The Urban Safety and Societal Security Research Center (URBSEC)

University of Gothenburg and Chalmers, Sweden

Seminar September 30, 2015

CP-UDP and CPTED

Crime Prevention through Urban Design,

Planning, and Management

A General Introduction

Paul van Soomeren

DSP-groep, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

(www.DSP-groep.eu)

September 2015

Paul van Soomeren, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September2015

DSP-groep: www.dsp-groep.nl European Designing Out Crime Association: www.e-doca.eu

EU COST action TU 1203: http://costtu1203.eu

A set of European Standards for Secure Cities

Safe & Secure cities through Urban Design, Planning

and Management: standardizing the process

Urban Millenium

Kofi Anan:

"The world has entered

the Urban Millennium".

Urbanization: new problems

UN 'International Crime Victim Survey' (ICVS):

“urbanisation is the strongest predictor

for crime and victimisation”

Urbanisation: three common urban trends

■ Growth of cities

■ Problems with integration(e.g. Stockholm and Paris riots in banlieues)

Especially when strict ties are loosened

and immigration is high

■ Cities are a honey pot of criminal opportunities (more phones, lap tops, cars,

credit cards, scooters, electronics ….)

How to measure crime?

■ Police data (dark number)

■ Victimisation surveys (like ICVS UN)

allpolice judge

all crimes justice

Why use victimization monitoring?

The big crime funnel (WODC The Netherlands)

Estimated:

8 - 9 mln

‘crimes’

yearly

1,2 mln

crimes

known to

police

0,21

crimes0,13

crimes

0,24

sanctios

justice judge sanctions

policejustice Tenuitvoer-

leggingcrime

Bron: uitgaven Criminaliteit en rechtshandhaving. CBS, WODC

Crime: diverse phenomenon

- city/country

- high/low

Overall victimisation for 10 crimes; one year prevalence rates

in 2003/2004 (%) of main cities and national populations of 28

countries. 2002-2005 ICVS and 2005 EU ICS

Not all countries are participating in

International Crime Victim Survey

In that case only police figures on

crime available (beware op biases!)

25 types of crime (EU, 2003)

Opportunistic crimes: > 50%CP-UDP is mostly on opportunistic petty crime and fear of crime

Note: discussion on terrorism (how opportunistic is terrorism?)

Besides crime also

fear of crime and

feelings of insecurity,

a related but different

phenomenon

which may be even more

important nowadays

(crime dropped, fear still high)

Fear of Crime - Feelings of insecurity

■ Objective (crimes) versus subjective (feelings)

■ But: "If men define situations as real, they are real in

their consequences." Fear can poison a community

Tackling crime and fear of crime:

From criminology towards crime science

The endless nature and nurture debate

Nature or Nurture

“what policy-makers need most is not a scientific explanation of

crime, but a manageable method for tackling it: crime science”

A pragmatic way out

Nature or Nurture

opportunity theory:

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

Jan van Dijk: crime boom & bust cycle

Explaining the crime drop: security

hypothesis works (=CP-UDP)

17

Situation

offender victim / target

Theories (1960-80)

■ Chicago school (city as a laboratory, neighbourhood, social desorganisation, quanti+quali methods/mapping)

■ Jane Jacobs (eyes on the street)

■ C. Ray Jeffery (human behaviour, the brain)

■ Oscar Newman (ownership/territoriality)

■ Environmental criminology (Brantinghams/Weisburd): offenders behaviour + criminology of place

■ Situational approach (Ron Clarke & Pat Mayhew; specific to crime, place, time, group. Simple/practical. Multi agency)

■ Target hardening/fortresses/rock hard approach

Stakeholders: old and new approach in

Europe

New = multi agency in partnership

■ Not only law enforcement (justice/police)

■ Also other participants: business, local authorities,

education, planning & design & architecture, social

institutions, etc.

Urban safety and security strategies:

three basic principles

Early intervention and planning

Invest in youth

Invest in early stages design/planning process

Integrated Approach

Include e.g. education, health, urban planning/housing,

economic development, employment,

immigration, poverty

Quality management: plan-do-check-act

(like the ISO 9000 standards)

Experience in other disciplines

■ Health: designing out epidemicsHuge progress thanks to engineers, technicians, city maintenance,

architects and urban planners (clean water, good sewage systems).

■ Fire: designing out fire disastersFrom the 16th century onwards: standards, building codes, urban planning, architecture and engineering that did the trick.

■ Traffic: designing in traffic safety Reductions of people killed by technical solutions (air bags, safer cars), urban planning and engineering/design: traffic flow, roundabouts, speed bumps, road closures, shared space.

