed by two professionals- a Senior Programme Officer (SPO) and a Programme Officer(PO); both of whom possess post graduate degrees- one in fisheries (SPO) and the other in wildlife and biodiversity (PO). The support staff consists of a Programme Assistant who is a high school graduate and an Intern or technical support officer. It is clear that the wide range of issues to be covered in coastal zone management go beyond the current level of expertise and manpower available within the Unit. The Agency is in the process of recruiting a coastal engineer which should significantly boost the expertise in engineering and other sea defence activities.
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Jurisdiction over the coastal zone is fragmented and sectoral. To help address this fragmentation of roles and responsibilities the Agency has set up the Coast and Marine Environment Working Group (CMEWG), to support the Unit in its work. The CMEWG is a multidisciplinary group representing various stakeholder institutions including government agencies, private sector and NGOs. Although the CMEWG is required to meet quarterly, in practice, this is not the case because of the lack of funds to meet costs such as transport refunds and other costs relating to the meeting. When problems arise ad hoc expert groups are convened by the Agency to find solutions to the problem. The challenge therefore is to have a long term vision and to make the Agency more proactive in its management of the coastal zone.
L4 Gaps Understanding of the links between climate, climate change and its coastal impacts is limited amongst the decision-makers and technical staff of institutions in charge of coastal management. Currently the Agency faces similar challenges and the reasons are both human and material. They include (i) limited staff and expertise at all levels (both professional and technical)to analyse basic coastal and ocean processes, develop and execute a reliable monitoring biophysical indicators associated with coastal and marine processes and finally develop a coherent plan and intervention strategy; (ii) shortage of equipment, tools and data processing hard and soft ware to collect and analyze data.
An outcome of these capacity constraints is the great shortage of information and data, particularly with regard to coastal processes, forecast sea level rise, meteorological conditions and forecast climate change. The lack of reliable information makes it very difficult for national agencies to set priorities and develop guidelines and standards. Furthermore the limited data and information generated is not in a form that is readily accessible to all end users.
At the infrastructural level the technical facilities for beach rehabilitation and erosion control are insufficient to cope with the present rate of erosion. Consequently the level of the technical infrastructure for coastal defence and erosion control is poor. Limited permanent facilities are found and most protections are of a provisional nature. Moreover, facilities for monitoring coastal evolution and performance of structures are non- existent, with almost no technical means and funding for repair and maintenance.
L5 The Way Forward
Strengthening The Human Resource Capacity of CMEU: The project will ensure the strengthening of institutional capacities of the CMEU for an improved coastal zone management. The training will be for both technical and professional staff which could be in the form of on-the-job training, formal courses leading to qualifications and exchange visits. The University of the Gambia plans to start a course in climate change in the near future which could be an important centre for training in future.
Improving the Monitoring System: Considering that at the moment the information gaps are very significant the Project will strengthen the capacity of the Agency to improve the monitoring of the biophysical indicators associated with coastal and marine processes with the objective of creating a robust baseline of information, that can, over time be updated and improved. This support will include the enhancement of GIS capacities of the Coastal and Marine Unit of NEA in order to improve information management. In this regard it is proposed that the Unit should have a technician (a new human resource) allocated to monitoring activities and GIS management.
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Improving the Coastal Engineering Services: The Project will provide support to build, through investment in technical facilities and human resources development, the capacity within the Ministry of Works in the area of Sea and River Defence. This will address the great shortage of engineering know-how, technical facilities and the organisational set up for monitoring, maintenance and repair of works, once completed.
Strengthening the coordination mechanism: The Project will support the CMEWG to operate systematically and effectively to promote a more coherent approach, plans and strategies for coastal zone management.
The above preliminary proposals will be reviewed during the Inception Phase of the Project taking into account the EU Project which is specifically geared to institutional support.
L6 Capacity of NEA to Implement the HACT System As the implementing partner for the Project, NEA will be required to adopt Harmonized Approach to Cash Transfer (HACT). The HACT was adopted by UNDP and other UN agencies with the aim of: (i) reducing costs for the national partners and UN agencies; (ii) increasing use of national systems; and (iii) contributing to building the financial management capacity of national partners. It is envisaged that HACT will help agencies shape their capacity development interventions and provide support to new aid modalities. Failure to fully implement the HACT can be a source of poor programme performance.
The NEA has now had several years of experience in operating the HACT system. All project focal points as well as the Accounting staff of the Agency have benefitted from training followed by refresher courses; the latest was held from the 6
th-8
th November 2012.
An independent audit firm commissioned by the UNDP to carry out an assessment for the period 2006 -2011 has confirmed the Agency’s capacity to operate the HACT system. According to the study the overall rating of the Agency’s financial management systems was categorised as Low Risk which means that the financial management systems and procedures of the Agency adequately satisfy UN- HACT Requirements on Financial Management Capacity of Implementing Partners (HACT Micro-Assessment Report of Implementing Partners: National Environment Agency, 2012: by Augustus Prom Chartered Certified Accountants and Management Consultants).
