cp-98: best practices in change management: before, during and … · 2019-11-04 · activities:...
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ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
CP-98:Best Practices in Change Management: Before, During and After Your Deltek Implementation
Nick Blonkowski, Vice President, Finance Transformation, ICF
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Vice President, Finance Transformation
Nick Blonkowski
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Agenda
Introduce ICF and the ICF 2020 journey
Discuss what change management is
Review the change management process
Understand how to make change management a reality
Review change management tips and tricks
3
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. ICF is entrepreneurial4
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 5
ICF is diverse
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 6
ICF is
impactful
Helping
Kick the Habit
Public Health Expertise
+Behavioral Science
+Digital Communications
=
Participants more likely to quit smoking
8WEBSITES MOBILE APPS
TEXT MESSAGING
CAMPAIGNS
SOCIAL
ACCOUNTSMEDIA BUY
5 2 7 $1. 2 M
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
We’ve grown since 1999
7
companies
Why Change?
ICF and Technology Have Evolved countries
ICF projects
in more than
ICF has
acquired
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Efficiency
Supporting multiple
systems = Reduced
visibility into issues
Lack of standard
processes and
procedures = Limited
automation
Effectiveness
Unclear roles and
responsibilities =
Inefficient business
processes
Inadequate standard data
definitions = Multiple
versions of the truth
8
Consequences? Increased complexity, cost, and frustration
…But we have not kept pace. Limiting our ability to be
efficient and effective
Why Change?
ICF and Technology Have Evolved
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Introducing ICF 2020
ICF 2020 will transform the foundation of ICF, its systems and behaviors to support growth and satisfaction.
9
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 10
Contracts& Admin
2020
Finance2020
HR2020
ICF 2020
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
CBS
Simplified
compliance
More efficient,
accurate
processes
More
satisfying as a
professional
C-Suite
More visibility
into
performance
Increased
scalability
More value to
investors
Operations
More time to
win and
deliver work
Improved
reporting
Greater
satisfaction
and
engagement
Employees
Easier, more
intuitive, less
frustrating
Increased
automation
and workflows
Less time on
admin tasks
Clients
More value
from ICF
More efficient
partners
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Discuss what change management is
12
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 13
WHAT IS CHANGE MANAGEMENT?
The application of a structured process and set of tools for managing the PEOPLE side ofchange to achieve a desired outcome.
It is NOT project management!
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 14
ICF employs the Prosci®
change management
concepts
Successful change
management brings people
thru a change cycle that
addresses five elements
known as ADKAR®
The change management
plans best support these five
elements as shown here
AWARENESSUnderstand what &
why
DESIREPersonal choice to
change
KNOWLEDGEHow to change
ABILITYCapable to
implement the
change
REINFORCEEnsure the change
is sustained
Change Element
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Review the change management process
15
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 16
Define
the Project
Phase0
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 17
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 18
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems, Process and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 19
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems, Process and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Outcome: Business Case Project Charter
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 20
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems, Process and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Outcome: Business Case Project Charter
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Decision:Does pre-
evaluation
result in
project
initiation and
planning?
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 21
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems, Process and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Outcome: Business Case Project Charter
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Outcome: Project Plan Requirements Initial Design
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Decision:Does pre-
evaluation
result in
project
initiation and
planning?
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 22
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems, Process and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Outcome: Business Case Project Charter
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Outcome: Project Plan Requirements Initial Design
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Decision:Does pre-
evaluation
result in
project
initiation and
planning?
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Decision:
Based on
planning, are
we ready to
execute the
project?
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 23
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems, Process and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Outcome: Business Case Project Charter
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Outcome: Project Plan Requirements Initial Design
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Outcome: Final Design Testing Acceptance Cutover Plan
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Decision:Does pre-
evaluation
result in
project
initiation and
planning?
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Decision:
Based on
planning, are
we ready to
execute the
project?
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 24
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems, Process and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Outcome: Business Case Project Charter
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Outcome: Project Plan Requirements Initial Design
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Outcome: Final Design Testing Acceptance Cutover Plan
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Decision:Does pre-
evaluation
result in
project
initiation and
planning?
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Decision:
Based on
planning, are
we ready to
execute the
project?
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
Decision:
Based on the
work
performed,
should we
implement?
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 25
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems, Process and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Outcome: Business Case Project Charter
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Outcome: Project Plan Requirements Initial Design
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Outcome: Final Design Testing Acceptance Cutover Plan
Activities:
Design Support Model
Finalize Project Administration
Outcome: Project Completion On-going Support
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Decision:Does pre-
evaluation
result in
project
initiation and
planning?