In short: its Planning and Design

■ Standardisation: one set of concepts, same terminology

and process

■ Evidence based working

Current situation in crime prevention:

many ideas and many participants

■ Situational Approach

■ Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)

■ Defensible Space (DS)

■ Designing Out Crime (DOC)

■ Design Against Crime (DAC)

■ Crime Prevention through Urban Design and Planning (CP-UDP)

Differences in terminology, approaches, schemes and processes, lack of evaluations/evidence based working …

■ Standardisation facilitates communication between

different participants working on one process or project,

e.g. a crime prevention project

■ Standards facilitate cooperation and collaboration

making processes more transparent

■ Use these standards in building codes, urban planning,

housing, etc.

Analysing local situations (e.g.

neighbourhood) in a standardized way

(process) using standard methods

then take from the CP-UDP manuals what

you need and implement that

but adapt to the local situation (level,

stakeholders, planning stage,

neighbourhood)

+Security/target hardening in national laws and

building codes

3 types of standardsfocus now on process

ProcessesProducts/

materials

Services

EU standards on crime prevention products

■ EN 50130-501136: alarm systems

■ EN 1522/1523: bullet resistance of doors and windows

■ ENV 1627-1629: burglary resistance of windows, doors and shutters

■ EN/ISO 12543: glass in windows

■ EN 1143: secure storage

■ Etc.

28

Standardising services

■ Certifications schemes (e.g. ICA, universities)

■ Proof that a person or organisation is well educated

and works state of the art

■ Certified CPTED practitioner®

-Umbrella organizations (ICA, E-DOCA) make this type

of standards (and/or Universities).

-Netherlands RCE: Registrated Cpted Expert

Standardising a processplan-do-check-act (Demming)

Other worldwide standards too:

■ ISO 14000 on sustainability

■ ISO 31000 on risk management

■ System Engineering (e.g. ISO 14288, System and

Software Engineering)

■ DNGB certification (Deutsche Gesellschaft für

Nachhaltiges Bauen)

■ Etc.

European Standard on crime prevention

by urban planning and building design

CEN: European Committee for Standardization

A standard: technical document to be used as a rule,

guideline or definition

It is a consensus-built, repeatable way of doing

something.

European TC 325 standard on:

Urban Planning +

for

Prevention of crime +

in

New environments +

CEN 14383 series

Building Design

Fear of crime

Existing environments

Building products + security devices are excluded

Working groups of Technical Committee 325

TC325

WG1

Terminology

EN 14383-1

WG2

Urban Planning

ENV 14383-2

TR 14383-2

WG3

Building Design

- Dwellings

- Shops/offices

- Petrol station

- Public transport facilities

- etc.

A simple set of standards: basics only

1. Terminology

2. Urban planning

■ 3 simple questions: where, what, who

■ Basic principles

■ Standardized process

3. Set of sub standards on building design of specific buildings

Dwellings

Shops and Offices

Etc.

I’ll focus on the European urban planning

standard: TR 14383-2

Note:

■ 52 pages text

■ Incl. appendixes 20 pages

■ Start 1997/finish 2003

■ Re-edit 2003-2007

■ 10 years!

■ But ok: 33 countries

consensus

Review

Download from:

http://costtu1203.eu

Buy TR 14383-2 for 1.095 SEK (!!)

from Swedish standards Institute

SIS-CEN/TR 14383-2:2008■ Language

■ Swedish

■ Written by

■ Brottsförebyggande genom stadsplanering och byggnadsutformning, SIS/TK 208

■ International title

■ Prevention of crime - Urban planning and design - Part 2: Urban planning

■ Article No.

■ STD-63581

■ Edition

■ 1

■ Approved

■ 2008-03-12

■ Pages

■ 52

■ Subject

■ Protection against crime13.310

■ Physical planning. Town planning 91.020

Contents European Standard

Urban planning: 3 decisions to make

■ Where?Location, boundaries, postal codes

Define the area/neighbourhood

■ What?What is the crime problem?

■ Who?Stakeholders. Who is involved?

ProcessResponsible body decides: where

(area), what (types of problems),

who (stakeholders)

Mission statement: objectives,

working group start, audits

1. Crime review/assessment: what

is – will be – the problem?

2. Requirements that have to be

met

3. Plan, Scenarios, Strategies,

Costs, Anticipated effects

4. Decision Responsible Body

(go/no go)

5. Action and implementation

6. Audit & evaluation

7. Monitor & Corrective Action

Four annexes (informative)

A. Crime assessment (new environments) = assess risks

Offender, guardian and victim/target

Burglary, vandalism, street violence, car crime, theft,

arson and … fear of crime

B. Crime review (existent environment) = show risks

Physical info, socio-democraphic info, crime data, safety audit

data

C. Fear of crime (explanation)

D. Safety audit framework (basis design principles)

Urban planning strategies

Social/physical structures,

Guarantee accessibility,

Avoiding enclaves,

Creating vitality,

Mixed status,

Adequate urban density,

Avoiding physical barriers

and waste land,

Etc.

