course : ee3014 engineers in society tile : course examiner name : k t ng office : g6410 tele :...
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• Course : EE3014 Engineers in Society
• Tile : Course examiner
• Name : K T Ng
• Office : G6410
• Tele : 27887715
Definition of Engineer
One who contrives, designs, or invents technology
By Oxford English Dictionary
Technology Evolution
1,800,000 B.C.:• development and use of simple tools• use of fire
35,000 to 30,000 B.C.:• development of arts (e. g. painting technology in caves)
12,000 B.C.:• agricultural revolution: farming, livestock breeding,
settledness
1,800,000 B.C.:• development and use of simple tools• use of fire
35,000 to 30,000 B.C.:• development of arts (e. g. painting technology in caves)
12,000 B.C.:• agricultural revolution: farming, livestock breeding,
settledness
Technology Evolution
5,000 B.C.:• writing
15th century:• printing press
18th and 19th century:• power generation: steam machine, electricity• mobility: railway, automobile
5,000 B.C.:• writing
15th century:• printing press
18th and 19th century:• power generation: steam machine, electricity• mobility: railway, automobile
Technology Evolution
18th and 19th century (continued):• machine gun• telegraph, telephone, wireless telegraph
20th century:• airplane• radio, television• syntheses of ammonia, production of poison gas
for warfare
18th and 19th century (continued):• machine gun• telegraph, telephone, wireless telegraph
20th century:• airplane• radio, television• syntheses of ammonia, production of poison gas
for warfare
Samuel Morse
Technology Evolution
20th century (continued):• radar• nuclear power: A- and H-bomb, nuclear power plant• computer• Internet• genetic engineering
21th century:• nothing new until now
20th century (continued):• radar• nuclear power: A- and H-bomb, nuclear power plant• computer• Internet• genetic engineering
21th century:• nothing new until now
A Theory of Technology Evolution:
The Law of Accelerating Returns
“The further backward you look, the further forward you can see”
-- Winston Churchill
Information & CommunicationInformation &
Communication
Impacts of Technology on
Media Evolutions
• Wood or Bamboo (木簡或竹簡 )– Between 1000BC to 100AC
– Heavy and not easy to store and carry.
Media Evolutions
• Paper ( 紙 )– After 100AC
– Light weight and easy to store and carry.
Media Evolutions
• Computer Network– Starting from 1990AC when
Internet became popular around the world.
– The access time is very fast and you may not need to carry any physical store devices.
– Text, Audio, Image, and VideoNetwork
MSN Messenger
How’s theweather inSeattle, Mar?
How Much Information Is Out There?
World Information Content
• More than 7 Billion Web Pages by Mid 2002
• Annual Growth > 100%• World information content
storaged in analog and digital forms, estimated by end of Year 2009, in the order of 20 Exabytes – Paper – Film –Optical –
Magnetic Storage
• Up 30 Exabytes are estimated for Year 2010
• Annual Growth > 50%
Yotta
Zetta
Exa
Peta
Tera
Giga
Mega
KiloA Book
A Movie
All Books(Words)
All Books MultiMedia
A Photo
Internet Today
Bytes
Computer and Networking Technologies
• Recently, your life style may have a fundamental change due to Internet related services:– World Wild Web - URL is more important than a
company’s phone number.– Email – This should be your major written
communication method.– E-commerce: e-banking, on-line shopping, gambling,
etc.– VoIP, Video conferencing, Video on demand
Peer-to-Peer Wireless Networks Meshnetworks
Mobile User Devices
Wireless Routers & Access Points
Ad-Hoc, Peer-to-Peer Wireless Network
BackboneTo Internet& TelephoneNetworks
Distributed NetworkingDistributed Networking
Gigabit Ethernet
Ring
RouterIP
PoP
SwitchEthernet
Gigabit Ethernet• Dual Optical Fibre• 1 Gbit/s & 10 Gbit/s
Business
cabinet
Ethernet 10 Mbit/s(VDSL)
Long Reach Ethernet
Residence
Ethernet10/100 Mbit/sover UTP5 or Eth 10 Mbit/sover (VDSL)
PBX
Copper pair
Ethernet over Fiber, Copper & Air
Wi-Fi
Wi-FiWireless Ethernet11/54 Mbit/s
WLAN 802.11a, b, g•2.4 GHz, ISM Band•5 GHz, NII Band
Wi-Fi
EconomyEconomy
Impacts of Technology on
English settlers brought with them tools and technology Native Americans appreciated and for which they were willing to trade. Among the items of interest were metal tools for hunting and cooking, fabrics, beads and other European-style decorative items. The Indians exchanged foodstuffs.
Money, Checks & Credit Cards• 1,000 BC: First Metal
Money and CoinsBronze and Copper cowries imitations were manufactured by China at the end of the Stone Age
• In the early 19th Century, there were cheques
• Credit cards only started to become widely accepted in the 1950’s
Multi-Application Smart Card Future
Phone
EBT/E-Cash
Public Transit TravelPayment/Purchase
Computer/Internet Security
PortableData File
IDAccessControl
Medical Records
Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)
• Electronic commerce is doing commerce with the use of computers, networks and commerce-enabled software (more than just online shopping)
It offers elaborate online stores where customers can browse thousands of products, place an order, select the desired shipping and payment methods.
