SIAYA COUNTY ANNUAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2018-19

i

COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF SIAYA

COUNTY INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2018-2022

DECEMBER 2017

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COUNTY INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN

SIAYA COUNTY

2018-2022

VISION

A model county committed to quality service delivery and sustainable development

MISSION

Achieve sustainable development and excellence using world class methods of service

delivery and technology with emphasis on public participation.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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LIST OF TABLES

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LIST OF MAPS/FIGURES

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LIST OF PLATES (CAPTIONED PHOTOS)

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

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GLOSARY OF COMMONLY USED TERMS

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FOREWORD

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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Chapter One:

County General Information

Introduction

This chapter gives the background information on the socio-economic and infrastructural

information that has a bearing on the development of the county. It provides a description of the

county in terms of the location, size, physiographic and natural conditions, demographic profile as

well as political units. In addition, it provides information on human development indicators in the

county, infrastructure and access development, land and land use; community organizations/non-

state actors, irrigation infrastructure, crop, livestock and fish production; forestry, environment and

climate change; mining; tourism; employment and other sources of income; water and sanitation;

health access and nutrition, education and literacy, trade energy, housing, transport and

communication, community development and Social Welfare, public administration and

governance.

1.0. County Overview

The County Government of Siaya was established in March 2013 following the general elections.

In conformity with the law it consists of the two arms, the executive and the legislature headed by

the Governor and Speaker respectively. The executive wing consists of 10 departments and public

service board which is a semi-autonomous body. To ensure smooth running of the counties, the

Transition Authority posted interim county officials and county transition coordinator on the eve of

elections. The interim county officials included interim County Secretary Mr. Caleb Ongoma. The

position of interim county secretary was also held by Mr. Silas Odhiambo, and Mr. KephaMarube.

However, the first substantive county secretary is Mr. Dave Kanundu marking an end to interim

officials in the executive. Apart from the interim officers, Transition Authority also posted County

Transition Coordinators to oversee transition to devolved governments.

The first governor was H.E. Cornel Amoth Rasanga and H.E. Hon. Wilson Ouma as the Deputy

Governor. However, the high court at Kisumu annulled their elections in August 2013, creating a

vacancy in the office of the governor. The vacancy was filled constitutionally by the Speaker Hon.

George Okode until October when the duo were re-elected in a by-elections.

The 10 departments forming the county executive wing are: Finance, Planning and Vision 2030;

governance and public service; ICT, tourism and wildlife conservation, water and irrigation; these

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departments were managed at the technical level by ten County Executive

CommitteeMembers(CECM) and ten Chief Officers(CO).

Public Service Board was established in July 2013. It consist of six members with Hon. Joseph

Donde as the Chairperson.

The assembly comprised 30 elected and 18 nominated members. The first substantive clerk to the

assembly was Mr. Felix Olwero who took over from Mrs. Dorothy Owiro who severed as the

interim Clerk posted by Transition Authority. The assembly also had service board comprising four

members with speaker as the chair of the Board.

1.1. Position and Size

Siaya County is one of the six counties in the Nyanza region. It has a land surface area of

approximately 2,530km² and the water surface area is approximately 1,005 km2. The county is

bordered by Busia County to the North West, Vihiga and Kakamega counties to the North East,

Kisumu County to the South East and Homa Bay County across the Winam Gulf to the South. The

water surface area forms part of Lake Victoria (the third largest fresh water lake in the world). It

approximately lies between latitude 0º 26´ South to 0º 18´ North and longitude 33º 58´ and 34º 33´

east.

Figure 1: Location of the County in Kenya.

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1.2. Physiographic and Natural Conditions

1.2.1. Physical and Topographic Features

Siaya County has three major geomorphology areas namely: Dissected Uplands, Moderate

Lowlands and Yala Swamp. These have different relief, soils and landuse patterns. The

altitudeofthecountyrisesfrom1,140mintheeasternpartsto1,400m abovesealevelinthewest.

Therearefewhillsfoundinthecountynamely;Mbaga,

Odiado,Akala,Regea,Nyambare,Usenge,Ramogihills, Rambugu,Abiero, Sirafuonga andNaya.

RiverNzoiaandYalatraverse thecountyandenterLakeVictoriathroughtheYalaSwamp.

Thephysicalfeatureshaveabearingon theoveralldevelopmentpotentialofthecounty.

HighaltitudeareasformingGem,UgenyaandUgunjasub-countieshave higherrainfall

hencesuitablefor agricultureandlivestockkeeping. RiversNzoia,YalaandLake

Kanyabolihavegreatpotentialforirrigation.ThelowaltitudeareasofBoro,Uranga,

UyomaandWagaireceive lessrainfallandthusaresuitable forcottongrowing

anddroughtresistantcropvarieties.

ThegeologyoftheareaiscomposedoftheoldNyanziansystemformingexposedrocks

inSiayaUgenya,UgunjaandGemSub-counties.Theserocksinclude basalts,desitesand rylites, and

are the bearers of course and fine aggregates used in the construction

industry.Themainsoiltypeisferrasolsanditsfertilityrangesfrommoderatetolow with

mostsoilsbeingunabletoproducewithouttheuseof eitherorganic,inorganicorin mostcasesboth

typesof fertilizers. Mostof theareashaveunderlyingmurramwithpoor moistureretention.

Bondo sub-county has various soil types ranging from black-cotton, sandy loamsto laterite

including red volcanic soils. West Sakwa, South Nyang’oma and Usigulocations have ferrasols,

while North Sakwa, East and Central Yimbo have luvisols with low- moderate fertility. The soil

types in Rarieda ranges from black cotton soil in MadianyDivision and sandy loams and red

volcanic soils in Rarieda Division. The expansive Yala Swamp around Ramogi Hill has

potential for large scale- irrigation using river Yala. Bondo Sub-county also has several islands

including Mageta, Sirigombe, Magariand Yalombo.

1.2.2. Ecological Conditions

Ecologically,thecountyspreadsacrossagro-ecologicalzonesLM1toLM5.According

totheKenyaSoil SurveyandIntegratedRegionalDevelopmentplanfor theLakeBasin

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DevelopmentAuthority,thelowerpartofthecounty andespeciallytheshoresofLake Victoriacan

becategorizedintosemi-humid,semi-dry LowerMidlandzones(LM4and LM5).These zones cover

thewhole ofUyomainRariedaSub-county and Yimboin BondoSub-

county.Thelowercentralpartsofthecounty,coveringthewholeofSakwaandAsemboin

BondoandRariedaSub-

countisrespectivelyandthelowerpartsofBoroDivisionareclassifiedasthemidlandzoneLM3.Thenort

hernpartof thecounty comprisingGem,UgunjaandUgenyaSub-

countiesandtheupperpartsofBoroDivision inSiayaSub-countyareclassifiedasthelow-

midlandzones(LM2andLM3).Theseare sub-

humidandhumidzoneswithreliableprecipitation.Therearealsopockets of upper

midlandzones(about30sq.kms)inYalaDivision,GemSub-countywithahighpotential

foragriculturalactivity.

1.2.3. Climatic Conditions

Thecountyexperiencesabi-modalrainfall,withlongrainsfallingbetweenMarchand June and

shortrains between September andNovember. Therelief and thealtitude

influenceitsdistributionandamount.Siayacountyis drierin thewesternparttowards

BondoandRariedasub-countiesandiswettertowardsthehigheraltitudesintheeastern

partparticularlyGem,UgunjaandUgenyasub-counties. Onthehighlands,therainfall

rangesbetween800mm–2,000mmwhilelowerareasreceiverainfallrangingbetween800–1,600mm.

Temperaturesvarywithaltituderisingfrom21°CintheNorthEasttoabout22.50°C

alongtheshoresofLakeVictoria whileintheSouth,itranges frommeanminimum temperature of

16.3 C and mean maximum temperature of 29.1 C. Humidity is

relativelyhighwithmeanevaporationbeingbetween1,800mmto 2,200mmperannum

withinthecounty.Therelativehumidityrangesbetween73percentinthemorningand52percentintheaf

ternoon.

1.3. Administrative and Political Units

1.3.1: Administrative Sub Division

The county consist of six sub-counties, thirty wards and seven hundred villages. Alego Usonga,

Bondo and Gem sub counties have six wards each; Rarieda, Ugenya and Ugunja sub counties have

five, four and three wards respectively. Of the six sub-counties, Alego Usonga is the largest with an

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approximate area of 605.8 km2 while Ugunja is the smallest with an approximate area of 200.9 km2.

Table 1.1 shows details of the administrative units forming Siaya County.

