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Directory services

Unit objectives Describe Windows networking concepts Discuss planning of a directory services

“implementation” Describe and install Microsoft’s Active

Directory Discuss what’s new in Active Directory in

Windows Server 2003 Discuss the Windows NT domain model Explain the design and purpose of Novell

Directory Services / eDirectory

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Topic A

Windows networking concepts Directory services planning and

implementation Introduction to Active Directory New Active Directory features in

Windows Server 2003 Windows NT domains Novell Directory Services/eDirectory

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Workgroups Logical group of computers Decentralized security and administration

(every PC for itself!) In a workgroup, every computer holds its

own security database– Security Accounts Manager (SAM) database– This way, each computer does its own

authentication (i.e., ensure that the person logging in has the correct credentials).

Simple (sort of) Doesn’t require a server

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Workgroups Problems with Workgroups:

– The maximum effective size for a workgroup is 10 or so computers With more than 10 you will have problems

sharing resources, keeping track of security information and so on.

– In order to access resources on another computer you must, first log on to that PC.

– This means that you have to have a username and password for every PC

– A server in a workgroup does its normal jobs of sharing files, sending email, etc.

– A server is called a standalone server.

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Workgroup security model

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Domains Logical groups of computers Use centralized authentication and

administration The device in the domain responsible for

this is the “domain controller”, or DC

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Domain security model

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Member servers Not domain controllers but they run the

server software, not the client. Used for a variety of functions

– File servers– Print servers– Application servers– DNS and DHCP servers

A member server can backup the DC– it can be promoted to DC if the DC goes down– and a DC can be demoted to member server– But security functions are unique to the DC

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Recap Two different security models used in

Windows environments– Workgroup– Domain

Three roles for a Windows Server 2003 system in a network– Standalone server– Member server– Domain controller

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Domain controllers Store a copy of the Active Directory

database Service user authentication requests Service queries about domain objects The AD database is stored on network DCs Changes made to any Active Directory will be

replicated across all domain controllers– Called multimaster replication– Provides fault tolerance for domain controller failure

Uses Domain Name Service (DNS) conventions for network resources– i.e., this is how devices in the domain are recognized

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Activity A-1 - page 16-6

Discussing Windows security models

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Topic B

Windows networking concepts Directory services planning and

implementation Introduction to Active Directory New Active Directory features in

Windows Server 2003 Windows NT domains Novell Directory Services/eDirectory

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Directory service (DS) Network service that allows users or

computers to look up information– location of files, – printers, – email addresses, – security information such as passwords,– rights and permissions, etc.

Microsoft’s directory service is called Active Directory (AD)

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Planning and Maintaining Infrastructure & Group policy

Planning your AD is emphasized– Consider bandwidth, location, resources, etc– Security issues include password issues

such as length, complexity and use time.

Group policy is used to manage servers, workstations, and user environments

Used to deploy applications to computers or users

Used to implement security policies like encrypting all client/server communication

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Activity B-1 - page 16-9

Planning and implementing directory services

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Topic C

Windows networking concepts Directory services planning and

implementation Introduction to Active Directory New Active Directory features in

Windows Server 2003 Windows NT domains Novell Directory Services/eDirectory

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AD Features and Services Provides the following services

– Central point for storing & managing network objects– Central point for administering objects and resources– Logon and authentication services– Delegation of administration (to member servers)– Stored on domain controllers (plural) in the network– Changes made to any Active Directory will be

replicated across all domain controllers Multimaster replication Fault tolerance for domain controller failure

– Uses Domain Name Service (DNS) conventions for network resources (i.e., objects are arranged in a hierarchy)

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Active Directory Objects Represent network resources such as

users, groups, computers, and printers Objects have attributes depending on

object type Objects are searchable by attributes

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Creating a new user object

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Viewing user object properties

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Active Directory schema– Consists of two main definitions

Object classes Attributes Attributes and object classes have a many-to-many

relationship

– The Schema defines all objects– It defines the attributes available for objects– The Schema defines the set of objects for the

entire Active Directory structure – Only one schema for a given Active Directory,

replicated across domain controllers

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Schema Elements used in the definition of each object

contained in the Active Directory, including the object class and its attributes– Unique object name– Globally unique identifier (GUID) associated with

each object name– Required attributes– Optional attributes– Syntax of how attributes are defined– Pointers to parent entities