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Decision:
Based on
planning, are
we ready to
execute the
project?
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
Decision:
Based on the
work
performed,
should we
implement?
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 26
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems, Process and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Outcome: Business Case Project Charter
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Outcome: Project Plan Requirements Initial Design
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Outcome: Final Design Testing Acceptance Cutover Plan
Activities:
Design Support Model
Finalize Project Administration
Outcome: Project Completion On-going Support
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Decision:Does pre-
evaluation
result in
project
initiation and
planning?
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Decision:
Based on
planning, are
we ready to
execute the
project?
Gate D:
Project
Closeout
Decision:
Based on
ongoing
monitoring can
we officially
close the
project?
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
Decision:
Based on the
work
performed,
should we
implement?
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 27
Stakeholder Role in Project Execution %*
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Final point of decisions and approvals Addresses any escalated risks and issues 0-5%
Exte
nd
ed
Team
*Time estimate is inclusive of change management activities
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 28
Stakeholder Role in Project Execution %*
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Final point of decisions and approvals Addresses any escalated risks and issues 0-5%
Sponsor Responsible for project success Oversees decisions and deliverables 10-25%
Exte
nd
ed
Team
*Time estimate is inclusive of change management activities
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 29
Stakeholder Role in Project Execution %*
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Final point of decisions and approvals Addresses any escalated risks and issues 0-5%
Sponsor Responsible for project success Oversees decisions and deliverables 10-25%
Functional Lead Responsible for functional task execution Develops decision recommendations 10-75%
Exte
nd
ed
Team
*Time estimate is inclusive of change management activities
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 30
Stakeholder Role in Project Execution %*
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Final point of decisions and approvals Addresses any escalated risks and issues 0-5%
Sponsor Responsible for project success Oversees decisions and deliverables 10-25%
Functional Lead Responsible for functional task execution Develops decision recommendations 10-75%
Solutions Responsible for technical task execution Responsible for technical configuration 10-75%
Exte
nd
ed
Team
*Time estimate is inclusive of change management activities
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 31
Stakeholder Role in Project Execution %*
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Final point of decisions and approvals Addresses any escalated risks and issues 0-5%
Sponsor Responsible for project success Oversees decisions and deliverables 10-25%
Functional Lead Responsible for functional task execution Develops decision recommendations 10-75%
Solutions Responsible for technical task execution Responsible for technical configuration 10-75%
SMEs Provide input into process/system design Future-state process/system owners 0-10%
Exte
nd
ed
Team
*Time estimate is inclusive of change management activities
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 32
Stakeholder Role in Project Execution %*
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Final point of decisions and approvals Addresses any escalated risks and issues 0-5%
Sponsor Responsible for project success Oversees decisions and deliverables 10-25%
Functional Lead Responsible for functional task execution Develops decision recommendations 10-75%
Solutions Responsible for technical task execution Responsible for technical configuration 10-75%
SMEs Provide input into process/system design Future-state process/system owners 0-10%
Project Manager Manages plan, risks, governance, budget Key POC for core team 100%
Exte
nd
ed
Team
*Time estimate is inclusive of change management activities
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 33
Stakeholder Role in Project Execution %*
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Final point of decisions and approvals Addresses any escalated risks and issues 0-5%
Sponsor Responsible for project success Oversees decisions and deliverables 10-25%
Functional Lead Responsible for functional task execution Develops decision recommendations 10-75%
Solutions Responsible for technical task execution Responsible for technical configuration 10-75%
SMEs Provide input into process/system design Future-state process/system owners 0-10%
Project Manager Manages plan, risks, governance, budget Key POC for core team 100%
Change
Management Lead
Responsible for developing change
management approach and plan
Develops communications, training plan 100%
Exte
nd
ed
Team
*Time estimate is inclusive of change management activities
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 34
Stakeholder Role in Project Execution %*
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Final point of decisions and approvals Addresses any escalated risks and issues 0-5%
Sponsor Responsible for project success Oversees decisions and deliverables 10-25%
Functional Lead Responsible for functional task execution Develops decision recommendations 10-75%
Solutions Responsible for technical task execution Responsible for technical configuration 10-75%