Table 1.1: Siaya County Administrative Units

Sub-County No of Wards Ward Sub location/village Area (Km2)

Alego- Usonga

6 Township Mulaha, Nyandiwa, Karapul 605.8

Usonga Sumba, Nyadorera A, Nyadorera B

North alego Hono, nyalgunga,ulafu,nyamila,umala, olwa

South east alego Mur ngiya, bar agulu, bar ding, masumbi, nyangoma, pap oriang, randago, bar osimbo, pap oriang, nyajuok, murmalanga, bar olengo

Centralalego Kadenge, obambo, ojuando A, nyandiwa, kochieng A, kochieng B, ojuando B, koyeyo, kakumukombewa, komolo

West alego Kaugagi hawing, gangu, kaugagiudenda, maholaulawe, sigomauranga, kaburauhuyi, kalkadauradi, komenyakowala, komenyakalaka, kodiere,

Gem 6 North gem Ndere, nyabeda, malanga, got regea, maliera, lundha, asayi, sirembe

405

South gem Kaudha west, kaudha east, kanyadet, ndori, rera, kambare, oyinyore, gombe

East gem Ramula, uranga, lihanda, marenyo

Central gem Siriwo, kagilo, gango, nyandiwa, nyawara

Yala township Nyamninia, sauri, anyiko,jina

West gem Dienya west, dienya east, wagai west, wagai east, nguge, uriri, malunga west, malunga east, malunga central

Ugenya 4 North ugenya Kagonya, sega, jera, nyamsenda, ligala 322.3

East ugenya Anyiko, sihay, ramunde, kathieno A, kathieno B, kathieno C

Ukwala Doho west, doho east, simur, simur east, yenga, siranga, simurkondiek

West ugenya Sifuyo west, sifuyo east, masat west, masat east, karadolo west, karadolo east, ndenga, uyundo, nyalenya

Ugunja 3 Ugunja, Magoya, rambulasouth,rambula north, ugunja, ambira, ngunya, umala, ligega

200.9

sigomre, Got osimbo, mungao, sigomre, madungu, asango east, asango west, tingare east, tingare west

Sidindi Rangala, simenya, yiro east, yiro west, ruwe, uhuyi

Bondo 6 North sakwa Bar Kowino, Ajigo, Bar Chando, Abom 593

South sakwa West Migwena, East Migwena, Got Abiero, Nyaguda

Central sakwa Ndeda/Oyamo, Uyawi, Nyang’oma

West sakwa Maranda,Kapiyo, Usire,Utonga,Nyawita

East yimbo Got Ramogi, Usigu,Nyamonye, Bar Kanyango,Pala, Othatch

West yimbo Got Agulu,Usenge, Mahanga,Mitundu

Rarieda 5 North Uyoma Masala, East Katwenga, West Katwenga, Ragegni, Ochieng’a 403.4

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Sub-County No of Wards Ward Sub location/village Area (Km2)

South Uyoma Ndigwa, lieta, Naya

East Asembo Omiamalo, Omiadiere, South ramba, North ramba, Omiamwalo

West Asembo Nyagoko, Siger, Memba, Mahaya, Akom

West uyoma Nyabera, Kokwiri, Rachar, Kobengi,Kagwa

County's Administrative / Political units

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1.3.2: Political Units

The county consist of six constituencies and thirty wards. Alego Usonga, Bondo and Gem

constituencies have six wards each; Rarieda, Ugenya and Ugunja constituencies have five, four and

three wards respectively.

Table 1.2: Political units in Siaya County Constituency No of Wards Ward Area (sq.Km)

Alego-Usonga 6 Township

Usonga

North alego

South east alego

Central alego

West alego

Gem 6 North gem

South gem

East gem

Central gem

Yala township

West gem

Ugenya 4 North ugenya

East ugenya

Ukwala

West ugenya

Ugunja 3 Ugunja,

sigomre,

Sidindi

Bondo 6 North sakwa

South sakwa

Central sakwa

West sakwa

East yimbo

West yimbo

Rarieda 5 North Uyoma

South Uyoma

East Asembo

West Asembo

West uyoma

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1.4 Demographic Features

Settlement patterns in the County follow the agro-ecological zones and fish landing bays with the

high potential areas having the highest population density in the County. The total population of

Siaya County as at 2017 was estimated to be 965,007 persons (KNBS 2013 Population projections).

With an annual population growth rate of 1.7 per cent, the county population is projected to be

1,049,952 persons in 2022 (497,282 males and 552,670 females) and 1,255,556 persons in 2027.

The average county population density is 400.7persons/sq.Km in 2017 and is projected to grow to

436.3 persons/sq.km in 2022. High potential areas include South Alego, Ukwala, North Ugenya,

Central Ugenya, Yala, Wagai, Central Sakwa, Mageta Island and Asembo Central locations. Low

potential areas include South West Alego, Usonga, West Sakwa, Usigu and East Uyoma locations

which have low population densities. There are large nuclear settlements along major fish landing

beaches such as Misori, Luanda Kotieno and Kamarigo in Rarienda Sub-County; and WichLum,

Usenge, Uhunya, Honge and Nangoo in Bondo sub-County.

1.4.1. Population Size and Composition

Table 1.3 shows population of the county in cohorts from 2009 and projections to 2022. From the

table, the total population of the county was 841,682 in 2009 rising to 900,908 in 2013. Currently,

for 2017 the population is estimated at 965,007 and is projected to rise to 1,049,849 in 2022,

1,143,827 in 2027 and 1,203,675 in 2030.

The population of persons between 0-35 and 70 years and above was 693,905 and 33,893

respectively in 2013 rising to 742,732 and 36,279 in 2017. In 2017, 0-35 comprises 77.02 per cent

of the population while 70 years and above constitute 3.76 per cent.

Gender analysis shows that in 2009, there were slightly more males than female in the 0-35 years

population. However, when total population is taken in to consideration, females (52.67%) are

more than male (47.33%) and the status quo remains with the projection to 2030. The higher

population of females as compared to males can be attributed to the low life expectancy rate of 38.3

years for males as compared to 43.6 years for females.

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Projected Age Cohort Age group

2009 2013 2017 2022 2030 Projected

Census Projected Projected Projected

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

0-4 71,362 70,716 142,078 76,383 75,692 152,075 81,758 81,018 162,776 89,011 88,206 177,217 101,979 101,056 203,035

5_9 60,960 60,710 121,670 65,249 64,982 130,231 69,841 69,554 139,395 76,037 75,725 151,762 87,114 86,757 173,871

10_14 58,296 56,248 114,544 62,398 60,206 122,604 66,789 64,442 131,231 72,714 70,159 142,873 83,307 80,380 163,687

15-19 49,220 47,825 97,045 52,683 51,190 103,874 56,390 54,792 111,183 61,393 59,653 121,047 70,337 68,344 138,681

20-24 32,725 41,443 74,168 35,028 44,359 79,387 37,492 47,480 84,973 40,819 51,693 92,511 46,765 59,224 105,989

25-29 25,961 30,135 56,096 27,788 32,255 60,043 29,743 34,525 64,268 32,382 37,588 69,970 37,099 43,064 80,163

30-34 20,359 22,328 42,687 21,792 23,899 45,691 23,325 25,581 48,906 25,394 27,850 53,244 29,094 31,908 61,001

35-39 14,793 17,932 32,725 15,834 19,194 35,028 16,948 20,544 37,492 18,452 22,367 40,819 21,140 25,625 46,765

40-44 11,118 16,082 27,200 11,900 17,214 29,114 12,738 18,425 31,163 13,868 20,059 33,927 15,888 22,982 38,870

45-49 10,390 15,486 25,876 11,121 16,576 27,697 11,904 17,742 29,646 12,960 19,316 32,276 14,848 22,130 36,978

50-54 9,074 14,541 23,615 9,712 15,564 25,277 10,396 16,659 27,055 11,318 18,137 29,456 12,967 20,780 33,747

55-59 8,414 12,265 20,679 9,006 13,128 22,134 9,640 14,052 23,692 10,495 15,298 25,793 12,024 17,527 29,551

60-64 7,712 11,083 18,795 8,255 11,863 20,118 8,835 12,698 21,533 9,619 13,824 23,443 11,021 15,838 26,859

65-69 5,107 7,732 12,839 5,466 8,276 13,742 5,851 8,858 14,709 6,370 9,644 16,014 7,298 11,049 18,347

70-74 5,175 7,173 12,348 5,539 7,678 13,217 5,929 8,218 14,147 6,455 8,947 15,402 7,395 10,250 17,646

75-79 3,539 5,464 9,003 3,788 5,848 9,636 4,055 6,260 10,315 4,414 6,815 11,230 5,057 7,808 12,866

80+ 4,159 6,155 10,314 4,452 6,588 11,040 4,765 7,052 11,817 5,188 7,677 12,865 5,943 8,796 14,739

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1.4.2. Population Density and Distribution

Table 1.4 shows that Alego-Usonga had the highest population at 200,418 persons while Ugunja

Constituency had the lowest population at 101,345 persons in 2013. The high population density at

471.3 persons per km2 in Ugunja Constituency in 2017 can be attributed to limited land mass in the

constituency. This population density is currently estimated to be 504.5 persons per km2 in Ugunja

with a population projection of 101,345 persons. Bondo and Alego-Usonga have the lowest

population densities standing at 304.3 and 354.1 persons per square kilometer respectively with the

highest populations projected at 214,521 and 180,470 persons.