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SchemaActive D irectory

Useraccount

Computer Prin ter Domain

O bjectclasses

O bject nam e G UID Required attributes O ptional attributes Syntax Parent relationships

Usernam e User's full nam e Password

Account description Rem ote access O K

Schema

Sample schema information for user accounts

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GUID: A server-based Aside … Short for Globally Unique Identifier, a unique

128-bit number that is produced by the Windows OS or by some Windows application to identify a particular component, application, file, database entry or user.

For instance, a Web site may generate a GUID and assign it to a user's browser to record and track the session.

A GUID is also used in the Windows Registry to identify COM DLLs.

Knowing where to look in the registry and having the correct GUID yields a lot information about a COM object (i.e., information in the type library, its physical location, etc.).

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GUID: A server-based Aside Windows also identifies user accounts by

a username (computer/domain and username) and assigns it a GUID.

Some database administrators even will use GUIDs as primary key values in databases.

GUIDs can be created in a number of ways, but usually they are a combination of a few unique settings based on specific point in time (e.g: an IP or MAC address, clock date/time, etc.).

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Activity C-1 - page 16-13

Discussing Active Directory

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AD structure and components Active Directory comprises components

that: – Enable design and administration of a

network structure Logical Hierarchical

Components include:– Domains and organizational units– Trees and forests– A global catalog

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AD Domain and OU structure

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Trees and Forests Sometimes necessary to create multiple

domains within an organization The first Active Directory domain is the forest

root domain A tree is a hierarchical collection of domains

that share a contiguous DNS naming structure

A forest is a collection of trees that do not share a contiguous DNS naming structure

Transitive trust relationships exist among domains in trees and, optionally, in and across forests

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Domains & Organizational Units Domain

– Has a unique name– Is organized in hierarchical levels– Has an Active Directory replicated across its

domain controllers Organizational unit (OU)

– A logical container used to organize domain objects

– Makes it easy to locate and manage objects– Allows you to apply Group Policy settings– Allows delegation of administrative control

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An Active Directory tree

There is a “contiguous DNS naming structure” here; i.e., all of the OU’s in the tree on the right follow the same naming scheme – they all end with “Dovercorp .net

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An Active Directory forest There is no “contiguous DNS naming structure” here; i.e., the tree on the right follows a different naming scheme.

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AD naming standards: Namespaces

Contiguous namespace: – A namespace in which every child object

contains the name of its parent object -

Tree Disjointed namespace:

– A namespace in which the child object name does not resemble the name of its

parent object - Forest

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Multimaster Replication Multimaster replication: In Windows 2003

there can be multiple servers, called domain controllers (DCs), that store the Active Directory and replicate it to each other.

Because each DC acts as a master, its replication doesn’t stop when one is down.

Each DC is a master in its own right.

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Global Catalog An index and partial replica of most frequently

used objects and attributes of an Active Directory

Replicated to any server in a forest configured to be a “global catalog server”

Contains all information from the root and partial information for all other domains

Allows authentication using the User Principal Name (JSmith@pbcc.edu)

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Global Catalog (continued) Four main functions

1. Enable users to find Active Directory information

2. Provide universal group membership information

3. Supply authentication services when a user logs on from another domain

4. Respond to directory lookup requests from Exchange 2000 and other applications

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An Active Directory Forest

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Activity C-2 - Page 16-18,19

Discussing components of Active Directory

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Activity C-3 - page 16-20, 21

Installing Active Directory

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Active Directory naming standards

Active Directory uses the DNS naming standard for – hostname resolution – providing information on the location of

network services and resources

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is used to query or update the Active Directory database– Distinguished name– Relative distinguished name

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AD Communications Standards The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

(LDAP) is used to query or update an Active Directory database directly

LDAP follows convention using naming paths with two components– Distinguished name: the unique name of an object

in Active Directory – Relative distinguished name: the portion of a

distinguished name that is unique within the context of its container

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LDAP Naming Paths Common name (CN):

– The most basic name of an object in the Active Directory, such as the name of a printer

Distinguished name (DN): – A name in the Active Directory that contains all

hierarchical components of an object, such as that object’s organizational unit and domain, in addition to the object’s common name.

