covalent bonding - ms. thompson's chemistry …...bond formed between two similar atoms...
TRANSCRIPT
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COVALENT BONDING
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LET’SFIRSTREVIEWIONICBONDING
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In an IONIC bond,
electrons are lost or gained,
resulting in the formation of IONS
in ionic compounds.
FK
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FK+
_
The compound potassium fluoride
consists of potassium (K+) ions
and fluoride (F-) ions
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Ionic Bonds are/have:
1. Metals and Nonmetals
2. Solids
3. High melting points
4. Large differences in electronegativity
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COVALENT BONDS
Ms. Thompson
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Covalent Bonding
“tug of war”
Share electrons
Molecules of 2 or more atoms
2 nonmetal molecules
Groups 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A
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Covalent Molecules
Properties
Two nonmetals
Low melting points
Low conductivity
Nonelectrolytes
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Prefixes for Covalent Molecules
Prefix Number
Mono- 1
Di- 2
Tri- 3
Tetra- 4
Penta- 5
Hexa- 6
Hepta- 7
Octa- 8
Nona- 9
Deca- 10
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Naming Molecular Compounds
First nonmetal is written as:
PREFIX + element name
If there is one atom, do NOT use “mono”
Second nonmetal is written as:
PREFIX + element name root + “ide”
If there is one atom, USE “mono”
Example:
IF5 Iodine Pentafluoride
H2O Dihydrogen Monoxide
SBr6 Sulfur Hexabromide
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Examples
CO
CO2
SO2
CF4
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon tetrafluoride
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So
what
are
covalent
bonds?
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In covalent bonding,
atoms still want to achieve
a noble gas configuration
(the octet rule).
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In covalent bonding,
atoms still want to achieve
a noble gas configuration
(the octet rule).
But rather than losing or gaining
electrons,
atoms now share an electron pair.
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In covalent bonding,
atoms still want to achieve
a noble gas configuration
(the octet rule).
But rather than losing or gaining
electrons,
atoms now share an electron pair.
The shared electron pair
is called a bonding pair
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Types of Covalent Bonds
Single: two atoms share one pair of electrons
Ex. H – H
Double: two shared pairs of electrons
Ex. O = O
Triple: three shared pairs of electrons
Ex. N = N
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Cl2
Chlorine
forms
a
covalent
bond
with
itself
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ClClHow
will
two
chlorine
atoms
react?
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ClClEach chlorine atom wants to
gain one electron to achieve an octet
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ClClNeither atom will give up an electron –chlorine is highly electronegative.
What’s the solution – what can they
do to achieve an octet?
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ClCl
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Cl Cl
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Cl Cl
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Cl Cl
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Cl Cloctet
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Cl Cl
circle the electrons for
each atom that completes
their octets
octet
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Cl Cl
circle the electrons for
each atom that completes
their octets
The octet is achieved by
each atom sharing the
electron pair in the middle
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Cl Cl
circle the electrons for
each atom that completes
their octets
The octet is achieved by
each atom sharing the
electron pair in the middle
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Cl Cl
circle the electrons for
each atom that completes
their octets
This is the bonding pair
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Cl Cl
circle the electrons for
each atom that completes
their octets
It is a single bonding pair
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Cl Cl
circle the electrons for
each atom that completes
their octets
It is called a SINGLE BOND
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O2
Oxygen is also one of the diatomic molecules
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How will two oxygen atoms bond?
OO
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OOEach atom has two unpaired electrons
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative.
So both atoms want to gain two electrons.
OO
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Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative.
So both atoms want to gain two electrons.
OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OOBoth electron pairs are shared.
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6 valence electrons
plus 2 shared electrons
= full octet
OO
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6 valence electrons
plus 2 shared electrons
= full octet
OO
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two bonding pairs,
OO
making a double bond
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OO=For convenience, the double bond
can be shown as two dashes.
OO
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OO=This is the oxygen molecule,
O2
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Drawing the Lewis Structure
1. Sum the total number of valence electrons
2. The atom usually written first in the chemical formula is
the central atom in the Lewis structure
3. Complete the octet bonded to the central atom
4. If there are not enough electrons to give the central atom
an octet try multiple bonds
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VSEPRValence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
States the shape of molecules is based upon the concept that electrons, being of like charge, will repel themselves to the greatest possible distances.
•Electron – pairs repel•Shows three-dimensional shape
•Electron pairs are as far apart as possible•Produces molecular geometry of shapes
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Shapes of Molecules
AB2 must be either linear or bent: Examples of Linear molecules
Linear - No non-bonding electronsLinear Molecules have a bond angle = 180°
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Water is a bent molecule
with bond angles of 104.5°
**Notice – the bond angle
decreases as the number of
non-bonding pairs
increases**
AB2E or
AB2E2 -
classification
H2O
Linear Molecules have a bond angle = 180°Bent molecules have a bond angle ≠ 180°
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AB B
AB3 most common shapes place the B atoms at the
corners of an equilateral triangle:
Trigonal Planar
The A atom lies in the
same plane as the B
atoms (Flat)
Bond angle = 120°
No non-bonding electrons
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The A atom lies above the plane of the B atom.