Projected Population Density and Distribution 2009 Census 2013 Projected 2017 Projected 2022 Projected 2030 Projected

Sub county Population Density Population Density Population Density Population Density Population Density

Alego-Usonga 187,243 309.1 200,418 330.8 214,521 354.1 233,553 385.5 267,577 441.7

Bondo 157,522 265.6 168,606 284.3 180,470 304.3 196,481 331.3 225,105 379.6

Gem 160,675 396.7 171,981 424.6 184,082 454.5 200,414 494.8 229,610 566.9

Rarieda 134,558 333.6 144,026 357.0 154,161 382.2 167,837 416.1 192,288 476.7

Ugenya 113,848 353.2 121,859 378.1 130,434 404.7 142,005 440.6 162,693 504.8

Ugunja 88,458 440 94,682 471.3 101,345 504.5 110,336 549.2 126,410 629.2

1.4.3: Population Projection for Special Age Groups

Populations can also be defined by selected age groups. These include, infants, under 5, primary

school going age (6-13 years), secondary school going age (14-17years), the youth (15-29 years),

female reproductive age (15-49) years, the labour force (15-64 years) and the aged population of 65

years and above. These age groups have been identified for analysis because of their critical role in

the socio-economic development of the County.

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Population Projection for Specials Age Groups 24-Aug-09 2013 2017 2022 2030 Projected

Census Projected Projected Projected

Age Group Male Fema

le

Total Male Fema

le

Total Male Fema

le

Total Male Fema

le

Total Male Fema

le

Total

Under 1 15,0

93

14,8

60

29,9

53

16,1

55

15,9

06

32,0

61

17,2

92

17,0

25

34,3

17

18,8

26

18,5

35

37,3

61

21,5

68

21,2

35

42,8

04

under 5 71,3

62

70,7

61

142,

123

76,3

83

75,7

40

152,

124

81,7

58

81,0

70

162,

828

89,0

11

88,2

62

177,

273

101,

979

101,

120

203,

099

Primary sch age

6-13

95,5

39

93,5

36

189,

075

102,

262

100,

118

202,

379

109,

457

107,

163

216,

620

119,

168

116,

670

235,

838

136,

529

133,

666

270,

195

Sec sch age 14-

17

42,4

98

41,8

77

84,3

75

45,4

88

44,8

24

90,3

12

48,6

89

47,9

78

96,6

67

53,0

09

52,2

34

105,

243

60,7

31

59,8

44

120,

575

Youth popln

15-35

107,

906

119,

403

227,

309

115,

499

127,

805

243,

304

123,

626

136,

798

260,

424

134,

594

148,

934

283,

528

154,

202

170,

631

324,

833

Reproductive

age 15-49

191,

231

191,

231

- 204,

687

204,

687

- 219,

090

219,

090

- 238,

527

238,

527

- 273,

276

273,

276

Labour force

15-64

179,

766

229,

120

408,

886

192,

415

245,

242

437,

657

205,

955

262,

499

468,

453

224,

226

285,

787

510,

013

256,

892

327,

421

584,

313

Aged popln 65+ 18,2

57

26,8

15

45,0

72

19,5

42

28,7

02

48,2

44

20,9

17

30,7

21

51,6

38

22,7

72

33,4

47

56,2

19

26,0

90

38,3

20

64,4

10

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Under 1 year: The population of children under 1 years is estimated as 34,317 in 2017 and is

projected to increase to 37,361 persons in 2022. This population is vulnerable to preventable

illnesses hence specific health interventions should be focused on to reduce high incidences of

morbidity and mortality.

Under 5 years: The population of children under 5 is estimated at 162,828 in 2017 and is expected

to increase to 177,273 persons in 2022. This implies that measures have to be put in place to ensure

that under 5 years’ mortality rate is reduced from the current 159 per 1000 live births ( according to

MICS 2011) to less than 70 per 1000 during the plan period.

Primary School going (6-13 years): The population of the primary school age group is estimated

at 216,620 and is expected to rise to 235,838 and 270,195 persons in 2022 and 2030 respectively.

Males are expected to constitute the majority of this age group compared to females. There is need

to increase primary school facilities and employment of more teachers to cater for the growing

numbers of pupils. This population also requires targeted interventions on sanitation, nutrition and

reproductive health and can serve as important change agents for adoption of healthy behavioral

practices within the community.

Secondary School going (14-17 Years): The population of secondary school age group was 90,312

persons in 2013. The population of is expected to rise to 96,667 persons in 2017 and then to

105,243 persons in 2017. This population calls for continued investment in social and economic

infrastructure like schools, training institutions and employment creation. Efforts should further be

made to ensure high transition rates.

Youth Population (15-35): It is estimated that currently there 260.424 young persons in the County

and this is projected to increase to 283,528 persons by 2022. The male: female sex ratio of the youth

population in 2017 is 47:53. Due to the increasing youth population, there will be need for more

programmes that address youth issues such as training, health, recreation facilities and employment

opportunities. There is also need to increase the number of sports and recreational facilities to

engage youth in sports and various recreational activities. In addition, this is the group that is most

affected by HIV/AIDS in the county which calls for specific interventions aimed at addressing the

scourge e.g by investment in youth friendly centers in the county

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Reproductive Age Group (15-49 years): Currently the female reproductive population is

estimated at 219,090 representing 22.7 per cent of the population and is projected to increase to

238,527 persons by 2022. The continued increase in population of this age group will require more

resources to meet the rising demand for family planning and maternal and child health services.

Furthermore, deliberate interventions must be put in place to increase the percentage of mothers

delivering under skilled attendance from 56% in 2012 to 70% by end of 2017. This integrated plan

intends to reduce maternal mortality from 691 per 100,000 mothers to less than 300 per 100,000

mothers by the end of the plan period.

Labour Force (15-64 years): In 2013 it was estimated that 437,657 people were in the labour force

age category. This is projected at 468,453 persons in 2017 and is expected to increase to 510,013

persons by 2022. These economically active people represent 49.7 per cent of the total population in

the County (Siaya County Statistical Abstract 2015, KNBS). This calls for more resources to be

channeled to employment driven investments to reduce the burden of dependency and poverty.

Most of the labour force in the County is unskilled and therefore, there is need to set up appropriate

tertiary training institutions to cater for the primary and secondary school drop-outs.

Aged Population (65 years and above): The aged population was standing at 48,244 persons in

2013. The population in this age group currently (2017) stands at 51,638 persons and is expected to

increase marginally to 56,219 by 2022.The low population of the aged can be explained by the low

life expectancy rate of both males and females which stands at 38.3 and 43.6 respectively. This

group, is characterized by lives with non-communicable conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases,

cancers, diabetes and mental health, which need to be focused on during the plan period. There will

be need for the expansion of social protection initiatives targeting this group so as to reduce the

dependency ratio while up-lifting the living standards of this group.

1.5. Human Development Approach

Human development is both a goal and a process of empowering people to lead the lives they

value by expanding their capabilities, freedoms, and choices. Principles of human

development are equity within and across groups, efficiency in the use of resources,

empowerment in terms of provision of resources and opportunities for people to participate in

the development process, sustainability (of environmental, social, economic and political

policies), and inclusiveness.

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According to 2016 Human Development Report , Kenya is among countries with medium

Human Development Index, with a value of 0.555 at position.Its life expectancy is 62.2 and

Expected years of schooling 11.1.The ranking was in categories of Very High human

development, High human development, Medium Human Development and Low human

development.

Despite progress in human development at the global regional and national levels, uneven,

and human deprivations persist. Progress has bypassed groups, communities, societies — and

people have been left out. Some have achieved only the basics of human development, and

some not even that. This is one of the driving forces behind the new constitutional

dispensation in Kenya in which national and county governments co-exist to address the

emerging inequalities and marginalisation

It is noted that counties are yet to embark on preparing county human development reports

(CHDR). This will raise public awareness and trigger action on critical human development

concerns, strengthen national statistical and analytic capacity to assess and promote people-

centred development; and shape policies and programmes by providing options and broad

recommendations based on concrete analysis.

1.6 Infrastructure Development

1.6.1. Road, Rail Network, Ports, Airstrips and Jetties

Roads - The county had 434.2km of bitumen standard roads, 1297.41km gravel , 532.78km of earth

and a further 1,170.89 narrow roads. Major roads traversing the count are Kisumu-Busia

Highway(which is an international trunk road, class A), Luanda-Siaya, Siaya-Nyadorera, Rangala-

Siaya-Bondo, Ngiya-Ndori, Ndori-Luanda-Kotieno, Bondo-Misori and Kisian-Bondo-Usenge

roads. In addition, there are roads which are being upgraded to bitumen standard, these include

Akala Luanda, Kodiaga-Wagai-Aluor-Onyinyore-Akala, Ugunja-Ukwala-Nyadorera, ButereUgunja

and Boro-Ndere roads.