Urban design

strategies

Layout, specific

location of

activities, natural

surveillance,

Visibility,

Accessibility,

Territoriality,

Attractiveness,

Robustness.

Management strategies

Target hardening/removal,

Maintenance,

Surveillance (patrolling,

camera monitoring),

Rules (for conduct of the

public in public spaces),

Providing infrastructures,

Communication.

Basic principles (annex D in the standard)

Manual explaining standard (2007)

■ General introduction

■ Three chapters on strategies

■ Urban Planning

■ Urban Design

■ Management

http://costtu1203.eu/downloads/other-documents/

Standard + manual = great combination!

■ Handbook = English

■ Manuale = Italiano

■ Manuel = Francais

■ Manual = Espagnol

Critique on standard (survey 26 COST-countries)

■ Basic principles are not always correct: in specific

environments, specific crimes need other approaches

■ Basic principles are often ‘too much Jane Jacobs’

■ Ideas for innovation and changes (SWOT survey in

COST 26 countries by Paul van Soomeren)

http://costtu1203.eu/downloads/cost-tu1203s-results/

Update & innovation of standard

■ EU COST action TU 1203

■ Start 2013 – end 2017

■ Focus on contents and dissimination

■ 26 EU countries participating + Israel & Turkey

■ Best and latest expertise

■ Case studies

■ Let’s make …

European CPTED standard

still great serie of standards

CEN 14383

Manchester, May 13th-15th

«Safer Places», UK Home Office, 2004

Assessment tools: the comparison

Characteristics Strengths Weaknesses

• Unique tool for the country

• Initial planning phase

• Creation of detailed technical

report

• Departmental Commission

evaluation

• Clear or detailed scheme

for designers

• Integration freedom for

the local entities

• Lyon: municipality

commission

• Lack of technical training

• Lack of support to

designers (not for the

Lyon case)

• Absence of municipality

autonomy

• Model rigidity

• Costs.

• Evaluation by the Police with the

ad hoc office

• Process defined by the office

• Documents editing by the office

• Design support as an essential

step

• Reduced obligation

threshold level

• Research center as a

support

• Limited costs

• Lightness of the

Assessment tool

• High technicality of

assessment tool

• Absence of prevention

experts in the

commisision

• Voluntary evaluation

• In depth exploratory phase

• Support to the design phase

• Complex product, compliant with

the CEN Norm

• Scientific accuracy and

flexibility

• Consensus and support

• Coherence with the CEN

norm

• Lack of institutional

reference

• High costs

• Non obligatory

indications

A valuable Standard on Safe and Secure Cities!

Does standardisation work in crime

prevention?

■ Secured by Design UKRachel Armitage & Leanne Monchuk, 2010

■ Politie Keurmerk Veilig Wonen® NetherlandsOberon Nauta DSP-groep, 2004

■ Étude de sûreté et de sécurité publique

(ESSP) France

Evaluation available?

■ Several other evaluations

It really works! But there is more proof:

More security

=

Lower risk

Europe: more security = less burglaries

REhChh

Standardisation of Crime Prevention by

opportunity reduction works!

But …

fear of crime

and

feelings of insecurity,

When security is too visible … something went

wrong: include safety and security beforehand

The waterbed effect: displacement?

■ Temporal – offenders change the time at which they

commit crime

■ Spatial – offenders switch from targets in one location to

targets in another location

■ Target – offenders change from one type of target to

another

■ Tactical – offenders alter the methods used to carry out

crime, and

■ Offense – offenders switch from one form of crime to

another

Studies show: a city is not a waterbed!

■ Besides displacement of crime there is also diffusion of benefits

■ Displacement is NOT that much of a problem

Guerette, R., & Bowers, K. (2009). Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits: A review of situational crime prevention evaluations. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 47(4), 1331-1368.

In conclusion … ehr …

Compare experiences

■ Is high-rise social sustainable?

■ Amsterdam Bijlmermeer renovation: € 1.6 billion

■ Barcelona Bellvitge: still going strong thanks to police +

shops

■ USA + UK experience: demolishing high-rise

■ Asia: loads of high rise still going strong (Korea > 50%)

Learning by comparing!? EU COST action network TU 1203

Lessons learned■ CPTED works!

■ Forget ideology: what works, what doesn’t?

Evidence based approach. Learning to do better. Compare

■ Include CPTED-approach in laws, standards, building codes and regulations works!

■ Multi agency and partnership approach: include others

■ Learn from other countries, projects, cities

■ Always include:■ Victim

■ Offender

■ Situation

■ Crime & Fear of Crime

■ It’s not only justice/police, nor security:

broaden perspective …. housing, planning, design …

… YOU TOO!

Paul van Soomeren, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 2015

DSP-groep: www.dsp-groep.nl European Designing Out Crime Association: www.e-doca.eu

EU COST action TU 1203: http://costtu1203.eu

Thank you!