SMEs Provide input into process/system design Future-state process/system owners 0-10%
Project Manager Manages plan, risks, governance, budget Key POC for core team 100%
Change
Management Lead
Responsible for developing change
management approach and plan
Develops communications, training plan 100%
Exte
nd
ed
Team Other Project
Stakeholders Project champion, change agent Key POC for affected stakeholders 0-5%
*Time estimate is inclusive of change management activities
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 35
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Sta
keh
old
ers
SteerCo
Sponsor
Project Manager
Change Management Lead
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 36
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Sta
keh
old
ers
SteerCo
Sponsor
Functional Lead
Solutions
Project Manager
Change Management Lead
SMEs
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 37
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Sta
keh
old
ers
SteerCo
Sponsor
Functional Lead
Solutions
Project Manager
Change Management Lead
Other Project Stakeholders
SMEs
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Activities:
Design Support Model
Finalize Project Administration
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Gate D:
Project
Closeout
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
38
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Preparefor the Change
CM Phase
I
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Activities:
Design Support Model
Finalize Project Administration
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Gate D:
Project
Closeout
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
39
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Preparefor the Change
CM Phase
I Manage the Change
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Activities:
Design Support Model
Finalize Project Administration
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Gate D:
Project
Closeout
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
CM Phase
II
40
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Preparefor the Change
CM Phase
I Reinforce the Change
Manage the Change
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Activities:
Design Support Model
Finalize Project Administration
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Gate D:
Project
Closeout
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
CM Phase
II
CM Phase
III
41
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Activities:• Define the Change
• Engage and Prepare Sponsors
• Identify Stakeholders
Preparefor the Change
CM Phase
I
Outcome:• Change Management Strategy• Sponsor Engagement, Stakeholder Matrix
Ch
an
ge M
an
ag
em
en
t
Reinforce the Change
Manage the Change
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Activities:
Design Support Model
Finalize Project Administration
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Gate D:
Project
Closeout
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
CM Phase
II
CM Phase
III
42
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Activities:• Define the Change
• Engage and Prepare Sponsors
• Identify Stakeholders
Preparefor the Change
CM Phase
I
Outcome:• Change Management Strategy• Sponsor Engagement, Stakeholder Matrix
Ch
an
ge M
an
ag
em
en
t
Reinforce the Change
Activities:• Develop and Execute
Change Management Plans
Manage the Change
Outcome:• Change Plans
(Communication, Sponsor, Training, Coaching, Resistance)
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Activities:
Design Support Model
Finalize Project Administration
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Gate D:
Project
Closeout
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
CM Phase
II
CM Phase
III
43
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Activities:• Define the Change
• Engage and Prepare Sponsors
• Identify Stakeholders
Preparefor the Change
CM Phase
I
Outcome:• Change Management Strategy• Sponsor Engagement, Stakeholder Matrix
Ch
an
ge M
an
ag
em
en
t Activities:• Gather Feedback
• Identify Gaps
Reinforce the Change
Outcome:• Celebrating Success• Lessons Learned• Resistance
Management
Activities:• Develop and Execute
Change Management Plans
Manage the Change
Outcome:• Change Plans
(Communication, Sponsor, Training, Coaching, Resistance)
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Activities:
Design Support Model
Finalize Project Administration
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Gate D:
Project
Closeout
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
CM Phase
II
CM Phase
III
44
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 45
Stakeholder Group Role in Change Management
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Acts as advocates for and leaders of change Approves change management approach
Exte
nd
ed
Team
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 46
Stakeholder Group Role in Change Management
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Acts as advocates for and leaders of change Approves change management approach
Sponsor
Approves change management approach
Sets the tone for and drives the change
Engages peers for alignment
Is the voice and face of change
Is visibly active in delivering communications
Exte
nd
ed
Team
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 47
Stakeholder Group Role in Change Management
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Acts as advocates for and leaders of change Approves change management approach
Sponsor
Approves change management approach
Sets the tone for and drives the change
Engages peers for alignment
Is the voice and face of change
Is visibly active in delivering communications
Functional Lead, Middle
Managers, Supervisors
Coaches teams and employees through the