The HACT produced is presented below to demonstrate the micro-asessment work carried out on the NEA.
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Appendix M - CC-A Tracking Tool (AMAT)
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Appendix N - Special Clauses.
N1 General Points
In case of government cost-sharing through the project which is not within the CPAP, the following clauses should be included:
The schedule of payments and UNDP bank account details.
The value of the payment, if made in a currency other than United States dollars, shall be determined by applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect on the date of payment.
Should there be a change in the United Nations operational rate of exchange prior to the full utilization by the UNDP of the payment, the value of the balance of funds still held at that time will be adjusted accordingly. If, in such a case, a loss in the value of the balance of funds is recorded, UNDP shall inform the Government with a view to determining whether any further financing could be provided by the Government. Should such further financing not be available, the assistance to be provided to the project may be reduced, suspended or terminated by UNDP.
The above schedule of payments takes into account the requirement that the payments shall be made in advance of the implementation of planned activities. It may be amended to be consistent with the progress of project delivery.
UNDP shall receive and administer the payment in accordance with the regulations, rules and directives of UNDP.
All financial accounts and statements shall be expressed in United States dollars.
If unforeseen increases in expenditures or commitments are expected or realized (whether owing to inflationary factors, fluctuation in exchange rates or unforeseen contingencies), UNDP shall submit to the government on a timely basis a supplementary estimate showing the further financing that will be necessary. The Government shall use its best endeavours to obtain the additional funds required.
If the payments referred above are not received in accordance with the payment schedule, or if the additional financing above is not forthcoming from the Government or other sources, the assistance to be provided to the project under this Agreement may be reduced, suspended or terminated by UNDP.
Any interest income attributable to the contribution shall be credited to UNDP Account and shall be utilized in accordance with established UNDP procedures.
N2 GEF Fee Distribution and Direct Project Costs
This sub-section uses a letter that outlines the recently declared position for all UNDP Country Offices regarding the internal distribution of implementing fees paid to UNDP by the GEF. It also outlines the guidance that UNDP Co’s should follow to recover costs when providing Direct Project Costs (DPC) to projects funded by the GEF vertical funds.
As per the new guideline, overall GEF contribution is 9.5% of the global sum which will be distributed between the various business units as per the information below.
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N3 Communications and Visibility Requirements
The Project shall comply fully with UNDP’s Branding Guidelines as well as GEF’s Communication and Visibility Guidelines (the “GEF Guidelines”) which are accessible at the relevant websites. Where other agencies and project partners have provided support through co-financing, their branding policies and requirements shall similarly apply.
These can be accessed at http://intra.undp.org/coa/branding.shtml, and specific guidelines on UNDP logo use can be accessed at: http://intra.undp.org/branding/useOfLogo.html. Amongst other things, these guidelines describe when and how the UNDP logo needs to be used, as well as how the logos of donors to UNDP projects needs to be used. For the avoidance of any doubt, when logo use is required, the UNDP logo needs to be used
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alongside the GEF logo. The GEF logo can be accessed at: http://www.thegef.org/gef/GEF_logo. The UNDP logo can be accessed at http://intra.undp.org/coa/branding.shtml.
Full compliance is also required with the GEF’s Communication and Visibility Guidelines (the “GEF Guidelines”). The GEF Guidelines can be accessed at: http://www.thegef.org/gef/sites/thegef.org/files/documents/C.40.08_Branding_the_GEF%20final_0.pdf. Amongst other things, the GEF Guidelines describe when and how the GEF logo needs to be used in project publications, vehicles, supplies and other project equipment. The GEF Guidelines also describe other GEF promotional requirements regarding press releases, press conferences, press visits, visits by Government officials, productions and other promotional items.
Where other agencies and project partners have provided support through co-financing, their branding policies and requirements should be similarly applied.
N4 UNDP Support Services
As a nationally implemented project, the UNDP Country Office may provide, at the request of the Implementing Partner, support services for the activities of the Project, and recover the actual direct and indirect costs incurred by the Country Office in delivering such services. These services shall be clearly stipulated in the Letter of Agreement (LOA) between the Government of The Gambia and UNDP Country Office. These “Direct Project Services” (DPS) are included as an additional item within Section 3.3 of this Prodoc. The DPS that the Country Office may propose towards the assistance in delivering services as stipulated in the LOA may include:
Payments, disbursements and other financial transactions;
Recruitment of staff, project personnel, and consultants;
Procurement of services and equipment, including disposals;
Organization of training activities, conferences, and workshops, including fellowships;
Travel authorization, Government clearances ticketing, and travel arrangements;
Shipment, custom clearance, and vehicle registration.