– CN=JSmith, OU=Accounting, DC=pbcc, DC=edu

Relative distinguished name (RDN): – An object name in the Active Directory that has two

or more related components, such as the RDN of a user account name that consists of User (a container for accounts) and the first and last name of the actual user (CN=JSmith)

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AD Physical Structure Physical structure distinct from logical structure

Physical structure relates to the actual connectivity of the physical network

A Logical structure used to organize network resources

Important to consider the effect of Active Directory traffic and authentication requests on physical resources

A site is a combination of Internet Protocol (IP) subnets connected by a high-speed link

A site link is a configurable object that represents a connection between sites

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Site structure for Dovercorp.net

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Activity C-4 - page 16-24

Discussing Active Directory naming standards and physical structure

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Topic D

Windows networking concepts Directory services planning and

implementation Introduction to Active Directory New Active Directory features in

Windows Server 2003 Windows NT domains Novell Directory Services/eDirectory

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New Active Directory features– Renaming domains

in case you misnamed a domain, to comply with new company policy The company is sold, buys another company or merges

– Improved migration tools E.g., from earlier versions, as from NT to 2000 or from 2000

to 2003. Makes deployment easier One feature of the “AD Migration Tool” (ADMT) is aimed

specifically at allowing passwords to be migrated between different OS versions.

– New management features Multi-object selection Better drag-and-drop capabilities Improvements in Group Policy

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Activity D-1 Page 16-27

Discussing deployment and management

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Activity D-2 - Page 16-28

Discussing performance and dependability

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Topic E

Windows networking concepts Directory services planning and

implementation Introduction to Active Directory New Active Directory features in

Windows Server 2003 Windows NT domains Novell Directory Services/eDirectory

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Windows NT Domains

Windows NT Server acts as the Primary Domain Controller (PDC), providing centralized management of resources, user accounts, group accounts, permissions, and rights

Multiple domains – By using Trust relationships, you can set

up different types of domain models– The flexibility of these models is one of

the advantages of using Windows NT Server

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Trust relationships

Provide a way of combining domains into a single management unit

Are of two types:– One-way trust– Two-way trust

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Trust relationships, an example

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One-way trusts, an example

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Two-way trusts, an example

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Activity E-1 - Page 16-31

Discussing Windows NT and trust relationships

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Domain models

Several domain models:– Single– Master– Multiple master– Complete trust

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Activity E-2

Discussing Windows NT domains

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Topic F

Windows networking concepts Directory services planning and

implementation Introduction to Active Directory New Active Directory features in

Windows Server 2003 Windows NT domains Novell Directory Services/eDirectory

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Bindery files

In the earlier versions of NetWare, bindery files were used to store information about users, groups, file servers, and other logical and physical entities on the network

Network information, such as passwords, account balances, and trustee assignments, were also kept in the bindery files

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Novell Directory Services/eDirectory

Replaces the bindery files Commonly referred to as the Directory

tree Can be organized the way your

organization is structured

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Objects and object classes

NDS objects – Objects represent items defined in the

NDS/eDirectory database– Objects are maintained globally for the

entire network

NDS object classes – The three classes of objects are root,

container, and leaf

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NDS object classes

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Bindery emulation in the NDS

To provide backward compatibility with NetWare bindery applications and third-party bindery products, NetWare 4.x and 5.x and 6.x provide bindery emulation

The NetWare 3.x bindery consists of three files: – NET$OBJ.SYS – NET$PROP.SYS – NET$VAL.SYS

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Activity F-1

Discussing NDS/eDirectory

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Unit summary

Learned about Windows networking concepts

Discussed planning of a directory services implementation

Described and installed Microsoft’s Active Directory

Learned what’s new in Active Directory in Windows Server 2003

Discussed the Windows NT domain model Learned about the design and purpose of

Novell Directory Services/eDirectory