change process
Champions the change with peers and others
Supports learning
Exte
nd
ed
Team
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 48
Stakeholder Group Role in Change Management
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Acts as advocates for and leaders of change Approves change management approach
Sponsor
Approves change management approach
Sets the tone for and drives the change
Engages peers for alignment
Is the voice and face of change
Is visibly active in delivering communications
Functional Lead, Middle
Managers, Supervisors
Coaches teams and employees through the
change process
Champions the change with peers and others
Supports learning
Solutions Develops/delivers training content Serves as project champion, change agent
Exte
nd
ed
Team
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 49
Stakeholder Group Role in Change Management
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Acts as advocates for and leaders of change Approves change management approach
Sponsor
Approves change management approach
Sets the tone for and drives the change
Engages peers for alignment
Is the voice and face of change
Is visibly active in delivering communications
Functional Lead, Middle
Managers, Supervisors
Coaches teams and employees through the
change process
Champions the change with peers and others
Supports learning
Solutions Develops/delivers training content Serves as project champion, change agent
SMEs Develops/delivers training content Serves as project champion, change agent
Exte
nd
ed
Team
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 50
Stakeholder Group Role in Change Management
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Acts as advocates for and leaders of change Approves change management approach
Sponsor
Approves change management approach
Sets the tone for and drives the change
Engages peers for alignment
Is the voice and face of change
Is visibly active in delivering communications
Functional Lead, Middle
Managers, Supervisors
Coaches teams and employees through the
change process
Champions the change with peers and others
Supports learning
Solutions Develops/delivers training content Serves as project champion, change agent
SMEs Develops/delivers training content Serves as project champion, change agent
Project Manager Integrates change management activities into
overall project plan
Exte
nd
ed
Team
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 51
Stakeholder Group Role in Change Management
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Acts as advocates for and leaders of change Approves change management approach
Sponsor
Approves change management approach
Sets the tone for and drives the change
Engages peers for alignment
Is the voice and face of change
Is visibly active in delivering communications
Functional Lead, Middle
Managers, Supervisors
Coaches teams and employees through the
change process
Champions the change with peers and others
Supports learning
Solutions Develops/delivers training content Serves as project champion, change agent
SMEs Develops/delivers training content Serves as project champion, change agent
Project Manager Integrates change management activities into
overall project plan
Change Management Lead
Develops and executes change management
approach and plan
Works in alignment with project manager
throughout project lifecycle to integrate change
activities
Ensures sponsor and stakeholder
engagement
Develops detailed communications, training,
coaching, sponsor engagement tactics and
plans
Exte
nd
ed
Team
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 52
Stakeholder Group Role in Change Management
Co
re T
eam
SteerCo Acts as advocates for and leaders of change Approves change management approach
Sponsor
Approves change management approach
Sets the tone for and drives the change
Engages peers for alignment
Is the voice and face of change
Is visibly active in delivering communications
Functional Lead, Middle
Managers, Supervisors
Coaches teams and employees through the
change process
Champions the change with peers and others
Supports learning
Solutions Develops/delivers training content Serves as project champion, change agent
SMEs Develops/delivers training content Serves as project champion, change agent
Project Manager Integrates change management activities into
overall project plan
Change Management Lead
Develops and executes change management
approach and plan
Works in alignment with project manager
throughout project lifecycle to integrate change
activities
Ensures sponsor and stakeholder
engagement
Develops detailed communications, training,
coaching, sponsor engagement tactics and
plans
Exte
nd
ed
Team
Other Project Stakeholders Serves as a project champion, change agent
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
How to make change management a reality
53
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Activities:• Define the Change
• Engage and Prepare Sponsors
• Identify Stakeholders
Preparefor the Change
CM Phase
I
Outcome:• Change Management Strategy• Sponsor Engagement, Stakeholder Matrix
Ch
an
ge M
an
ag
em
en
t Activities:• Develop and Execute Change Management Plans
Manage the Change
Outcome:• Change Plans (Communication, Sponsor, Training,
Coaching, Resistance)
CM Phase
II
Activities:• Gather Feedback
• Identify Gaps
Reinforce the Change
Outcome:• Celebrating Success• Lessons Learned• Resistance Management
CM Phase
III
54
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 55
Activities:
• Define the Change
• Engage and Prepare Sponsors
• Identify Stakeholders
Preparefor the Change
CM Phase
I
Outcome:• Change Management Strategy• Sponsor Engagement,
Stakeholder Matrix
Process & Tools:
• Kickoff: Bring all key project stakeholders together to ensure a
common understanding of the vision, goals, roadmap, etc.