Benefits of e-commerce to society
• Enables more individuals to work at home, and to do less traveling for shopping, resulting in less traffic on the roads, and low air pollution
• Allows some merchandise to be sold at lower prices, benefiting less affluent people
• Enables people in Third World countries and rural areas to enjoy products and services which otherwise are not available to them
The above is only the bright side of the story, how about the dark side……
Example 1: agricultural revolution
Main characteristics: farming, livestock breeding, settledness
Effects: different diet, growing populations, increasing trading activities, construction of houses and other buildings, beginning of division of labor
But: new diseases, epidemics
Main characteristics: farming, livestock breeding, settledness
Effects: different diet, growing populations, increasing trading activities, construction of houses and other buildings, beginning of division of labor
But: new diseases, epidemics
Example 2: writing
Effects: tradition of knowledge, decoupling of knowledge to persons, modern administration, historiography
But: loss of oral traditions (see Platos Myth of Theuth in the dialogue Phaidros)
Effects: tradition of knowledge, decoupling of knowledge to persons, modern administration, historiography
But: loss of oral traditions (see Platos Myth of Theuth in the dialogue Phaidros)
Example 3: generation of electricity in coal power station
Effects: electrical light, cooking and heating, decentralized using of electromotors, automation, etc.
But: environmental pollution (especially air pollution, hole in the ozone layer, dying of the forest)
Effects: electrical light, cooking and heating, decentralized using of electromotors, automation, etc.
But: environmental pollution (especially air pollution, hole in the ozone layer, dying of the forest)
Example 4: field of work and employment
Effects: technology can protect employees against unhealthy work (in coal mining, heavy industry, chemical industry, etc.)
But: automation can cause high un-employment rates, new technologies can produce new jobs which require skillful workers
Effects: technology can protect employees against unhealthy work (in coal mining, heavy industry, chemical industry, etc.)
But: automation can cause high un-employment rates, new technologies can produce new jobs which require skillful workers
Engineering Disasters
Learning from past failures helps to prevent future mistakes
• 1912: Titanic
Introduction: some cases
Titanic Disaster Titanic ship which has the reputation of “unsinkable”
was sank in April 15,1912 at 2 am. The ship was equip with all sort of facilities and built
using the latest technology. The ship lurched sideways when it hit and then kept
bouncing back against the berg leaving spaced ruptures in the steel plate below the water line.
The steel that used to make the ship had amounts of phosphorous, oxygen and sulfur which caused the steel to become more brittle as it sailed through the cold Atlantic ocean.
It was considered the best steel of the time, however it wouldn’t be acceptable for constructing ships today.
Titanic DisasterIt is possible that whatever steel was used,
the ship would have suffered the same damage.
The ship could have avoided the ice, but the captain picked a faster course and had the ship’s speed at maximum at the time it struck the iceberg.
The responsibility fell upon the captain since he failed to identify or ignored the ice dangers in advance.
The World Trade Center
• When: September 11th, 2001
• What: Planes Crashed into the towers as an act of terrorism against U.S.
• What Failed: The structural supports of the building
• Why?: – Plane Collision– Continuous fire and failed
sprinkler system– Progressive Collapse
The World Trade Center
• Possible Corrective Actions– Supports that do not allow progressive
collapse– More effective fireproofing material
• Who is at Fault?– Terrorists- Al Qaeda– Engineers?
Chernobyl
• On April 25, 1986 in the former USSR now Ukraine, a nuclear chain reaction in the reactor went out of control creating explosions and a fireball which blew off the reactor's heavy steel and concrete lid.
• Lost control of the reaction was blamed on an unauthorized experiment in Reactor No. 4.
Chernobyl
• Thirty-one people died immediately in the explosion.
• Thousands more are believed to have died since then from exposure to radioactive waste.
• More than 3 million of Ukraine's 50 million people were affected by the disaster.
Chernobyl
• The main health concern centered around exposure to radioactive iodine.
• Over 116,000 people were relocated shortly after the explosion.
• Now years after the disaster, the people of Ukraine are still dealing with the radioactive byproducts.
Primary Causes of Engineering Disasters
• The primary causes of engineering disasters are usually attributed to: – human factors (including both ‘unethical’ and
'ethical' failures or accidents) – design flaws (many of which are also the result of
unethical practices) – materials failures – extreme conditions or environments – and most commonly to combinations of several of
these reasons
Conclusion:
Using technology causes Using technology causes both positive and negative both positive and negative consequences,consequences,it relies on the ethics of it relies on the ethics of Engineering ProfessionEngineering Profession
Using technology causes Using technology causes both positive and negative both positive and negative consequences,consequences,it relies on the ethics of it relies on the ethics of Engineering ProfessionEngineering Profession
Global Environment
ClientsENGINEERIN
GPROFESSION
Law, Government
& Public
Company
EEtthhiiccss . .......
Lies at the “Core” of the Engineering Profession
Engineering Profession
Engineering Profession
• Engineering is a profession rather than an occupation because it requires:– Special knowledge– Special privileges– Special responsibilities
• Professions are based on a large knowledge base requiring extensive training
• Professions are self-regulating
Engineering Profession
• Engineers have autonomy in the workplace
• Engineers are expected to utilize independent judgment in carrying out professional responsibilities
• Engineering is regulated by a set of ethical standards