.
N5 Intellectual Property Rights
These will be retrained by the employing organization of the personnel who develops intellectual products, either Government or UN/UNDP in accordance with respectively national and UN/UNDP policies and procedures.
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Appendix O – Stakeholder Workshop (Draft Prodoc Validation): 8 December 2012
Enhancing Resilience of Vulnerable Coastal Areas and
Communities to Climate Change in the Republic of Gambia
Report on
the Final Project Document Validation Workshop
18-19 December 2012, Paradise Suites Hotel, Kololi Beach, Gambia
January 2013
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O1. Opening Ceremony
The validation workshop for the Draft Project Document (prodoc) on “Enhancing resilience of vulnerable coastal areas and communities to climate change in the republic of Gambia” was officially opened by the Minister of Forestry and the Environment, the Hon. Fatou Ndey Gaye. She said it is well known that the climate is changing at an unprecedented rate. The African continent has been identified as one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change. This is simplified by the inadequate financial resources and technical knowledge the minister said.
She stressed that this project will be based on three components:
Policy and institutional development for climate risk management in coastal zones
Physical investment in coastal protection against climate change risks
Strengthening livelihoods of coastal communities at risk from climate change.
Speaking earlier, the Acting United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Resident Representative, Ms Izumi Morota Alakija, said that the project was initiated over four months ago at the inception workshop (August 2012). The development of the project document was initiated at that workshop.
The recent Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has shown that climate change is a pressing challenge particularly for the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) she said. The LDCs including the Gambia bear the greatest burden. The project is meant to reduce the Gambia’s vulnerability to climate change. The project consulted with national stakeholders. The validation objective of the workshop was to further scrutinize the report. She expressed confidence that justice would be done to this prodoc and that the final prodoc would pass the Global Environment Facility (GEF) test. The Acting UNDP Resident representative finally reiterated UNDP’s commitment to the project and its successful implementation.
Also speaking, the Executive Director of the National Environment Agency (NEA) and GEF Focal Point of the Gambia, Mr. Momodou B. Sarr, said that the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) was established under the UNFCCC at its 7
th Session in Marakesh, Morocco, and is managed by GEF. As a priority LDCF supports the
implementation of NAPAs. The coastal zone is the most economically active area of the country. The greatest threat to this area is coastal erosion. Erosion has been a problem for forty years now. The current rate of erosion is 5 meters per year in the Senegambia area. Climate change posses a serious threat to our coastal biodiversity. The blueprint for tackling environmental problems in the Gambia is the Gambia Environmental Action Plan (GEAP) Mr. Sarr said. He further stated that all participants, from the UNDP Country Office, involved in the development of the prodoc, should be proud that we were able to reach this point within a short period of time.
O2. Where the Project Stands
The goal of the project is to enhance resilience of vulnerable coastal areas and communities to climate change in the republic of the Gambia. The objective of the project is to reduce Gambia’s vulnerability to sea-level rise and associated impact of climate change by improving coastal defences and enhancing adaptive capacities of coastal communities. We are now at the stage of the submission of the draft project document. Submission of the final project document and GEF CEO Endorsement to UNDP is scheduled for the end of January 2013.
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O3. Project Document Detail
During discussions on the project document details, the Minister of Forestry and Environment, the Hon. Fatou Ndey Gaye, expressed delighted that the document had gone very far in terms of coverage of issues. A number of studies have been conducted on various issues such as salt water intrusion and mangrove regeneration, which have been highlighted in the project document. All the relevant stakeholders have been consulted. Moreover, there was a big stakeholder representation at the workshop. Also speaking during the same session, the Minister of Works, the Hon. Francis Liti Mboge, expressed delight that a large chunk of the project budget is going to actual sea defence intervention measures. He recommended designs that are robust and sustainable. The Ministry had problems with interventions that had not lasted long. He said the Ministry will give the project its continued support and work with us.
The following points were also raised during the plenary discussion:
A good chunk of the budget should go to adaptation. This does not happen in offices but in the field. Only 37% of the current budget is allocated to adaptation and 53% to institutional aspects. It is not sure whether that percentage breakdown would be approved by GEF. Moreover, a review of budgets was also needed to ensure a reduced amount of money is assigned to office space and furniture. Co-financing should take care of those aspects. A good chunk of the money should go to livelihoods of the coastal communities.
The project should have a communication strategy in place. This is because without the involvement of GRTS the local communities may not be aware of what is going on.
The GEF may need to ensure the following points are clear:
Baseline data which should be correct
Budget specifics: Every budget line should have enough funds to be implemented successfully.
Sustainability: GEF is very concerned with the sustainability of the project.
O4. Project Component Details
During this session, workshop participants were asked to read through the text of each of the three components of the project and make comments. The following represent discussion points raised.