• Risk Assessment: Organizational change characteristics against
change impact = overall project risk; informs chg mgt needs/planning
• Group Analysis: Identifies level of change impact for all groups based
on factors such as processes, job change and reporting structure; feeds
into stakeholder assessment and informs chg mgt needs/planning
• Sponsor & Stakeholder Assessment: Bottoms up assessment of
impacted groups and leaders to identify areas of risk; informs building
the sponsor/stakeholder coalition
• Change Management Strategy/Approach: Lays out change
environment and high-level approach for the sponsor/team
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 56
John GeorgeSVP, CIO
Robert TothSVP, Contracts &
Admin
Jim LawlerEVP, CHRO
James MorganEVP, CFO
Liz JanssenVP, Learning,
Development, CM
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Costpoint 2.0
Consolidate to one North American ERP system that:
Leverages industry best practices
Deploys standard processes
Scales for future growth
Increases operational visibility and compliance
Reduces operating costs
Improved reporting, timeliness, accuracy and compliance Streamlined processes, roles and responsibilities Smoother transitions of acquisitions Alignment of organization structure
Vision:
Benefits:
Migrate Advantage, CP 1.0, Vision to CP 2.0 Implement Concur expense for North America Develop a centralized project setup process and team Implement a vendor management system (VMS)
Scope:SVP & Corporate
Controller, Accounting
Theresa Golinvaux
Project Sponsor
Question? Enter it in the Skype chat 57
Functional Lead
Senior Director,
Assistant Controller
Kelly Shaffer
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Risks:
Interdependencies:
Resource constraints due to competing priorities Sufficient time to build and test interfaces and migrate data before go-live Time for training of Olson Accounting staff on Costpoint system
2019 Project Interdependency
Planning, Workday Resourcing based on current timeline
Upgrade Costpoint to the most recent version Migrate Olson from Advantage to Costpoint 2.0 Begin planning for ICF Legacy migration from Costpoint 1.0 to Costpoint 2.0 Develop and begin rolling out a centralized project setup process and team
2019 Scope:
Question? Enter it in the Skype chat 58
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
2019 CORPORATE PROJECTS KICKOFF – ICF 2020
The purpose of the kickoff was to discuss:ICF 2020
97%
of respondents thought the
kickoff was effective
Qualitative Feedback:
Great kickoff! Thank you very much!
Please have meetings like this more often.
I thought the meeting was extremely helpful and I really enjoyed hearing
about the other projects that I am not a part of - thank you for putting this
together!
Keep sharing info, especially as how what employees do day-to-day will
change. Tools, Tips, Job Aids, etc.
of respondents felt they had a
solid understanding of the ICF
2020 Roadmap and Scope
97 %
ICF 2020
Roadmap and
Scope
of respondents felt they had a
solid understanding of the
2019 Corporate Project Plan
and Scope
88 %
2019 Corporate
Project Plan and
Scope
of respondents felt they had a
solid understanding of Key
Interdependencies and Risks
across Projects
69 %
Interdependencies
and Risks Across
Projects
of respondents felt they had a
solid understanding of their
role in each of the ICF 2020
Projects
78%
Participants‘ Role in
Each of the ICF 2020
Projects
of respondents felt they had a
solid understanding of the
Program and Change Mgmt
Functions
84%
Role of Program and
Change
Management
Approximately 160 people attended the kickoff and we
had a 20% survey response rate.
What Next? We heard you!
75% of respondents asked for monthly or quarterly updates. Therefore, we are
going to implement the following practices to keep you better informed moving
forward.
Evaluation Results and Next Steps
1 ICF 2020 Roadmap and Scope
2019 Corporate Project Plan and Scope
Key Interdependencies and Risks across Projects
Participants’ Role in the ICF 2020 Projects
2
3
4
Monthly
Newsletter
Publish monthly newsletter that includes ICF 2020
project updates and upcoming activities
Semi-Annual
Meetings
Conduct 2 in-person meetings a year (targeting
September and January each year) to discuss project
updates and upcoming activities/projects
Regular Intranet
Updates
Post monthly newsletter and link to key resources on the
ICF 2020 page
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 60Question? Enter it in the Skype chat
1 70
70
Why is the overall change considered low risk?
• ICF has a shared organizational vision/direction (ICF 2020).• Scope of change is extremely low (small number of people impacted).• Degree of process change is extremely low.• Degree of technology is medium-high.• Senior leaders, managers and employees are competent at managing change.