Airstrips - There are three main airstrips in the county namely Gombe, Dominion and Sega. Their

conditions are not very good and require attention.There is no airport in the county but Kisumu

International Airport is only 75kms to Siaya town centre

Rail Network – Railway line passes through the county in Gem with a station at Yala. However,

the line is not in use.

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Harbours and Jetties - There are three jetties in the county namely Luanda K’otieno, Asembo Bay

and Usenge. Out of these, Asembo Bay is not functional.

1.6.2. Posts and Telecommunication

There are 28 post offices and 21 sub-post offices spread across the county. Postal services are also

provided by G4S, Wells Fargo and EMS. In addition, couriers services are also provided by

registered public service vehicles such as Easy Coach and the Guardian.

It is estimated that 75.2 per cent of the households in the County own a radio, 13.7 per cent

television sets, 90 per cent mobile phones with main operators being Safaricom and Airtel

communication companies, 0.5 per cent landline and 1.2 per cent of the households own computers.

Siaya County headquarters has a fibre optic cable that has led to increased internet connectivity.It is

important to note that most of the government offices have internet connection through modems.

1.6.3. Energy Access

The main sources of lighting in the County include: paraffin (93.9%), electricity (4.3%), solar

(0.9%) and gas lamps (0.4%) while the main sources of cooking fuel used in the households include

firewood (84.55%), LPG gas (0.7%) charcoal (13.4%) while 0.9 per cent of the households use

paraffin. Seventy seven percent of Trading centres, 84 percent of health facilities and ninety four

percent of secondary schools across the county are connected to electricity. The main cooking

appliances include traditional stone fire (77.45%), ordinary jiko(11.1%), improved traditional stone

fire (5.1%), improved jiko (4.2%), gas cooker (0.95%), kerosene stove (0.8%) and electric cooker at

0.2 percent.

Energy is a critical driver of the economy, standard of living and national security of every country. The

level and the intensity of energy use in a country is a key indicator of economic growth and development.

The Kenya Vision 2030 identified energy as one of the infrastructure enablers of its social economic pillar.

1.6.3.1 Provision in Constitution

The Energy Bill, 2015 is the first legal attempt to harmonize the Constitution and the Energy Act, 2006. It

codifies the following provisions for County participation in energy matters. The sixth schedule of the Act

delineates the following functions to County governments should the bill be enacted.

COUNTY ENERGY

PLANNING

COUNTY ENERGY REGULATION

COUNTY OPERATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT

Preparation of County

energy plans

Regulation and licensing of

retail petroleum service

stations.

Electricity and gas reticulation.

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Physical planning relating

to renewable energy

resource areas

Regulation and licensing of

County gas reticulation

systems.

Provide and maintain adequate street

lighting.

Provision of land and rights

of way for energy

infrastructure.

Regulation and licensing and

supply of retail coal products

for domestic use.

Provision of designated parking for

petroleum tankers.

Facilitation of energy

demand by planning for

industrial parks and other

energy consuming

activities.

Regulation and licensing of

designated parking for

petroleum tankers.

Collect and maintain energy data.

Preparation and

implementation of disaster

management plans.

Regulation and licensing of

biomass production, transport

and distribution.

Implementation of County

electrification projects.

Regulation and licensing of

biogas systems.

Undertake feasibility studies and

maintain data with a view to availing

the same to developers of energy

resources and infrastructure.

Regulation and licensing of

charcoal production,

transportation and distribution.

Establishment of energy centers for

promotion of renewable energy

technologies, energy efficiency and

conservation.

Customize National codes for

energy efficiency

Protection of energy infrastructure

Undertake energy efficiency and

conservation within the County.

1.6.3.2 Lighting

By June 2016, about 24% per cent of households were connected to the national grid as domestic users,

according to KPLC County Electricity Access Rates of June 2016. Approximately 70 per cent of the County

lacks electricity supply especially within the growing market centers and recently created administrative

political units hindering the realization of the County’s potentials in agri-business processing, jua-kali

development and efficient service delivery as well as stemming of the rural-urban migration. Frequent power

interruptions adversely affect businesses‘and institutions’ operations. The County Government shall put in

place strategies to improve access and stability of power supply.

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The connectivity status still requires great improvement as the table below illustrates some drawbacks:

Analysis on Issues in Electricity Supply and Causes

Sector

Causes

Development

objectives

Immediate

objectives

Strategies

Major issue: POOR PHYSICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE

Electricity Poor electricity

connectivity in

the County

Generators are

expensive

High Cost of

power for public

water supply

utilities

Transformers are

Expensive

Few Companies

do Solar

installation

Frequent Power

Outages

To increase

electricity

connectivity

Increase no of

Transformers and

purchase

Generators.

To increase

connectivity

Phased purchase of

Transformers and

Generators within the

County

Upscale Rural

electrification programme

Institutionalize use of

renewable energy

Outsource more energy

efficient pumps

Liberalize market of

transformers

Enhance networking by

generating synergies

Promote use of

alternative energy sources

for energy security

Source: Department of Energy

1.6.3.3 Cooking Fuel

The majority of Siaya County’s population depends on wood fuel for cooking. With estimates that 97 percent

of households use firewood or charcoal for cooking and heating, population growth and associated increases

in demand for farming and residential land will undoubtedly accelerate deforestation and exacerbate the

effects of climate change in the county.

1.6.3.4 County Energy Plans

The county intends to invest in Energy generation projects under the structure of Build Own Operate and

Transfer (BOOT) which will see the assets thereunder developed and subsequently transferred to the County

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government upon the expiration of the projects’ respective Power Purchase Agreements (assuming that the

private investors are able to realize a fair rate of return during the life of the PPA). With this approach, the

County will accrue the following benefits:

A diversification of revenue streams resulting from dividends provided by the electricity generation

projects

Increased electricity access for domestic and commercial consumers connected to the national grid

network in Siaya County

Short- and medium-term job creation during the construction and operations phase of projects

Capacity building and development of the technical, legal and financial expertise of County and

associated staff tied to project development

By employing site visits and desktop research the county energy team has made the following observations:

a. The County has the potential of generating small hydro power projects, biomass projects using

agricultural waste

b. The County has an extensive and far reaching grid and road network that favours project construction

c. The County also presents a significant opportunity for point of use domestic energy applications to

reduce ligneous fuel consumption and to abate carbon emissions.

1.6.3.5 Energy Data

No. Form of Energy Application Statistics

1 Trading centres with electricity 126

2 Trading centres without electricity 37

3 Health facilities with electricity 327

4 Health facilities without electricity 60

5 Secondary Schools with electricity 140

6 Secondary Schools without electricity 9

HH distribution by main cooking fuel: %

1 Firewood 84.55

2 Grass 0

3 Paraffin 0.9

4 Electricity 0.2

5 Gas (LPG) 0.7

6 Charcoal 13.4

7 Biomass Residue 0

8 Biogas 0

9 Other 0.25

HH distribution by main lighting fuel %

1 Firewood 0.2

2 Grass 0.1

3 Paraffin 93.9

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4 Electricity 4.3

5 Solar 0.9

6 Gas (LPG) 0.4

7 Dry cell (torch) 0.1

8 Candles 0.1

Households distribution by cooking appliance type: %

1 Traditional stone fire 77.45

2 Improved traditional stone fire 5.1

3 Ordinary Jiko 11.1

4 Improved Jiko 4.2

5 Kerosene Stove 0.8

6 Gas Cooker 0.95

7 Electric cooker 0.2

8 Other 0.2

9 Institutions (schools, hospitals, prisons, etc.) using improved wood-fuel cooking

stoves

159

10 Institutions (schools, hospitals, prisons, etc.) using LPG 7

11 Institutions (schools, hospitals, prisons, etc.) using kerosene 0

12 Institutions (schools, hospitals, prisons, etc.) using solar energy 15

13 Institutions (schools, hospitals, prisons, etc.) that have established woodlots 379

1.6.4. Housing

The classification on housing is based on the walling, roofing and floor materials used. It is

estimated that 70.1 per cent of the households have earth floor, 29.0 per cent have cement floor,

0.40 per cent have tiles while 0.4 per cent have wooden floor. 63.8 percent of households use

mud/wood as the main type of walling material while 0.1 of the households use tin as the main type

of wall material. This can be associated with the high levels of poverty in the County and has also

led to the high levels of jigger infestations. The main types of roofing material used in the County

include: corrugated iron sheets (65.9 percent), makuti/grass (32.1 per cent) and asbestos sheet (0.9

per cent).