Component 1: Policy and institutional development for climate change risk management in coastal zones ($1.2 million).
The discussion focused on the following points:
The project design is trying to avoid duplication with the EU GCCA project. Since the EU is doing some of these things maybe we can transfer some of the money in component 1 to component 2.
The $40,000 allocated for international travel and $10,000 for furniture may not be accepted by GEF. However, the format used in the project budget is the one used in all prodocs of the LDCF.
Although we have no data on monitoring wave action, etc, that part will be covered by the EU project.
The Department of Physical Planning is very important in this project. They are responsible for approving building permits. So they should be involved in the project. The project has provisions for national and international consultants on the same issues in the budget. Is it necessary? We need to look at this carefully. However, national and international consultants may be needed to enhance
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cross-fertilization of ideas. It was agreed that we can have both national and international consultants depending on capacity gaps of the country.
Content to accept the new term “Sea and River Defence Risk Management” as a precursor to developing ICZM in Gambia.
Component 2: Physical investment in coastal defences
The following points were discussed:
Do we know why mangroves were dying. It was agreed that no categoric scientific reason is provided or known for this.
Banjul is also under threat and need to be protected with hard structures. However, the Senegambia Beach Hotel area is a priority in terms of tourism and biodiversity conservation.
There is a regional forestry project going on in Bintang involving IUCN and the Department of Forestry. Since mangrove planting is already being done, the money allocated for it in the project budget could be diverted to Banjul or other potential intervention sites.
The project should conduct scientific studies to establish the cause of the mangrove dieback before coming up with any interventions.
Component 3: Strengthening community livelihoods
Discussions about component 3 centered on the following:
Sand mining should be considered a livelihood issues on the coastal zone. Although sand mining is controlled by the Geological Department, NEA is trying to stop sand mining in the coastal zone.
The European Union (EU) project will address alternatives to sand for construction material.
There is a need to build the capacity of the Fisheries Department in the area of enforcement of fisheries legislation.
Management Arrangements
The proposed project management structure is different from the ones some people are familiar with. Moreover, there may be duplications in the management structure. There is a need to have the Terms of Reference (TORs) of the project staff to ensure that there is no overlap.
O5 Follow up Meeting of the Project Steering Committee
The following points were raised during the steering committee meeting:
The consultants should replace company logos with those of the UNDP, GEF and other institutions on the cover page of the project document.
It was agreed during this meeting that the team should review the roles of both national and international consultants depending on the country’s needs.
The US$20,000 allocation for furniture is very high. However, we can still leave the furniture budget line and put ‘equipment only’ with an asterisk. Moreover, even if we leave the furniture budget line we need to minimize waste when purchasing furniture.
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The mangrove dieback problem in the Bintang Bolong is believed to have been caused by damming of the river in Senegal. However, there needs to be a study carried out to investigate the cause of the dieback before any mangrove regeneration project.
Possible redistribution of engineering intervention measures to better acoomoodate local fishing communities at Tangie Bridge as opposed to another intervention to protect the tourism sector at Kotu beach. To be assessed for costs implications.
The project can borrow a dredger from the Gambia Ports Authority (GPA) for the hard engineering work. We may need to sign an MOU with GPA for that. However, since we cannot rely entirely on GPA the project should consider purchasing a dredger.
O6. General Discussion on Pressing Issues
The project should understand that the LDCF is for the LDCs. They own the funds and decide what to do with it. However, the project team should bear in mind that if we do not do the right thing we will not get funds.
The Gambia Tourism Board (GTB) is a very important stakeholder and should be included in the steering committee. The Gambia Hotel Association should also be involved at the implementation stage whether as part of the steering committee or others.
The following interventions have been proposed for the project:
1) Senegambia-Kairaba area: hard engineering
2) Tanji Bridge: Combination of hard and soft measures (use of geotubes).
3) Darsilami and Illiasa: Salt, rice and fish approach.
4) The mangrove intervention will continue after studying causes of the dieback.
The sustainability of these interventions is very important. How do we put in place measures to ensure sustainability? The Project should involve local communities and support CBOs as much as possible.
The private sector is also very important in the project. We need to highlight a place for the private sector in the project organogram.
We should try and make the Senegambia area intervention very good to showcase the capacity of the project.
We need to buy equipment for the continued maintenance of the engineered intervention areas.
The Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education (MOBSE) has 4 million Euros allocated for the sustainable livelihood of rural communities especially the school feeding programme. It is implemented in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP). It may be possible to establish collaboration between the LDCF and the MOBSE project.
O7. Workshop Attendee Listing
A list of all attendees at the 8 and 9 December Prodoc Validation Workshop is presented below.
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O8. Handouts Produced for the Workshop
Agenda
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Difference between the Project Document and the PIF
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Project Summary Handout