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 61
Activities:
• Develop and Execute Change Management Plans
Managethe Change
CM Phase
II
Outcome:• Change Plans
• Communication/Sponsor, Training
Process & Tools:
• Communication Plan: Identifies topic, target audience,
sender, key messages and requested actions, timing, delivery
mechanisms
• Includes a guide for the executive sponsor to be actively
engaged with the project team, leaders and employees
• Includes coaching mechanisms to support supervisors and
front-line managers to enable them to lead their teams
• Training Matrix/Plan: Identifies subject areas, target audience,
method of training delivery, instructors/SMEs, materials, timing
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 62
ICF employs the Prosci®
change management
concepts
Successful change
management brings people
thru a change cycle that
addresses five elements
known as ADKAR®
The change management
plans best support these five
elements as shown here
AWARENESSUnderstand what &
why
DESIREPersonal choice to
change
KNOWLEDGEHow to change
ABILITYCapable to
implement the
change
REINFORCEEnsure the change
is sustained
Change Element
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 63
ICF employs the Prosci®
change management
concepts
Successful change
management brings people
thru a change cycle that
addresses five elements
known as ADKAR®
The change management
plans best support these five
elements as shown here
AWARENESSUnderstand what &
why
Sponsor, functional
lead, supervisor,
front-line manager
Communication/
sponsor plan
DESIREPersonal choice to
change
KNOWLEDGEHow to change
ABILITYCapable to
implement the
change
REINFORCEEnsure the change
is sustained
Change Element Most Influential Change Plans
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 64
ICF employs the Prosci®
change management
concepts
Successful change
management brings people
thru a change cycle that
addresses five elements
known as ADKAR®
The change management
plans best support these five
elements as shown here
AWARENESSUnderstand what &
why
Sponsor, functional
lead, supervisor,
front-line manager
Communication/
sponsor plan
DESIREPersonal choice to
change
Sponsor, functional
lead, supervisor,
front-line manager
Communication/
sponsor plan
KNOWLEDGEHow to change
ABILITYCapable to
implement the
change
REINFORCEEnsure the change
is sustained
Change Element Most Influential Change Plans
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 65
ICF employs the Prosci®
change management
concepts
Successful change
management brings people
thru a change cycle that
addresses five elements
known as ADKAR®
The change management
plans best support these five
elements as shown here
AWARENESSUnderstand what &
why
Sponsor, functional
lead, supervisor,
front-line manager
Communication/
sponsor plan
DESIREPersonal choice to
change
Sponsor, functional
lead, supervisor,
front-line manager
Communication/
sponsor plan
KNOWLEDGEHow to change
Project team, SMEsTraining plan, post
go-live support
ABILITYCapable to
implement the
change
REINFORCEEnsure the change
is sustained
Change Element Most Influential Change Plans
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 66
ICF employs the Prosci®
change management
concepts
Successful change
management brings people
thru a change cycle that
addresses five elements
known as ADKAR®
The change management
plans best support these five
elements as shown here
AWARENESSUnderstand what &
why
Sponsor, functional
lead, supervisor,
front-line manager
Communication/
sponsor plan
DESIREPersonal choice to
change
Sponsor, functional
lead, supervisor,
front-line manager
Communication/
sponsor plan
KNOWLEDGEHow to change
Project team, SMEsTraining plan, post
go-live support
ABILITYCapable to
implement the
change
Supervisor, front-line
manager, project
team, SMEs
Training plan, post
go-live support
REINFORCEEnsure the change
is sustained
Change Element Most Influential Change Plans
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 67
ICF employs the Prosci®
change management
concepts
Successful change
management brings people
thru a change cycle that
addresses five elements
known as ADKAR®
The change management
plans best support these five
elements as shown here
AWARENESSUnderstand what &
why
Sponsor, functional
lead, supervisor,
front-line manager
Communication/
sponsor plan
DESIREPersonal choice to
change
Sponsor, functional
lead, supervisor,
front-line manager
Communication/
sponsor plan
KNOWLEDGEHow to change
Project team, SMEsTraining plan, post
go-live support
ABILITYCapable to
implement the
change
Supervisor, front-line
manager, project
team, SMEs
Training plan, post
go-live support
REINFORCEEnsure the change
is sustained
Sponsor, supervisor,
front-line manager
Communication/
sponsor plan, post
go-live support,
lessons learned
Change Element Most Influential Change Plans
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 68
Topic Sender Target Audience Key Messages Target Date Delivery Methods
UAT update Operations SVP Testers • Thank you for participating
• Request to complete survey
Thurs. 6/6 • Email w/ link to
survey
UAT update Operations SVP Legacy ICF Olson
employees
• We are on track for July 1 go-live
• You’ll start hearing more about
training and cutover
Thurs. 6/6 • Email
• Posters
(Minneapolis,
Chicago)
• Potty News
(Minneapolis)
Training Operations SVP Timekeeping support
SMEs
• Your role to support users w/
timekeeping
Mon. 6/10 • Email
Training ICF 2020 mailbox Legacy ICF Olson
employees
• Training on 4 hot topics during
the last 2 weeks of June
• Schedule & expected
participants
• How to sign up
Mid week of
6/10 with 1-
2 additional
follow ups
during the
week
• Engage managers
for stragglers