Available housing units in the County are only 20 percent of the total demand. The demand is high

while the supply is very low. There is need for more housing units to meet the supply for more units

to meet the surging demands (grammer). House provision is mostly owner occupier in the rural

areas. In urban areas, provision is mostly by the private developers, National Housing Cooperation

and Ministry of Housing for civil servants. NHC has land for future development at the County

headquarters. The Ministry of Housing indicates the total number of dwelling units for constructed

for government departments in Siaya County as 233( grammar and addition) ; 15 units of High

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Grade (HG) 104 units of Medium Grade (MG) and 139 units of Low Grades(LG) of Government

houses. They are occupied by the following government departments; Police, Health personnel,

Ministry of Agriculture personnel, provincial administration, Department of Survey,Ministry of

Housing and public works. Distributions of these houses are as indicated here below:-

Table 1.2: Government Housing Units POLICE LINE AP. LINE TOTALS

HG MG LG MG LG MG LG

SIAYA SUB COUNTY 8 72 49 65 0 1 23 218

BONDO SUB COUNTY 3 6 2 2 28 0 15 56

GEM SUB COUNTY 0 15 52 0 16 0 4 87

UGENYA SUB COUNTY 3 7 14 2 22 0 6 54

UGUNJA SUB COUNTY 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 8

RARIEDA SUB COUNTY 1 2 16 0 0 0 0 19

TOTALS 15 104 139 69 66 1 48 442

Tally of figures

Source: County Housing Office 2013

There are two types of housing units in Siaya County, permanent and semi-permanent. Permanent

dwellings, constructed using materials that can maintain stability for more than two decades such as

tiles, iron sheets, ballast, cement, wood and iron bars. Semi-permanent dwelling units on the other

hand are constructed using materials that are both permanent and temporary such as clay, wood or

grass that cannot maintain stability for more than a decade. Government houses in Siaya County are

constructed of stone/ concrete blocks on super structure walling. Roofing is of GCI sheets/Asbestos

and Mangalore tiles while floors are of screed. Due to state of disrepair these houses are badly

dilapidated and require refurbishment

The rent ranges from KShs.1000 for a one bedroom unit to KShs.12, 000 for a three bedroom self-

contained unit for rentals constructed by private developers. Government quarters are considerably

affordable compared with privately rented quarters. Market rent rate charged on government houses

is dictated by the occupation space therein and valuation done by qualified government valuer.

1.7. Land and Land Use

Land in Siaya County is categorised based on the Constitution of Kenya 2010 as follows: private

land, public land and community land.

Private land, which forms most of the land in the county, is the category of land owned by private

individuals. The rights and interests of this category of land have been fully ascertained through the

process of land adjudication and therefore relatively easy to acquire for investment purposes. There

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however still exist sections whose rights and interest have not been determined and the county

government needs to intervene to have the process finalised.

Approximately 2059 square kilometres of land is arable and a major form of land use is peasantry

agriculture. Only small potion Siaya town has been set aside for industrial use. There is need to

demarcate more land for industrial use in major urban centres in the county.

Most of the lands in the rural areas are under general boundaries prone to a lot of boundary

disputes, while in Urban centers there are fixed surveys which are free from disputes. The first

category requires that this general surveys be geo-referenced to reduce the number of disputes

arising from the boundaries.

1.7.1. Land Ownership Categories

1.7.2. Mean Holding Size

The average farm size in the County varies from sub-County to sub-County, for instance the

average farm size for small scale farmers in Bondo sub-County is approximately 3.0 Ha while in

Siaya sub-County is 1.02 Ha. The average farm size for large scale farm stands at approximately 7.0

ha.

Due to high cost of processing land transactions and succession charges, there are a lot of informal

land subdivisions in the County.

1.7.3. Percentage of Land with Title Deeds

As at 2012, 259,124 farmers had been issued with title deeds. Most of these titles however, bear

names of the forefathers while the current occupiers of the land are third generation owners with no

titles.

This means that there are limited collateral for securing loans to undertake different kind of

business, hence reducing the possibility of micro-investments within the County and the region at

large. During the plan period, efforts are expected to be made to formalize land ownership

1.7.4. Incidence of Landlessness

Siaya County is majorly inhabited by families that trace their land ownership mostly based on their

ancestral lineage. The culture of land ownership is under threat following the emerging trend of

leasing or selling land for commercial endeavors. This trend is likely to lead to cases of landlessness

in the near future. In Ugunja, Gem and Ugenya there is limited land for agriculture due to the high

population densities. Following the 2007/2008 post-election violence, a percentage of the residents

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of the County were displaced from various parts of the County. Almost all of those displaced traced

their way to their ancestral land in which they were welcome. Generally there are no cases of

landlessness in the County.

1.7.5. Settlement Patterns

1.7.6. Types and Size of Land

1.8. Employment

1.8.1. Wage Earners

1.8.2. Self Employed

1.8.3. Labour Force by Sector

The county’s labour force was projected to be 468,474 in 2017 out of which 205,964 were men

and 262,510 were women. It is projected that this will increase to 484,677 in

2019 and 510,036 in 2022. Inviewofthesedynamics,therewillbeneedtoinvestinkey

sectorsoftheeconomyinordertocreateemploymentopportunitiesforthisforce.

1.8.4. Unemployment Levels

Employment and Other Sources of Income Wages Earners

Wage employment in the county forms approximately 17% of the total employment opportunities

scattered across various sectors including agriculture, Non-Governmental Organizations, the

government and in the transport industry. Agriculture alone provides approximately 61% of all

employment opportunities in the county.

Self Employed

The urban self -employed comprise 14 percent of the total labour force while 8 percent is rural

based. Most people in the rural areas are self -employed and engaged in small scale businesses

operating kiosksselling grocery, foodstuffs, small hotels and ‘bodaboda services and undertaking

small scale farming.

The urban self- employment includes those in businesses like shop keeping, hotels, chemists, hair

dressing foodstuff trade, cottage industry among others.

The County’s labour force was projected to be 430,300 in 2012 out of which 189,181 were men and

241,119 were women. It is projected that this will increase to 452,815 in 2015 and 468,497 in 2017.

Inview of these dynamics, there will be need to invest in key sectors of the economy in order to

createemployment opportunities for this force.

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Unemployment Levels

It is estimated that approximately 40% which translates to 172,120 persons in the counties labour

force is unemployed. These high levels of unemployment may be explained by low access to

affordable credits, lack of collateral and more often overreliance on white collar jobs with total

disregard to self-employment.

In this regard, more opportunities need to be created with an aim of addressing the

unemploymentproblem. The county government has put in place various programmes that will

expand opportunities forthe youth and women. Nonetheless, there is need for more interventions by

all stakeholders tocomplement government’s initiatives.

1.9. Irrigation Infrastructure and Schemes

1.9.1. Irrigation Potential

Siaya County has an irrigation potential of 7100 HA. The area suitable for irrigation are found

along Lake Victoria and Kanyaboli; River Yala , Nzoia and major streams such as Wuoroya.

Over-reliance on rain fed agriculture has been the major reason for food insecurity in Siaya County.

This has made the county a net importer for most foodstuffs. With an irrigation potential of 7100Ha,

Siaya County would be food secure if more focus is put on expanding area under irrigation from the

current 10% to 20% in the next five years. Besides, there is need to rehabilitate and expand the old

schemes and improve the water use efficiency from the current 35% to 50% within the existing

irrigation schemes.

Farmers undertaking irrigation farming are few with very low adoption level on irrigation farming

techniques, this situation calls for enhanced irrigation extension services.

Irrigation farming in the county besides ensuring food security for the populace would create

employment and stem rural - urban migration.

The County government of Siaya plans to put more focus on programs aimed at revitalizing stalled

irrigation schemes and increasing area under irrigated agriculture in the next five years. More focus

will be put in areas around L.Victoria, along R.Yala and R.Nzoia. Specifically in Augmentation and

expansion of all existing irrigation schemes and construction of 20 No. new irrigation schemes. The

said irrigaton schemes are:

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- Obenge,

- Nyangoe

- Kasiri

- Aram

- East Yimbo

- Central Sakwa

- North Sakwa

- North Alego

- South East Alego

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In the next five years the department intends to implement irrigation projects in the following

cluster areas;

Upper Nzoia

- Kokise

- Aram

- Ruma

- Kunya

- Got Kachola

- Misori

- Likungu

- Utonga

- Warianda

- Nyangera

The R.Nzoia lower basin is earmarked for a major irrigation project which on completion will

provide irrigation infrastructure to cover about 2000Ha. The project is being implemented in

partnership with the National Irrigation Board (NIB).

1.9.2. Irrigation Schemes

There are four major irrigation schemes: Dominion in Alego-Usonga, Anyiko irrigation

scheme in Ugenya, Naya and Aram irrigation schemes in Rarieda. The major products are

horticulture in Rarieda sub county and rice in alegousonga and ugenya sub counties. The

small scale irrigation schemes in the county include nyangera in west Yimbo, obenge,

nyangoe and kasiri irrigation schemes in east yimbo.

Irrigation infrastructures in the county are located in various schemes in the county. In the

past four years the County government implemented nine drip irrigation schemes in Rarieda,

Bondo and Alego – Usonga Sub Counties. However, the performance of the schemes has

been below expectation, thus the need to operationalise is priority in this plan. Focus shall

also be turned on the various schemes in the county that were implemented in the past and are

in dire need of rehabilitation to regain the designed potential.

