Course Instructor:

Kashif Ihsan1

Chapter # 1

Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE 2

Computer vs Human BrainThe human brain possesses an

interesting property. For tasks such as vision, language and motor control, a brain is more powerful than 1000 supercomputers. And yet, for simple tasks such as multiplication it is less powerful than a 4 bit microprocessor.

Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE 3

Communication with ComputerINFANCY:

Learn language of computer.

YOUTH:Both communicate in a third language.

MATURITY:Make it capable to understand your

language.

Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE 4

Sophistication of ComputerThe main objective is to make

computers more and more user-friendly.

It is assumed that “the more user friendly will be the computer, the more will be the number of its users”.

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IntelligenceThe ability to grasp the essentials in any

situation and to respond appropriately to those essentials.

It is the ability to reason.

It is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.

It is the ability to manipulate and communicate ideas.

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Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence (A.I) is the study of

how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better. (RICH, 1983).

It is the study of ideas that enables computers to be intelligent. (WINSTON, 1984).

It is simply a way of making a computer think intelligently. (LEVINE etal, 1986).

Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE 7

Artificial IntelligenceThe modern definition of artificial intelligence (or A.I) is "the study and design of intelligent agent " where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximizes its chances of success.

Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE 8

History of Artificial IntelligenceThe field of A.I was born at a conference on the

campus of Dartmouth College USA in the summer of 1956 & the Leaders of A.I are John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Nawell and Herbert Simon.

“Machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do.” H.A Simon (1965)

“Within a generation, the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved.” Marvin Minsky (1967).

Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE 9

History of Artificial IntelligenceThese predictions failed because of :

The lack of computer power. Failing of logic.The difficulty of representing

commonsense knowledge. In 1974, the work on A.I stopped

because of high criticism.

Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE 10

In the early 80s, the field was revived by the commercial success of expert system and by 1985 the market for AI had reached more than a billion dollars.

In the 90s, AI achieved its greatest successes because of the incredible power of computers and a greater emphasis on solving specific problems.

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History of Artificial Intelligence

Branches of Artificial Intelligence Natural Language Processing Robotics Computer Vision Speech Recognition Machine Translation Pattern Recognition Expert Systems

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Natural Language ProcessingGetting computers to understand and

communicate in everyday language, is known as natural language processing (NLP).Questioning-Answering

Dealing queries from the user and the answers from a computer.

Machine TranslationThe translation of one natural language into another by a computer.

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RoboticsIt is the branch of artificial intelligence

that deals with the design, construction, operation and application of robots and computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.

Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE 14

Computer VisionComputer vision is a field that includes

methods for acquiring, processing, analyzing and understanding images and in general, high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information.

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Speech RecognitionSpeech recognition is the translation of

spoken words into text. It is also known as "automatic speech recognition", "ASR", "computer speech recognition", etc.

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Machine TranslationMachine translation (MT) is the application of

computers to the task of translating texts from one natural language to another.

The human translation process may be described as:Decoding the meaning of the source text; andRe-encoding this meaning in the target

language.

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Pattern RecognitionIt is the branch of artificial intelligence

concerned with the classification or description of observations.

Pattern recognition aims to classify data (patterns) based on either a priori knowledge or on statistical information extracted from the patterns. The patterns to be classified are usually groups of measurements or observations.”

Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE 18

Expert SystemAn expert system is a computer system that

emulates(imitates) the decision-making ability of a human expert.

Expert system solve complex problems by logical reasoning (just like a human expert) and not by following the conventional procedure as in case of conventional programming.

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The End..Kashif Ihsan, Lecturer CS, MIHE 20