cover crop seed innovation - blackmer
TRANSCRIPT
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Tile drainage• Nitrate moves freely with water• Most of nitrate loading from tile
lines• Tile lines usually run before and
after corn and soybeans are taking up N
Nitrogen Loss
Notice the lack of green on the land and the water flowing from tile line
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Water Quality
July 29, 2014Big Creek ReservoirIowa, USA
No Swimming permittedDrinking water source
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Most common reason for cover crops• Erosion control often a “gateway”
usage of cover crops.• Requirements for erosion control
are not necessary the same as other usages.
• Specifics must be adapted to local issues
Benefits of Cover Crops
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Cover Crop Seed
More than cereal rye Hairy Vetch
TillageRadish®
CrimsonClover
AnnualRyegrass
WinterPeas
Oats CerealRye
Triticale
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Cover Crop Roots
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Planted cover crops• In trash cans• Triticale, Radish, Clover, and Annual
Ryegrass• Soil mix to easily separate roots
Root Can Study
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Roots are often under estimated
Key Point
34 days of growth
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Crimson clover
Key Point
34 days of growth
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Nutrient Scavenging
Increased N Scavenging
• Fall planted cover crop• Captures N at lower depth• This N could be lost by next
spring
Nitrogen Capture
Ray Weil, University of Maryland
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
05
1015202530354045505560
Tillage RadishNo Cover Crop
Nitrate N in each 6 inch soil layer (lb/a)
Soil
dept
h (in
ches
)
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Plant uptake• Holds leachable
nutrients• Relocates nutrients• Increases available
forms of nutrients
Nutrient Uptake
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Nitrogen Application• Angle with NH3 • Plant differences
Early Season Nutrient Stress
June 3, 2014
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Iowa Prevented Planting Case Study
• There was a pre-plant application of 60 lbs N/a. No additional N was added.
• Around the 1st of Aug. the field was disked, the Tillage Radish® seed was broadcast and a roller was used to get a firm seed contact.
• A good stand was established.
Case Study – Nutrient Catch Crop
Cambridge Iowa, 2013
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Nutrient Analysis
• An average of 364 lbs of N were taken up by the Tillage Radish®
• Plus other nutrients
Case Study – Nutrient Catch Crop
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Case Study – Nutrient Catch Crop
Nitrogen Needs
• Only 50 lbs N/a was needed to optimize grain yield for 230+ bu/a corn.
• Despite over 350 lbs N in the TR catch crop, N was still needed, but at a much lower than anticipated amount.
• The lack of full N credit is speculated to be a loss from rain rather than a lack of N release.
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Cover crop roots can “loosen” the soil
• Roots can go deeper than most tillage operations
• Can keep aggregate stability.
Soil Conditioning
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0
5
10
15
20
25
Soil penetrometer resistance with and without cover crop
Tillage RadishNo Cover Crop
Penetration Resistance (lbs/in2)
Soil
Dep
th (i
nche
s)
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Increasing Root Growth
Increased Rooting Depth
• Fall planted cover crop• Following season’s corn roots• More corn root growth at
lower depth
Increased Corn Rooting
Weil and Chen. 2007
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
0
5
10
15
20
25
Tillage RadishCereal RyeNo Cover Crop
Corn Root Growth (roots/sq yard)
Soil
Dep
th (i
nch)
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Increasing nutrient availability
• Cover crops increased nutrient availability in the top 10 inches
Increasing Nutrient Availability
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University of Maryland with the Tillage Radish®
• 70 comparisons over 5 years• 12 bu/a corn yield increase• 8 bu/a soybean yield increase• No yield decreases
Yield Trials
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Nematode control strategies• Non-Host crops• Biofumigants• Hatch and Starve• Increasing the Suppression
Nematodes
Isothiocyantes
+ Myrosinase
In Brassica tissue
Volatile “bio-fumigant”
Glucosinolates
Rupturing Cells
Somecontrol
Limited impact
Odor
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Nematode Reduction• Field studies in IL have shown a
meaningful reduction.• Data from each site was
replicated three times over 2 years.
• Mechanism not understood, but looks promising.
• More research needed.
Soybean Cyst Nematodes
Site No Cover Cereal Annual Crop Rye
Ryegrass
----------------SCN
Eggs-----------------
1 7533 717* 117** 2 3650
320* 0** 3 1559 722*
386* 4 1202 390* 279*
*significant 0.05
**significant 0.01
Mike Plumer, Univ. IL
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Nematode Reduction• Field studies in IL have shown a
meaningful reduction.• Data from each site was
replicated three times over 2 years.
• Mechanism not understood, but looks promising.
• More research needed.
Soybean Cyst Nematodes
Site No Cover Cereal Annual Crop Rye
Ryegrass
----------------bu/a----------------
1 48.9 53.8 55.7 2 48.2
52.3 60.6
Mike Plumer, Univ. IL
Soybean grain yield following cover crops
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Inter-seeding?• Can you plant a cover crop earlier
in the season?• Need light to get established• Will it hurt yield?
Establishing a Cover Crop
Penn State University
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Corn Yield as Affected by Interseeding
Untreated control Annual Ryegrass Legume mix Grass-legume mix140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
Corn
Yie
ld (b
u/a)
Effect of Interseeded cover crops
Penn State, 2013
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Establishing a Cover Crop
Most common cover crops used for interseeding
RootMax Annual Ryegrass Tillage RadishCrimson Clover
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Thank you.
CoverCropSolutions.com
TillageRadish.com
800-767-9441
Cover Crop Solutions
Tillage Radish
@CoverCropTweets
@TillageRadish