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1.10. Crop, Livestock, Fish Production and Value Addition

1.10.1. Main Crops Produced

Crop production is a major contributor to food self-sufficiency and security in the county. In

addition, it contributes to poverty reduction through employment creation and value addition.

The main food crops are maize, sorghum, beans, cassava, and sweet potatoes. These are

produced across all the six sub-counties, albeit with different intensities (provide inform on

concentrations per sub-county if possible). Cash crops produced are mainly rice, sugarcane

and groundnuts. Over the years cotton production has declined because of marketing

problems.

Vegetables produced in the County include; tomatoes, onions, avocado and kales while fruits

are mangoes, pawpaw, bananas, oranges and watermelon. Some of the emerging crops in the

County include: irrigated rice, palm oil, chilli, passion fruits and grain amaranth.

1.10.2. Acreage under Food and Cash Crops

Siaya County produced 160,636 MT of maize from 93,000 Ha with a productivity of (1.7MT)

19 bags per Ha. The area under food crop production increased to 160,000 Ha in 2015 from

150,000 Ha in 2013 with a corresponding estimated increase in value to Kshs 9,065,392,727

in 2015 from Kshs 7,583,908,582 in 2013. The area under horticultural (vegetables and fruit

trees) production increased to 4,450 ha in 2015 from 3,930 ha in 2013 with an estimated

increase in value of produce to Ksh 2,225,225,000 in 2015 from Ksh 1,939,425,000 in 2013

(Directorate of Agriculture, 2016).

(Info on area under cash crop and fruits)

1.10.3. Average Farm Size

The average farm size for a small scale farmer is 1.5 ha and 7.0 ha for a large scale farmer.

Due to small farm holdings and the resulting limited benefits of economies of scale,

the practice of mechanized agriculture is heavily constrained

1.10.4. Main Storage Facilities

The main storage facilities in the County both on and off farm include; traditional cribs,

modern stores, traders’ stores at the market centres and the National Cereals and Produce

Board (NCPB) stores in Bondo town and Yala in Gem. In addition to the major cereal

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stores, the county government and NG-CDF have constructed additional cereal stores in

Ugunja, Gem and Alego Usonga sub counties. These facilities are inadequate and are not well

equipped to prevent high post-harvest losses(we need numbers and capacities).

1.10.5. Main Livestock Breeds and Facilities

Livestock production in the county consists of rearing beef cattle, dairy cattle, poultry, sheep,

goats, and pigs. Other animals like donkeys, rabbits, bees and emerging livestock (e.g. quails,

ostriches, crocodiles, silk worms) are also raised. It also entails forage production. Relatively,

all household in the rural areas keep livestock.

Livestock facilities in the county include cattle dips, auction rings, agro vet outlets, crush

pens, water sources, and abattoirs,

Dairy Cattle: Dairy cattle population is estimated at 6000 heads. They are mainly kept in

medium- to high-rainfall areas of Gem, Alego Usonga, Ugunja and Ugenya. The key dairy

breeds are Ayrshire, Friesian, Guernsey, Jersey and cross-breeds. The bulk of the milk is

produced by the zebu cattle, which has an estimated population of 340,000 heads. The dairy

goat population of about 5000 heads also contribute a significant amount of milk. In 2016,

milk production was estimated at 25 million litres valued at Ksh 375 million. The rising

population in the county puts pressure on milk production as demand outstrips supply leading

to heavy reliance on milk from other counties. .

Beef Cattle: The beef cattle population is estimated at 340,000 heads. The main beef species

are East African Zebu and cross-breeds. The average carcass weight is 80 kg which is way

below the national average of 120 Kg. Dairy cattle culls also contribute to the county beef

supply. On average, the county produces 3800 MT of beef worth Ksh 1.3 billion annually.

The supply of beef barely meets the county’s demand.

Sheep and Goats: Sheep and goats play a key role in culture and households’ income and

food security. They have short-generation intervals, high adaptability and versatile feeding

habits. The main goat breeds are the Small East African Goat and sheep breeds are the

indigenous hair sheep whose sizes are small and take a long time to mature. The county has

an estimated 270,000 goats and 150,000 sheep. Annual meat production is estimated at 540

MT of mutton and 250 MT of chevon worth Ksh 294 million.

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Poultry: The County has an estimated 1 million birds, consisting of 82% free-ranging birds,

15 per cent commercial layers and broilers. Other poultry species like duck, turkey, pigeon,

ostrich, guinea fowl and quail make up 3 per cent and are becoming increasingly important.

Annually, the county produces about 1900 MT of poultry meat worth Ksh 760 million and

716,000 trays of eggs worth KES 214 million. The county has a deficit of both poultry meat

and eggs which are supplemented by imports.

Pigs: Pig rearing in the county is not well-established or organized, starting from the rearing

to the marketing. Pigs are a source of household income and food security. Most are kept on

extensive system, where they are left to scavenge. Breeds include crosses of Landrace, Large

White, Hampshire and locals. In 2016 the county had a population of just 13,000 pigs which

produced an estimated 204 MT of pig meat worth Ksh 48 million.

Livestock Health: The veterinary services involve livestock disease and pest control,

veterinary public health, hide and skins improvement services and extension services and

regulatory services in artificial insemination, agro vets, clinical services and animal care.

Trans- boundary diseases is a major threat as most of the diseases enter the county from other

counties.

Major diseases encountered are tick born and east coast fever (ECF) which is the major

animal killer. Other diseases include rabies, foot and mouth, trypanosomiasis, lumpy skin

disease, new castle disease, fowl-pox and fowl typhoid.

To mitigate animal diseases, the county has a full-fledged veterinary department which works

hand in hand with private animal health practitioners. There are also agro vets which provide

over the counter drugs to farmers.

The sub sector faces many challenges such as poor genetic make-up which negatively affect

livestock productivity. Indiscriminate breeding has led to inbreeding and poor genetic make-

up. The supply of breeding stock is low. Animal feed is a major constraint due to high cost of

producing forage therefore most farmers rely on low quality natural pastures. Forage

conservation is minimal and the use of crop residue is quite low(can be taken to

challenges???).

There are about 10 feed millers whose production does not meet local demand (info on their

production capacity). There are very few producer organizations(name them) involved in

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marketing of livestock. Instead, livestock marketing is dominated by middlemen with no

standardization. On-farm and off-farm value addition and processing is low translating into

low incomes for farmers. Low funding and low staffing levels have hampered service

delivery resulting in poor performance of the livestock subsector. There are no livestock

policies or laws that are specific to the county and have relied on those formulated by the

national government (Material for challenges).

1.10.6. Fishing Activities

Fisheries activities are major sources of income, food, employment and foreign exchange

earnings in Kenya. Lake Victoria is the most important source of fish in East Africa and the

biggest source of freshwater fish on the African continent. The lake is also important in

conservation terms because of its great biodiversity of predominant fish species.

Fisheries in the County are two folds; capture fisheries from Lakes Victoria and Kanyaboli,

and culture fisheries (aquaculture). The Siaya Waters of Lake Victoria directly employed

12,140 as fishing crews operating 4,007 boats accounting for about 30% of the number of

crews and 28% of fishing boats operating on the Kenyan side of the lake (Frame Survey,

2016). The fishing crews and crafts operating in Lake Kanyaboli stood at 834 and 398

respectively over the same period. In total, there are 83 fish landing sites on Lake Victoria

and 4 on Lake Kanyaboli with the major ones being Usenge, Wichlum, Luanda Kotieno,

Osindo and Nambo(Associate them with the two lakes).

In 2016, the county produced about 28.3 thousand metric tons of fish from Lakes Victoria

and Kanyaboli valued at about 5.6 billion Kenya shillings based on ex-vessel prices The

catch was dominated by Rastrineobolaargentea (‘Omena’ – 38%) and nile perch (36%) with

Tilapia and catfish contributing 6% and 2% of the total fish landings by volume respectively.

Other species were also landed though in relatively smaller quantities. Fish catches from

lakes have shown a general downward trend, from 39 thousand metric tons in 2010 to about

28.3 thousand metric tons in the year 2016. This calls for more effort on ensuring sustainable

utilization of the fisheries resources in our lakes.

Over 80 per cent of ‘omena’ and nile perch fishes landed in the county is traded outside of the

county with Nile perch being the country's major fish export earner.

(some info on fish ponds)

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1.10.7. Apiculture

In addition to contributing directly to household incomes, bees play an important role in plant

pollination. In 2016 the county had 10,600 beehives producing 513 MT of honey and 13 MT

of beeswax, all valued at Ksh 183 million. Beekeeping is becoming increasingly popular due

to the low investment and variable costs involved. The potential for apiculture is huge and

underexploited(give county overiew in terms of sub-counties).

1.11. Oil and Other Mineral Resources

1.11.1 Mineral and Oil Potential

The county’s oil potential remains largely unexplored. However, with recent developments in

the national hydrocarbon industry, considerations are being made to carry out oil exploration

to determine the county’s oil potential. Recent discoveries of oil potential in the neighbouring

regions of Kakamega and Kisumu Counties raise hopes that Siaya County may also bear

some oil potential.

