course outline fall 2015 - queen's university€¦ · composition of the plasma- sprayed...

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Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science

MECH 478 (Biomaterials)

Course Outline – Fall 2015

Instructor Information

Mort Shirkhanzadeh, PhD

Nicol Hall Rm 328A 613-533-2748 [email protected]

Office Hours: Friday 4-5pm

Teaching Assistant Information

Teaching Assistants (TAs) contact information can be found on the class website.

Calendar description

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Course Description

An introduction to the structure, properties and performance of biomaterials used for the construction of medical devices. Examples of biomaterials are bioactive ceramics, biodegradable polymers and advanced titanium-based alloys used for the construction of orthopedic implants. Topics covered will include surface and bulk properties of biomaterials and their impact on the clinical performance of implants. Discussion will focus on tissue-biomaterials interactions, biocompatibility and biodegradation. The course will also cover the current in-vitro and in-vivo testing methods for evaluating the long-term performance of biomaterials.

Indicators and Outcomes

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)

This course is an introduction to the structure, properties and performance of biomaterials used for the construction of medical devices. By the end of this course, learners should be able to:

(a) Understand the interdisciplinary nature of the field of biomaterials and how it intersects with other fields.

(b) Understand the broad spectrum of ideas in processing, characterization, testing and applications of a wide range of materials for construction of medical devices.

(c) Understand the technological advances in the field of biomaterials.

Evaluation

Activity

Due Date

(before midnight EST, unless otherwise specified)

Weight Alignment

with UDLEs1

Alignment with

CLOs

Midterm Week 5 of the Term 20%

Team Project Week 8-12 20%

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Activity

Due Date

(before midnight EST, unless otherwise specified)

Weight Alignment

with UDLEs1

Alignment with

CLOs

Final Exam (Proctored)

During the exam period 60%

Total 100%

Final Examination

The date, time and location of the Final Examination will be announced through SOLUS. The Final Exam is closed book.

Course materials

1. Biomaterials Science (An Introduction to Materials in Medicine) Edited by B.D. Ratner, A.S. Hoffman, F.J. Schoen, and J.E. Lemon (1996, Academic Press)

2. Biological Performance of Materials: Fundamentals of Biocompatibility J. Black , 2nd Ed., N.Y, 1992.

3. Handbook of bioactive Ceramics, T. Yamamuro, L.L. Hench, J. Wilson CRC Press, Fl, 1990.

Journal of Materials in Medicine

Biomaterials

Journal of applied Biomaterials

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research

Required calculator

A Casio 991 OR a comparable calculator. ONLY this type of non-programmable, non-communicating calculator will be allowed during tests and exams.

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Other material

All other course material is accessible via the class website. Once you have completed reading this Course Outline in detail, explore the Content link on the class website to find the module-specific material.

Timetable

Week Learning Outcomes (with alignment to CLOs shown in square brackets)

Deliverable (with alignment to CLOs shown in square

brackets)

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Introduction

History of Biomaterials

Characteristics of biomaterials science

Biocompatibility: An Overview

Definition of biocompatibility

Events influencing biocompatibility

- Local host response

- Remote or systemic effects

Stability of materials in Tissues

The consequences of materials degradation

Inflammatory response

Healing process

Ideal conditions for healing

Surface Properties of Materials

The Nature of a Surface

Methods for Surface Measurement

Contact Angle Method

Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA)

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Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Infrared Spectroscopy

Scanning tunnelling Microscopy (STM)

Atomic force Microscopy (AFM)

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Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials

-Significance of Mechanical Properties

-Laboratory Experiments

Elastic Deformation

Plastic Deformation

- Yielding

- Proportional limit

- Yield Strength

- Tensile strength

- Ductility and Toughness

- Creep and Viscous Flow

- Environmental Effects on Mechanical Properties of

Biomaterials

- -, Hardness Measurement,

- -Cyclic Stresses

- Fatigue

- Crack Initiation and Propagation

- Factors that affect Fatigue Life

- Surface Effects

- Design Factors

3 Classes of Polymers Used in Medicine

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Homopolymers:

Ploy(methyl mathacrylate) (PMMA)

Poly(HEMA) - 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate

Polyethylene (PE)

High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (HMWPE)

Polypropylene (PP)

Poly(tetrafluroethylene) (PTFE)

Poly(vinyl chloride) ( PVC)

Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS)

Polycarbonate

Nylon (polyamides) Applications: Tubing for drains and

catheters, component in artificial hips for reducing friction.