Pyramid with an equilateral triangle as the base.
Trigonal Pyramidal
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AB4 is Tetrahedral
The carbon has 4 valence electrons and thus needs 4 more electrons from
four hydrogen atoms to complete its octet. The hydrogen atoms are as far
apart as possible at 109° bond angle. This is tetrahedral geometry. The
molecule is three dimensional.
H
CH
HH
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Six pairs of electrons around the central atom
are based on the Octahedron structure.AB6
The central atom can be visualized as
being at the centre of an octahedron,
with the six electrons pointing to the
six vertices – all bond angles are 90°
Octahedral Square Pyramidal
BrF5
Square Planar
XeF4
Should be less than 90º90°
SF6
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Further Examples:
Tutorial Questions :Draw Lewis structures and the molecular geometry of the following
molecules:
H3O+, NH4
+, CS2, SCl2
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Shape Bonding-
pairs
Non-
bonding
pairs
Bond angle Examples
Linear 2 0 180 BeCl2, CO2, HCN,
C2H2
Trigonal
planar
3 0 120 BF3, SO3, NO3-,
CO32-, C2H4
Tetrahedral 4 0 109.5 NH4+, SO4
2-, PO43-,
Ni(CO)4, CH4
Trigonal
pyramidal
3 1 107 PH3, SO32-, NH3
Bent 2 2 104.5 H2S, SO2, H2O
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Predicting the Shape of the Molecule
5. Sum the Number of Electron Domains around the Central
Atom in the Lewis Structure; Single = Double = Triple
Bonds = Non-Bonding Lone Pair of Electrons = One
Electron Domain
6. From the Total Number of Electron Domains, Predict the
Geometry and Bond Angle(s); 2 (Linear = 180º); 3 (Trigonal
Planar = 120º); 4 (Tetrahedral = 109.5º); 5 (Trigonal
Bipyramidal = 120º and 90º); 6 (Octahedral = 90º)
7. Lone Pair Electron Domains exert a greater repulsive force
than Bonding Domains. Electron Domains of Multiple
Bonds exert a greater repulsive force than Single Bonds.
Thus they tend to compress the bond angle.
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Review
Ionic vs. covalent
Naming
Lewis dot structures (ionic and covalent)
Shapes/bond angles
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Nonpolar vs. Polar Bonds
Nonpolar Polar Bond formed between two
similar atoms
Electrons are shared equally
Usually a diatomic molecule or between C & H
Ex. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, I2, Br2
(Diatomic Molecules) CH4, C2H6, C3H8
Bond formed between two atoms of two differentelements
Electrons are shared unequally
Ex. HCl, H2O, CO
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Intermolecular Forces
Dispersion Forces (aka van der Waals forces):
Weakest
Between two nonpolar molecules
Usually a diatomic molecule or
between C & H
Ex. F2, Cl2, C2H6, CH4
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Intermolecular Forces Dipole-Dipole Forces:
Between two polar molecules
Slightly negative region is weakly attracted to a slightly positive region
Ex. HCl
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Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen Bonding:
A hydrogen bonds to a very electronegative atom (O, N, or F)
Ex. H2O
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Ranking based on Polarity
Polarity increases with:
Increased intermolecular forces
Polarity also increases with:
Increased boiling point
Increased viscosity
Increased electronegativity
Decreased temperature
**Therefore, when ranking molecules by increasing boiling point, you are really ranking the molecules by increasing polarity or intermolecular forces.
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Types of Intermolecular Forces Practice Wkst Answers1. Hydrogen
2. Dispersion
3. Hydrogen
4. Dispersion
5. Dipole-Dipole
6. Dispersion
7. Dispersion
8. Dipole-Dipole
9. Hydrogen
10. Dispersion
11. Dipole-Dipole
12. Dipole-Dipole
13. Hydrogen
14. Dispersion
15. Dipole-Dipole
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Polarity Practice Worksheet
Polarity Practice Ranking by Inc Polarity
1. CHBr3
2. H2O
3. HI
4. C2HBr
5. CH3OH
1. NF3 < PF3 < SF2 < LiOH
2. N2H2 < C2H5OH , CH3OH < Ni(OH)3
3. B2F4 < H2C2O4 < CF2O < CuCl2
4. PH3 < NF3 < PF3 < NH3
5. H2 < H2S < H2O < HF
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Intermolecular Forces Wkst
1. Dispersion
2. Hydrogen
3. Dispersion
4. Dipole-Dipole
5. Dispersion
6. Dipole-Dipole
7. Dipole- Dipole
8. Hydrogen
11. C2H6 < C2H5 < C2H5OH
12. H2 <H2S < H2O
13. BI3 < BBr3 < BCl3
14. CH4 < CH3OCH3 < CH4O < CaCO3
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Electronegativity &Nonpolar vs. Polar Bonds
ElectronegativityDifference Range
Type of Bond Example
0.0 – 0.4 Nonpolar Covalent H – H (0.0)
0.4 – 1.0 Moderately Polar Covalent
H – Cl (0.9)
1.0 – 2.0 Very Polar Covalent H – F (1.9)
≥ 2.0 Ionic Na+ Cl- (2.1)