A study by Lake Basin Development Authority (LBDA) has shown that the whole of the lake

Victoria Basin region of which Siaya County is included, has some minerals, precious stones

and rare earth elements. The best known mineral in the County is gold. Other minerals

include fluorite which occurs as a thin vein near Rata within the larger Asembo; granite and

black sand from Yala valley which has weak radioactive quality.

1.11.2 On-going Mining and Extraction Activities

Historically the county has been host to mineral extraction activities particularly gold, since

colonial times albeit on subsistence scales. Artisanal mining of gold is still in practice in a

number of potential sites spread randomly within the county especially in Masamra and

Rambula areas of Ugunja Sub-County, Rera area in Gem Sub-County, Barding area of

Alego-Usonga Sub-County, Asembo Bay and Saradidi areas in Rarieda Sub-County,

Abimbo, Wagusu and Nango areas of Bondo Sub-County. Sand harvesting take place along

the beaches and river Nzoia.

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Further exploration of minerals in commercial quantities is equally being experimented

especially for Gold and Iron among other mineral types. Acacia Mining Company has been

carrying out gold exploration activities within the county.

The county aspires to work with the Mines and Geology department in the National

Government:

to map out the existing and potential mineral areas

to regularise the operations of the mining activities and

capacity-build the miners in terms of licencing and use of protective gears.

To facilitate the formation of co-operative societies

1.12 Tourism and Wildlife

1.12.1 Main Tourist Attractions and Activities

Tourism is of inestimable importance for the county. It bears on every aspect of our society,

our economic development, standard of living and our way of life. It creates jobs and brings

economic prosperity. However, tourism is at infancy in the county and attractions and

activities are just beginning to take shape. The County has one gazetted game reserve which

is Lake Kanyaboli Game Reserve. The settlement patterns within the county coupled with the

high population density is a major constraint to large-scale wildlife conservation.

To promote tourism, the county has invested on mapping of tours attraction facilities, culture

and heritage, hotels, linkages of the County with the western circuit and tours and travel

investments. Some of these investments include the Alego Nyang’omaKogelo Village, a

place of international attention because it is the birth place of Barack Obama Senior, the

father of the United States’ first black President, Barack Obama. The cultural sites in the

County include; Olua Sacred Trees, Holy Got Adodi, Bullock of Got Podhe, Rambugu hills,

Got Ramogi, JaramogiOgingaOdinga Mausoleum, Achieng’ Oneko Mausoleum, Mageta

Island, OderaAkang’o office and cells in Yala and several island lakes along River Yala

(Sare, Nyamboyo) . There exists 33 beaches and 5 habited islands in the County (Oyamo,

Mageta, Ndeda, Magare and Sihu).

1.12.2 Classified Hotels

The County currently does not have any classified hotel. However there are 89 unclassified

hotels with a gross bed capacity of 1,780. In addition, there are 619 bars and restaurants. The

fact that the 44th president of the United States of America has paternal roots in the County

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has given the County an overwhelming facelift within the tourism sector. However, low bed

capacity remains the major constraint to tourism resulting in visitors seeking accommodation

in the neighboring counties.

1.12.3 Main Wildlife

The varieties of wild life found in the County include hippopotamus (Lake Victoria, River

Yala), crocodiles (Yala Swamp, parts of the Lake Victoria), Sitatunga (Yala Swamp) and

monkeys and leopards. The County has several species of fish, but the most popular ones are

Nile perch, Rastrineobolaargentea (Locally known as Omena), Hatlochromines (locally

known as Fulu or Wiu) and Nile Tilapia. The first species have a very high commercial value

and is responsible for the economic break through which has been experienced along the

shore of Lake Victoria. Others are bushpig (mainly in Yala Swamp), Hyenas (Got Abiero,

Utonga), various species of snakes e.g. pythons, cobras and various species of birds(justify

fish and poultry as wildlife).

1.12.4 Number of Visitors

Number of visitor in the county cannot be determined as mechanisms to collect statistics is

still underway. It is expected that once this is done, the county will collect data on a monthly

basis on visitor arrivals in terms of origin, stay and places visited. .

1.13 Industry and Trade

1.13.1 Markets

There are 221 active market centres in the county distributed per sub-county s shown in table

1.7.

Sub-Coutt Number of markets % of total Alego-Usonga Bondo Gem Rarieda Ugenya Ugunja Total

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They generate revenue mainly from cess and single business permits. In addition, there are

other sources of miscellaneous sources of revenue in these markets which are tapped though

n a small scale.

To ensure smooth and robust trade in these markets, link roads have been done and electricity

installed in some of these markets. In addition, general market infrastructure have been

improved including installation of solar lights, construction of pit latrines, construction of

market sheds and drainage systems.

1.13.2 Industrial Parks

In Siaya there are no major industrial parks. There is a minor SME parkowned by the Kenya

Industrial Estates (KIE) that is operational. The County has been approached by the Export

Processing Zone to avail 100 acres of land to establish an industrial park. The creation of the

industrial park would be a big boost to the economy of the county through job creation and

industrial development.

1.13.3 Types and Number of Businesses

There are supermarkets, wholesale and retailoutlets, open air market businesses. Major

supermarket is found in Ugunja while in other towns, there are mini-supermarkets. These

vend items ranging from manufactured goods, agricultural products and services. (Table to

provide more info on this. Vide Economic Survey)

Devolution has brought in assorted consumption patterns which put pressure on the business

community to improve their business in terms of infrastructure and merchandise. The county

also must undertake urban planning and put in place enabling business environment to boost

them.

1.13.4 Major Industries

The county does not host large scale industries. Instead, there are micro, small and medium

scale industries (MSMEs) with low contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Most of

these industries participate in manufacturing, quarrying and mining and construction

activities. Manufacturing takes a larger proportion (66.67 per cent) of the industrial activities

mainly agro-based and characterized by relatively low value addition, employment, capacity

utilization and export volumes partly due to weak linkages to other sectors.

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The sector requires proper planning, major technological overhaul, large capital injection and

cultural re-orientation to enable it play its role in the county’s economic development. The

performance of the manufacturing sector has been affected by low capital injection, use of

obsolete technologies and high costs of doing business. The factors that have contributed to

the high cost of doing business include; the poor state of physical infrastructure, limited

access to finance, limited research and development, poor institutional framework, and

inadequate managerial, technical and entrepreneurial skills.1

In order to address the industrial sector, initiatives so far undertaken has been the sponsorship

of USAID which developed an Investment Profile Report and also the department has also

drafted an Industries report for the County. Several areas for investment and industrial

development have been highlighted in these reports of which need to be implemented. There

were several projects that were supported by the World Bank to uplift small industries in the

county and most of them are not operational hence need to be revived (Whole or partial to be

moved to Chap 2 &3)

1.13.5 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

Info missing

1.14 Financial Services

1.14.1 Number Of Banks, Micro Financial Institutions, Mobile Money Agents And

SACCO’s

Financial services are provided by both bank and non-bank institutions. These consist of

banks, microfinance institutions, cooperative societies and other non-financials such as

mobile money, posta’s money order, merry go round, table banking, chamas amongst others.

Financial institutions found in Siaya are: Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB), Cooperative Bank

of Kenya (Coop), Equity Bank, Kenya Women Finance Trust, and Postbank. These

institutions, whether bank or non-bank, mobilise funds from low spenders to high spenders

through different types of accounts owned by individuals and institutions.

There are some sub-counties like Rarieda and Ugenya which do not have formal banking

institution, and in such cases, other financial institutions play a key role in catalysing socio-

economic development of these sub-counties. Prior to devolution, cooperatives played a

lesser role in financial intermediation as few were active. However, this has since changed as

1Siaya County Industries Report, 2016

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at the close of 2016, there were 247 cooperative societies in the county out of which 168 were

active, making them key players in the financial market.

The Government has also financial Institutions like K.I.E and AFC that provide business

advisory and financial services. (Need meat)

1.14.2 Distribution/Coverage of Financial Services By Sub County

Sub-County Financial Institutions Alego-Usonga Cooperative Bank of Kenya

Kenya Commercial Bank Kenya Women Finance Trust PostBank Postal MoneyOrder Mobile money agents Roscas

Bondo Cooperative Bank of Kenya Kenya Commercual Bank Kenya Women Finance Trust PostBank Posta Money Order Mobile money agents Roscas

Gem Cooperative Bank of Kenya Posta Mobile money agents Rosca

Rarieda Mobile money agents PostaalMney Order Roscas

Ugenya Mobile money agents Posta Roscas

Ugunja Kenya Commercual Bank Kenya Women Finance Trust Posta Mobile money agents Roscas

1.15 Forestry, Agro Forestry and Value Addition

1.15.1 Main Forest Types and Size

Considering the two perspectives of forestry as tree and forest cover, Siaya County shares a

diversity of tree species. Agro-climatic zonation dictates the distribution of both exotic and

indigenous tree species within the county. According to data recorded in KNBS, 2009, the

county’s forest cover stands at 0.04% .This is attributed to the fact that the county has only

two gazetted forests namely, Got Ramogi and Got Abiero. Other potential forest sites exist

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but have not been gazetted, these include among others: Akara and Mbaga in alegoUsonga;

Usenge, Abong and Odiero in Bondo; Rambugu and Naya in Rarieda; Osir and Rawalo in

Gem and Got Odima in Ugenya.

