cp 1 history of microbiology -2

7/26/2019 Cp 1 History of Microbiology -2

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PowerPointLecture

Presentations prepared by

Mindy Miller-Kittrell,

North Carolina

State University

C H A P T E R

!"# Pearson $ducation, %nc&

' (rie) *istory

o) Microbiolo+y

1


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he $arly ears o) Microbiolo+y

.hat /oes Li)e 0eally Loo1 Li1e2

'ntoni van Leeuwenhoe1

(e+an 3a1in+ and usin+ si3ple 3icroscopes

4)ten 3ade a new 3icroscope )or each speci3en $5a3ined water and visuali6ed tiny ani3als, )un+i, al+ae,

and sin+le-celled proto6oa7 8ani3alcules8

(y end o) "9th century, these or+anis3s were called

3icroor+anis3s


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Figure 1.1 The structure of nucleic acids.


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Lens Specimen holderFigure 1.2 Reproduction of Leeuenhoe!"s microscope.


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Figure 1.# The micro$ial orld.


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Ho Can %icro$es &e Classified'

Carolus Linnaeus developed ta5ono3ic syste3 )or na3in+ plants

and ani3als and +roupin+ si3ilar or+anis3s to+ether

Leeuwenhoe1:s 3icroor+anis3s now +rouped into si5 cate+ories

as )ollows;

(acteria

'rchaea


7/54 !"# Pearson $ducation, %nc&



(acteria and 'rchaea

Unicellular and lac1 nuclei

Much s3aller than eu1aryotes



Pro!ar(otic

$acterial cells)ucleus of

eu!ar(otic chee! cell

Figure 1.* Cells of the $acterium Streptococcus +dar! $lue, and to human chee! cells.





4btain )ood )ro3 other or+anis3s

Possess cell walls

%nclude

Molds ? 3ulticellular7 +row as lon+ )ila3ents7reproduce by se5ual and ase5ual spores

easts ? unicellular7 reproduce ase5ually by buddin+7

so3e produce se5ual spores


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SporesH(phae &udding cellsFigure 1.- Fungi.


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Proto6oa

Sin+le-celled eu1aryotes

Si3ilar to ani3als in nutrient needs and cellular structure

Live )reely in water7 so3e live in ani3al hosts 'se5ual =3ost> and se5ual reproduction

Most are capable o) loco3otion by

Pseudopods ? cell e5tensions that )low in direction o) travel

Cilia ? nu3erous short protrusions that propel or+anis3s

throu+h environ3ent


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Pseudopods)ucleus Cilia

Flagellum

Figure 1. Locomoti/e structures of proto0oa.


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'l+ae

Unicellular or 3ulticellular

Photosynthetic

Si3ple reproductive structures

Cate+ori6ed on the basis o) pi+3entation and co3position

o) cell wall


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Figure 1. The structure of nucleic acids.


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4ther or+anis3s that 3icrobiolo+ists study

Parasites

@iruses


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Red $lood cellFigure 1. An immature stage of a parasitic orm in $lood.


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3irus

&acterium

3irusesassem$linginside cell

Figure 1.4 A colori0ed electron microscope image of /iruses infecting a $acterium.


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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y

Scientists searched )or answers to )our Buestions

%s spontaneous +eneration o) 3icrobial li)e possible2

.hat causes )er3entation2

.hat causes disease2

*ow can we prevent in)ection and disease2


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5oes %icro$ial Life Spontaneousl( 6enerate'

So3e philosophers and scientists o) the past thou+ht

livin+ thin+s arose )ro3 three processes

'se5ual reproduction

Se5ual reproduction

Nonlivin+ 3atter

'ristotle proposed spontaneous +eneration

Livin+ thin+s can arise )ro3 nonlivin+ 3atter


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0edi:s e5peri3ents

.hen decayin+ 3eat was 1ept isolated )ro3 )lies,

3a++ots never developed Meat e5posed to )lies was soon in)ested

's a result, scientists be+an to doubt 'ristotle:s theory


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Figure 1.17 Redi"s e8periments.


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Needha3:s e5peri3ents

Scientists did not believe ani3als could arise

spontaneously, but believed 3icrobes could

Needha3:s e5peri3ents with bee) +ravy and in)usions o)

plant 3aterial rein)orced this idea


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Spallan6ani:s e5peri3ents

Concluded that

Needha3 )ailed to heat vials su))iciently to 1ill all 3icrobes or

had not sealed vials ti+htly enou+h

Microor+anis3s e5ist in air and can conta3inate e5peri3ents

Spontaneous +eneration o) 3icroor+anis3s does not occur

Critics said sealed vials did not allow enou+h air )or

or+anis3s to survive and that prolon+ed heatin+ destroyed

the 8li)e )orce8


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Figure 1.11 Louis Pasteur.


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Pasteur:s e5peri3ents

.hen the 8swan-nec1ed8 )las1s re3ained upri+ht, no

3icrobial +rowth appeared

.hen the )las1 was tilted, dust )ro3 the bend in the nec1

seeped bac1 into the )las1 and 3ade the in)usion cloudy

with 3icrobes within a day


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Figure 1.12 Pasteur"s e8periments ith 9san:nec!ed flas!s.9


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he scienti)ic 3ethod

/ebate over spontaneous +eneration led in part to develop3ent

o) scienti)ic 3ethod

4bservation leads to Buestion

uestion +enerates hypothesis

*ypothesis is tested throu+h e5peri3ent=s>

0esults prove or disprove hypothesis

'ccepted hypothesis leads to theoryDlaw

/isproved hypothesis is reEected or 3odi)ied

Fi 1 1# Th i tifi th d hi h f f ! f i tifi h


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Figure 1.1# The scientific method; hich forms a frameor! for scientific research.


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Figure 1.1* Ho Pasteur applied the scientific method in in/estigating the nature of fermentation.


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h A ld ' ) Mi bi l


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Figure 1.1- Ro$ert =och.

h A ld ' ) Mi bi l


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Figure 1.1 &acterial colonies on a solid surface +agar,.

&acterium 1

&acterium 2

&acterium #

&acterium *

&acterium -

&acterium &acterium

&acterium

&acterium 4

&acterium 17

&acterium 11

&acterium 12

h A ld ' ) Mi bi l


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Figure 1.1 Results of 6ram staining.


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6ram:positi/e 6ram:negati/eFigure 1.1 Results of 6ram staining.

he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+


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Ho Can nfection and 5isease'

Se33elweis and handwashin+

Lister:s antiseptic techniBue

Ni+htin+ale and nursin+

Snow ? in)ection control and epide3iolo+y

Fenner:s vaccine ? )ield o) i33unolo+y

$hrlich:s 83a+ic bullets8 ? )ield o) che3otherapy

Figure 1.1 Florence )ightingale.


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g g g

Figure 1.14 Some of the man( scientific disciplines and applications that arose from the pioneering or! of scientists


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g ( p pp p g

?ust $efore and around the time of the 6olden Age of %icro$iolog(.


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he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y


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Ho 5o 6enes


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Ho 5o 6enes


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Ho 5o 6enes


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Ho 5o 6enes


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Ho 5o


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Fungus colon(+Penicillium,

@one of inhi$ition

&acteria

+Staphylococcus,



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cp 1 history of microbiology -2

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