Training ICF 2020 mailbox Training participants • Daily reminder for next day’s
training
Beginning
Fri. 6/14
• Calendar reminder
Communications Plan Framework
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 69
Audience Goal Objectives Duration |
Format |
Facilitator
Timeframe
Learning
Administration
SME Trainer(s) are
prepared to conduct
training sessions
Review purpose and benefits
Use PPT and Exercise booklet effectively for training delivery
Direct people to resources (see “Where to go for Help”)
1 hours | Skype
Meeting with
Angela
August 28
Primary User
(Inputs)
Navigate OneStream to
complete 2020 Planning
cycle
Login and select correct Workflow, Scenarios and Year
Input organizational data for Labor, Controllables and Revenue
Update data based on feedback from “Reporting” resources
Find answers to questions
2 hours |
Scenario-based
face-to-face
learning facilitation
by SME
September 4 & 5 – Fairfax
(Ops, FP&A + Champions +
other)
September 6 – Minneapolis
(Ops)
September 9 – London (Ops)
Secondary
User (Reports)
Navigate reports to
provide feedback for the
2020 Planning cycle
Login to OneStream and select correct Workflow, Scenarios
and Year
Review reports for Labor, Controllables and Revenue
Provide feedback via e-mail to Primary Users
Find answers to questions
2 hours |
Scenario-based
face-to-face
learning facilitation
by SME
September 12 & 13 – Fairfax
(Ops, FP&A + Champions +
other)
September 6 – Minneapolis
(Ops)
September 9 – London (Ops)
All Users
(Excel add-in)
Use the Excel add-in as
an alternative to
reviewing reports in the
application
Download Excel Add-in
Select correct parameter to view data
Validate data for Labor, Controllables and Revenue
Provide feedback via e-mail to Primary Users to correct
erroneous data
45 minutes | Step-
by-step guide;
follow- ask the
experts session
Available week of September
16
Training Plan Framework
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 70
Activities:
• Gather Feedback
• Identify Gaps
Reinforcethe Change
CM Phase
III
Outcome:• Celebrating Success• Post Go-Live Support• Lessons Learned
Process & Tools:
• Post Go-Live Support Model: Outlines how users will get
support for a period beyond go-live (typically 30-90 days) and
the various mechanisms
• Lessons Learned: Using surveys and interviews, gather
feedback about what went well/what didn’t, develop themes
and action plans for future change efforts
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 71
Tier 3:
SCHEDULED
HELPOffice hours, ICF
2020 mailbox
User How-To
Technical
Cleanup & Remediation Help to resolve issues following
migration“My projects did not come over correctly”
Functional help on
applications and processes“I need help with doing a new process”
System access/connectivity
& general technical help“I need help getting access”
Tier 2:
GUIDED
HELPBuddies, FFX
team, service
desks
Tier 1:
SELF HELPTraining &
reference
materials
User How-To
Clean Up &
Remediation
TechnicalUser How-To
User How-To
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 72
Some highlight comments on what worked well:
Some highlight comments on what should be changed for future projects:
‘Good communication to keep all stakeholders involved
in the decision making and updates. PM was very hands
on, and was more involved than expected in finding
solutions, which was a great benefit.’
‘Team clearly worked hard to get it
configured and rolled out to meet
the deadline set’
‘The Maconomy team were great, knew
the system inside out and on hand
almost 24/7 to answer queries, assist
and complete the project’
‘More video training
guides’
Detailed walkthrough on
CONOPS/ Solutions for
SteerCo on New Functionalities
‘Learn and understand our industry
so you can see where our
struggles will lie with Maconomy,
actually try and help change/flex
processes’
‘Continue to hone based
on lessons learned. I feel
like we tried to solution
too much versus
leveraging the standard
process a bit more. I
know it's tough, but
would be good to try to
keep these less’
‘Not all the training session were
relevant for Vista processes. For
example a lot of the procurement
ones were a lot of information
that we didn't necessarily need to
know
‘The follow up time following
the meet could be extended’
‘Get people to attend all
training sessions in person as
it was hard to follow on Skype’
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Change management tips and tricks
73
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Brand your project or program
74
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 75
Contracts& Admin
2020
Finance2020
HR2020
ICF 2020
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Brand your project or program
Provide multiple avenues to keep folks informed
76
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Communication Approach
We will use various channels to communicate what is happening with
the projects
77
EmailIn Person Forums
Intranet Site
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 78
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Brand your project or program
Provide multiple avenues to keep folks informed
Engage your creatives
79
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 80
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Brand your project or program
Provide multiple avenues to keep folks informed
Engage your creatives
Make sure people understand the in-between state
81
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Quantitative
Financial
External & internal labor
Non-labor software & systems
Delta (Transitional) State
Qualitative
Bumps in the road
Concerns being raised
Slow adoption in some cases
Moderate organizational fatigue
82
This will impact all ICF…
BUT we need this if we want to scale and integrate acquisitions.