Table 3: Some of the most common trees in the county and their uses

Botanical name Common name Uses Propagation Management Markhamialutea

Siala Boat building Timber Fuel wood Furniture Poles Charcoal Medicine(leaves) Soil conservation

Seed Wildlings

Fast growing; Coppicing

Albisiacorarria Ober Boat building Bee forage Fuel wood Furniture Timber Charcoal Medicine Vet medicine (roots)

Seedlings Wildlings

Slow growing Lopping Pollarding Pruning

Ficussycomora Ng’owo Boat building Bee forage Fuel wood Furniture Timber Fodder Beehives carving

Wildlings Seedlings Cuttings

Lopping Pollarding

Melicia excels Olwa

Boat building Timber Fuel wood Furniture Tool handles Charcoal Medicine(bark) Soil conservation

Wildlings Seedlings Root sucker

Fast growing Pruning Coppicing Regeneration

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Kaladari

Windbreak Timber Furniture Mulching Pulp wood Post Fuel wood

Seedlings

Fast growing Coppicing Pollarding

Grivellearobusta Bole

Windbreak Timber Furniture Mulching Veneer Ornamental

Seedlings Wildlings

Moderate growing Pollarding Lopping Pruning

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Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda Carving Avenue tree Bee forage Shade Ornamental Windbreak

Seeds

Fast growing Lopping Pollarding Coppicing Pruning

Mangiferaindica Maembe

Boat building Bee forage Fuel wood Shade Fodder Food(drinks) Carving

Seedlings Grafting Rootstock

Fast growing Lopping

Cassuarinaequisetifolia Cassuarina

Poles Nitrogen-fixing Ornamental Mulching Reclamation of degraded lands

Seedlings Wildlings Rootsuckers

Fast growing Pruning Coppicing when they are young

Cuppressuslustanica Cypress/Obudo Firewood Timber Pulpwood Poles Post Live fence Ornamental Toothbrush Brooms Windbreaks

Seedling

Pruning Thinning

Pinuspatula Pinus

Resin Timber Ornamental Pulpwood Shade firewood

Seedlings Fast growing Pruning Thinning

Source: Maundu and Tengnas, (2007): dominants and valuable indeginous tree species.

1.15.2 Main Forest Products

The main forest products are timber, firewood, and charcoal. Due to limited forest cover (

used in the County, are mainly from neighboring counties such as Nandi hills, Kisii,

Kakamega and Kericho and at times from Uganda. The County also obtains forests products

from County government forest and private individual farms although it does not meet the

local demand making the County a net importer.

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1.15.3 Agro Forestry

Agroforestry is commonly used to refer to practices where farmers deliberately retain and

integrate trees with annual crop cultivation and livestock production among other farm

activities as a form of land management technique. This practice has been widely promoted

as an ecological based and sustainable practice involving a mix of both agriculture and

forestry. Agroforestry gives the ecological and agricultural systems greater protection and the

ability to deal with change and continue to develop. Agroforestry increases biodiversity,

brings more humidity to the soil, reduces soil erosion and increases soil fertility. It enables

diversified food production and helps to save natural forests that play an important role for a

sustainable development

Challenges posed by food insecurity and ecological degradation, high population pressure,

land encroachment along the Lake Victoria, forested and hilly landscapes have been

experienced in Siaya county. Agroforestry is part of solution to these, it has both ecological

and economic benefits i.e it contributes to sustainable agriculture, complements food and

nutritional security in diverse ways through provision of tree foods such as fruits and leafy

vegetables, improve farmers’ incomes through the sale of tree foods and tree products,

provision of fuel for cooking, use of fodder tree species such as Calliandra for improved milk

production, promotes environmental sustainability, reduces impacts of climate change and

promotes biodiversity among other benefits. Agroforestry and sustainable agricultural

methods help to mitigate climate change by sequestering and storing carbon in the trees and

in the soil.

Siaya County is characterized by subsistence food crop system where main crops grown are

maize, beans; bananas, cassava, sorghum, sweet potatoes and millet among other subsistence

crops are grown. Majority of farmers also keep some local livestock breeds. Under this crop

system, agroforestry technologies to improve soil fertility would be important. These include

promotion of fertilizer trees/shrubs and improved fallows for enhanced soil nutrients.

Woodlots have a role to play in wood production and fodder trees are needed as a supplement

for animal feed. More fruit trees of improved varieties could also be grown, both for domestic

consumption and for sale. Other technologies depending on farmers’ preferences and end use

will include; boundary planting, trees on soil and water conservation structures, along stream

and rivers, trees on degrades lands such as gullies, live fences and hedges and trees along

roads and in schools. Suitable species are Leucaenaleucocephala, Calliandracalothyrsus,

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Sesbaniasesban, Grevillearobusta, Casuarinaequisetifolia. Markhamialutea, Albizia spp.,

Cajanuscajan, Morus alba, Psidiumguajava, Syzygium spp., Maesopsiseminii and fruit trees

such as pawpaw, grafted mango, avocados, loquats, passion fruit and citrus among others.

The county will improve on the existing agroforestry systems by supporting more profitable

agroforestry enterprises and increase the capacity of farmers to sustainably produce, process

and market agroforestry products through promotion of specific agroforestry value chains,

while maintaining biodiversity. Involvement of youths and women in establishing and

managing commercial tree nurseries for sustainability of agroforestry interventions in the

county will be enhanced. Promotion of agroforestry in the county will require a multi-sector

approach for its success based on its integral role in agriculture, livestock and environmental

conservation and climate change.

1.15.4 Value Chain Development and Forestry Products

The forestry and agroforestry products mentioned above are usually processed for value

addition for attainment of greater economic benefits. Siaya County produces both hard and

soft woods. The hard woods represented by Markhamialutea (siala), Ficus (Ng’owo), and

Albiziaspp (Ober) are felled and worked for timber plates production. The resultant plates of

different sizes are then sold for construction purposes and manufacture of carpentry products

that include household furniture and wooden kitchenware.

The soft woods on the other hand are locally represented by species of Grevillea,

Eucalyptus,Cypress,Pine,Cassuarina,etc. They are to some extent also used as trusses for roof

construction, production of timber poles for fencing and production of timber plates for other

uses including preparation of coffins. Softwoods have also been discovered for their

usefulness in biotechnology whereby certain seed species e.g. Grandis and Camaldulensis can

be hybridized to produce Eucalyptus which is a much superior species of the former two.

Another useful forestry species gaining currency quite fast in this region is the Bamboo. It is

commonly planted along streams and river channels. Other than the medicinal value extracted

from its leaves, mature bamboo stems once harvested can be processed to produce furniture

as well as wooden floor tiles.

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Example of Bamboo used to make furniture.The species used above is Arundinaria alpine

1.16 Environment And Climate Change

1.16.1 Major Degraded Areas

Land degradation and ecosystem destruction continue to be a major concern in the county.

This is manifested in the silted water bodies such as water pans and rivers. In addition waste

management remains a major challenge in most of our urban centres and is compounded by

the increasing populations in such areas. Of late, the high need for road-surfacing material

and other construction materials exacerbate land degradation incidences. These exist at

localized scales in form of quarry mines, sand mines, eroded lands, bare soils and gravel

extraction sites randomly spread in the county. The major areas the county affected by land

degradation include;

Wichlum&Kamariga sand mining beaches in Bondo Sub-County

Barding gold mining areas in Alego-Usonga Sub-County

Eroded gulleys of Homba Stream in Gem Sub-County

Got Aduwa gravel site in Alego-Usonga Sub-County

Misori Quarry sites in Rarieda Sub-County

Sumba sand mining in Alego-Usonga Sub-County

Urangamurram extraction sites in Alego-Usonga Sub-County

Bar-Ober and Jera area Brick-making sites in Ugenya Sub-County

1.16.2 Major Contribution to Environmental Degradation

Environmental degradation is the deterioration of environment through consumption of assets

such as water, air and soil; destruction of environment and eradication of wildlife. Siaya

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County has areas experiencing environmental degradation and there is need by the

government to put interventions to reduce or counter its effect. Some of the factors that

contributes to environmental degradation include;

Land disturbance/damage

A rapture in the environmental surrounding provides chance for invasive weedy and parasitic

species such as water hyacinth in Lake Victoria and the popular dodder parasitic plant. This

plants can assume control over nature resulting in predominant plants which does not give

satisfactory food asset to environmental life an