Copolymers:

Poly( glycolide lactide) (PGL)

Flouroethylene propylene (FEP)

Polyurethane

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Hydrogels

Classification and Basic Structure

Swelling Behaviour of Hydrogels

Equilibrium Degree of Swelling

Preparation and applications of hydrogels

Bio-degradable Polymers

Medical application

Main types of biodegradable implants:

- Temporary Scaffold

- Temporary Barrier

- Drug Delivery Device

- Multifunctional implants

Currently Available Biodegradable Polymers:

Poly (Lactic Acid) and Poly (Glycolic Acid)

Mechanism of Biodegradation

Modes of Biodegradation

Mechanism of Chemical Degradation

Factors Influencing the Rate of Biodegradation

Biomedical Composites

Classification of composite materials

Reinforcing materials

Fabrication of Fiber-reinforced composites

Absorbable Matrix Composites

Advantages of degradable composites in bone healing

Comparison with metals and alloy

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Introduction to Bioceramics

Types of Bioceramics

Types of Bioceramics-tissue interfaces

Implant – tissue response

Types of Bioceramic-Tissue Attachments

Characteristics of Bioactive Ceramics

Mechanical Properties of Bone

Stress Shielding

The Use of Alumina and Zirconia in Surgical Implants

Alumina Ceramics As Implant Materials

Processing of Alumina Ceramics

Effect of grain size and sintering aid on properties

Use of Alumina in Total Hip Prstheses

Use of Zirconia Ceramics in Surgical Implants

Problems associated with zirconia

MIDTERM

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BIOACTIVE GLASSES

Processing of bioactive glasses

Compositions of Bioactive Glasses

Ternary SiO2 – Na2O – CaO Diagram

Role of components in bioactivity and bone-bonding

- Kinetics of Surface Reaction on Bioglass

Compositional Profile of the Reaction Interface

Tissue Bonding

Mechanical Strength of Bioglass-Tissue Interface

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Rate of Bone Bonding

Glass – Ceramics

Bone bonding properties

Mechanical properties

Composition and Properties

Structure and composition of the A/W glass-ceramic (Cerabone)

Surface Chemistry of A/W glass-Ceramic

Mechanism of apatite formation

Effect of Temperature on kinetics of apatite formation

Hydroxyapatite Ceramic

History of development and application

Biological Apatite

Preparation of Dense Hydroxyapatite Ceramic

Preparation of Hydroxyapatite Powder

Hydroxyapatite Products

Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Ceramic

Chemical Stability of Hydroxyapatite

Solubility diagrams of different calcium phosphates

Surface Chemistry of Hydroxyapatite

Tissue response to Hydroxyapatite

Bone-Hydroxyapatite interface

Fracture Strength and Bone Contact

Events in the Formation of ‘ bone-bonded’ Interface

Hydroxyapatite Coatings

Processing

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Factors Influencing Coating Quality

Structure of the Plasma Sprayed Coating

Composition of the plasma- sprayed coatings

Crystal structure of the plasma-sprayed coatings

Bond strength Measurement

Surface Chemistry and Tissue Response

Formation of microcrystals of Carbonate- apatite on the

surface

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Metals and Alloys Used in Medicine

Applications

Fabrication of Metallic Implants

Steps in fabricating implants

Porous-coated implants

Titanium Plasma Spray Coatings

Stainless Steel for Medical implants

Recommended form of 316L for Medical Applications Under

ASTM Specifications

Cobalt-Based Alloys

Microstructural features of the cast product

Powder Metallurgical Processing

Titanium and Titanium-Based Alloys

CP titanium (ASTM F67): Microstructure and Properties

Titanium – 6Al – 4V alloy (F136): Microstructure and

properties

Metals for Medical Electrodes

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Prosthetic devices for neural control

Prosthetic devices for stimulation of bone growth

Electrodes for nerve regeneration and wound healing

Requirements for the Stimulation Electrodes

SURFACE MODIFICATION Of Medical Devices

ION IMPLANTATION

IN VITRO and IN VIVO TESTS

STRELIZATION of Medical Devices

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Corrosion and Degradation of Surgical Implants

Fundamentals of corrosion

Thermodynamics considerations

Kinetics considerations

Forms of corrosion

Uniform corrosion

Galvanic corrosion

Crevice corrosion

Fatigue corrosion

Pitting corrosion

Inter-granular corrosion

Stress corrosion cracking

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Team Projects

10 Team Projects

11 Team Projects

12 Team Projects Final Exam

General feedback

Your input is essential for maintaining and improving the quality of this course material for future offerings, e.g., course content, typos, assignments, readings, course design. Email your comments to any instructor. Your input will also be solicited in course evaluation surveys.

Important information

Your instructors are your first point of contact. Their contact information can be found at the top of this document. If you have questions about this course during the semester, contact your instructors. Please use email as the primary means of contact, and be sure to allow 24 hours for a response.

course outline fall 2015 - queen's university€¦ · composition of the plasma- sprayed...

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