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Brand your project or program
Provide multiple avenues to keep folks informed
Engage your creatives
Make sure people understand the in-between state
Provide a number of support options
83
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
If you need detailed information or
step-by-step instructions, access
ICF Annual Planning User Guide
Screen share Videos
Quick Reference – Definitions
Quick Reference - Calculations
QuickView Digital Resource
Reports Digital Resource
FAQ
Learning
24 hours per day
7 days per week
If you need “how to”
assistance with a process
or the application itself, call… EAI
Katharine Muller (703) 539-1750
Kevin Via (703) 225-5845
Paul Ratcliffe (571) 459-4121
Steve Wirt (916) 231-7637
HEARS
Rajesh Kumar (703) 934-3357
Laura Alessi (703) 934-3523
E&A
Elodie Gontier 32 (2) 3335912
George Landers 44 (20) 30965525
ICF NEXT
Mark Buege (612) 215-9729
Ryan Cummins (804) 200-1649
Jake Blome (612) 2442-170
CIT/CBOSS
Colin Young (703)272-9533
Champion
Contact for availability
Monday through Friday
If you need technical support
due to an issue you are
experiencing with the
application, contact…
US Toll Free: 1.877.423.4578
US Local: 1.703.934.3100
UK: +44.20.3096.4880
BE: +32.2.888.0111
Email: [email protected]
ICF Corporate IT
(CIT) Help Desk24 hours per day
7 days per week
Where to
go for help
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Brand your project or program
Provide multiple avenues to keep folks informed
Engage your creatives
Make sure people understand the in-between state
Provide a number of support options
Ask for feedback and use lessons learned
85
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 86
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Brand your project or program
Provide multiple avenues to keep folks informed
Engage your creatives
Make sure people understand the in-between state
Provide a number of support options
Ask for feedback and use lessons learned
Incorporate change management as part of the project management process
87
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Gate A:Project
Charter
Approval
Activities:• Define the Change
• Engage and Prepare Sponsors
• Identify Stakeholders
Preparefor the Change
CM Phase
I
Outcome:• Change Management Strategy• Sponsor Engagement, Stakeholder Matrix
Ch
an
ge M
an
ag
em
en
t Activities:• Gather Feedback
• Identify Gaps
Reinforce the Change
Outcome:• Celebrating Success• Lessons Learned• Resistance
Management
Activities:• Develop and Execute
Change Management Plans
Manage the Change
Outcome:• Change Plans
(Communication, Sponsor, Training, Coaching, Resistance)
Define
the Project
Phase0
Plan the Project
Gather Requirements
Assess Risk
Design Solution
PhaseI
Build the Solution & Refine the Design
Test Systems and Functionality
Implement Solution
PhaseII+
Activities:
Develop Vision, Objectives, Scope, Benefits
Activities:
Develop Project Plan, Requirements, Design
Kickoff Project
Activities:
Refine and Build Solution
Conduct System and User Testing
Implement
Activities:
Design Support Model
Finalize Project Administration
Gate B:
Design
Approval
Gate D:
Project
Closeout
Gate C:
Go/No-Go
CM Phase
II
CM Phase
III
88
Pro
gra
m M
an
ag
em
en
t
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Brand your project or program
Provide multiple avenues to keep folks informed
Engage your creatives
Make sure people understand the in-between state
Provide a number of support options
Ask for feedback and use lessons learned
Incorporate change management as part of the project management process
Get leadership buy-in before you start
89
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose. 90
John GeorgeSVP, CIO
Robert TothSVP, Contracts &
Admin
Jim LawlerEVP, CHRO
James MorganEVP, CFO
Liz JanssenVP, Learning,
Development, CM
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Brand your project or program
Provide multiple avenues to keep folks informed
Engage your creatives
Make sure people understand the in-between state
Provide a number of support options
Ask for feedback and use lessons learned
Incorporate change management as part of the project management process
Get leadership buy-in before you start
Bring everyone to the kickoff meeting to ensure alignment
91
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.
Thank You!
92
ICF proprietary and confidential. Do not copy, distribute, or disclose.