Prevalence of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) in selected pre-school girls (4-6 years) of rural areas of Allahabad

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to the

Centre of Food Technology

University Of Allahabad, Allahabad

In partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In

Nutritional Sciences

By

RACHANA(10AU 1540)

Under the supervision of

Dr. NEELAM YADAV

Centre of Food TechnologyUniversity Of Allahabad, Allahabad

Uttar Pradesh June 2012

Centre of Food Technology

University of Allahabad, Allahabad,

211002.

Certificate of Evaluation Committee

This project report entitled “Determinants of PEM in pre-school children (4-6 years) of urban areas of Allahabad” “has been prepared and submitted by Shweta Mishra in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of Science degree in Nutritional Sciences, Centre of Food Technology , University of Allahabad, is hereby accepted for the award of the degree.

Members of Evaluation Committee SignatureName, Designation and Department

1. Prof. G.K. Rai ………………. Coordinator, Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad

2. Dr. Neelam Yadav ………………..Reader, Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad

3. Mrs. Vinita Puranik ………………. Course Coordinator Centre of Food Technology,

University of Allahabad

4. Dr. Neetu Mishra ………………..

Lecturer, Centre of Food Technology,University of AllahabadDate:

Centre of Food Technology

University of Allahabad, Allahabad,

211002.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project report entitled “Determinants of PEM in pre-school girls (4-6

years) of rural areas of Allahabad” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

master’s degree in Nutritional Sciences, Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad,

is a record of bonafide project work carried out by Rachana under my supervision and no parts

of project report has been submitted for other degree or diploma.

Dr. Neelam Yadav Mrs. Urvashi Sharma

(Supervisor) (Co-supervisor)

Place- Allahabad. Place- Allahabad

Date- Date-

Acknowledgement

First and foremost, I bow my head to express my deepest sense of gratitude to “Almighty

God” for give me health, wealth and mind to do hard work for my thesis.

I am privileged to thank Prof. G.K. Rai, Coordinator Centre of Food Technology,

University of Allahabad, for providing all the facilities and encouragement necessary for

successful completion of thesis work.

I deeply express my gratitude to my supervisor – Dr. Neelam Yadav, Reader, Centre of

Food Technology, University of Allahabad and my Co-supervisor Mrs. Urvashi Sharma,

Centre of Food Technology, University of Allahabad, I owe immensely to them for their

incomparable efficiency, guidance and constant support. They installed courage and confidence

in me throughout my thesis work.

I am thankful to my teachers- Dr. Neetu Mishra, Mrs. Vinita Puranik, Mrs. Reena Chaturvedi as

they were always there to help me with their precious advice. I would like to thanks all the

fellows and research scholars especially Ms. Mudita Verma, Ms. Shruti Sharma and Mrs. Alka

Singh for their support whenever needed.

I express my beautiful gratitude to my colleagues Shweta Mishra and Pankaj Tiwari as

they formed a great team to work with tremendous zeal on this project. A profound thanks to the

office, laboratory and library authorities of Centre of Food Technology for providing the

necessary facilities for completing this research work. I am indebted to Mr. Manoj Yadav for

taking us on the field trips.

A special thanks to all the Anganwadi workers namely Asha ji, Sangeeta ji, Shanti ji ,

Munni ji, Sarita ji, Suman ji, Meena ji, Manju ji and their assistants; primary school teachers-

Geeta ji, and Nirmala ji for their friendly and significant co-operation.

Date- Rachana

ABSTRACT

Prevalence of Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) in selected pre-school girls (4-6 years) of rural areas of Allahabad.

Malnutrition is a major health problem, especially in developing countries. It affects almost 800

million people – 20% of all in the developing world (WHO, 2010). Thus, after pondering over

this problem, this cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the status of PEM and related

micronutrient deficiencies particularly of Vitamin A and anaemia. The study was conducted by

survey method in which total 101 pre-school girls, aged between 4 to 6 years were selected

randomly from the Anganwadi centers located in different villages of two blocks of Allahabad

namely, Kaundhiyara (trans- Yamuna) and Soraon (trans- Ganga).Data were collected with the

help of pre-tested schedule. Anthropometric measurements namely height, weight and Mid upper

arm circumference (MUAC) were recorded and compared with ICMR and NHANES standards.

Quantitative estimation of haemoglobin levels was done by Cyanamethaemoglobin method and

nutrient intake was calculated by 3- days dietary recall method. Prevalence of PEM was found to

be 34% as per IAP standards, however according to Gomez classification it came to be 66%.

Prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency observed as night blindness was found to be 5%, whereas

prevalence of anaemia was strikingly 100% out of which 7.5% were mild and 92.5% were

moderately anaemic. Mean intake of calories, protein, calcium, total vitamin A (β-carotene and

retinol), iron and vitamin C were significantly less than the ICMR RDA. Observed mean height

and weight of both groups (4-5 and 5-6 years) was less than the ICMR standards but it was not

significant (p<0.05). Average MUAC of the respondents belonging to (5-6 years) was

significantly less when compared to NHANES standard. A positive and significant correlation of

protein and energy was found with weight whereas protein, iron and vitamin C were also found

significantly correlated with haemoglobin. Therefore, it may be concluded that the prevalence of

PEM and anaemia is high among rural pre-school girls.

(Dr. Neelam Yadav) (Mrs. Urvashi Sharma) (Rachana)

Supervisor Co-supervisor Student

CONTENTS

Chapter Topic Page No.

I. INTRODUCTION 1-3

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-14

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15-21

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22-52

V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 53

VI. REFERENCES

VIII APPENDICES

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF

LITERATURE

MATERIALS AND

METHOD

RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION

SUMMARY AND

CONCLUSION

BIBILIOGRAPHY