#cpaf15 ws3: strengthening the agriculture/nutrition nexus-country rapid scan study: the case of...

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Strengthening the Agriculture/Nutrition Nexus-Country rapid scan study: The Case of Haiti

Predner Duvivier, Ph.D.

The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural

Cooperation (CTA)

Faculté d’Agronomie et de Médecine Vétérinaire

(FAMV)

BARBADOS, 2 NOV 2015

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OBJECTIVES

– Share Learned lessons to formulate better directives leading to improved Food and nutrition security (FNS) outcomes and to

– Identify entry points for strengthening agriculture nutrition nexus

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METHODOLOGYTo collect information, 27 institutions related to the subject were selected for a survey, including :

– 5 Ministries : Agriculture, Public Health, Social Affairs and Work, Trade and Industry, Women Condition and Women Wright

– 6 Universities: UEH, Univ. Quisqueya, Univ. Episcopale, Univ. Caraibes, Univ. Notre Dame, U. Laval (Project in Haiti)

– 8 International organizations: UNICEF, PNUD, IICA, FAO, BID, UE, USAID, PAM

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METHODOLOGY (CONT.)

– 2 women organizations : FANM YO LA, Solidarite Fanm Ayisyen (SOFA)

– 1 local organization: Papaye Peasant Movement (MPP)

– 5 ONGs: ASSODLO, PRODEVA, CONCERTACTION, MFK, OXFAM AMERICA

Focus groups were realized with NGOs interventions beneficiaries

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METHODOLOGY (CONT.)

• Literature review to complete the information

• Collected information (from survey and literature review) was analyzed for consistency and complementarity, and then synthesized

• Survey and literature review were oriented to find answers to 24 key questions

• Answers are given in following section

• A national workshop was conducted for validation

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1) Main characteristics of the agrifood system in Haiti

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

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– Population and agriculture• Population: 10.5 millions, of which 60% practice agriculture

• Share of agriculture in GDP: 25%

• Small size farm : 0.62 ha in average

• Pressure on agricultural lands

• Limited access to irrigation water : 10% of farmers

• Limited access to inputs (good quality seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides): 30% of farmers

1) Main characteristics of the agrifood system in Haiti

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (CONT.)

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• Low performance of crops and livestock

• Lack of infrastructures (storage, transportation, processing)

• High postharvest losses (up to 35%)• Main crops:– Cereal : rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), and sorghum

(Sorghum vulgare)

– Legumes : common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan);

– Roots and tubers : yams (Dioscorea sp.), yucca (Manihot esculentus) , sweet potato (Ipomea batatas), and potato (Solanus tuberosum L.);

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (CONT.)1) Main characteristics of the agrifood system in Haiti

- Population and agriculture

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– Plantain (Musa sapientum) and bananas (Musa paradisiaca),

– Fruits : mangos (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana), and citrus (Citrus sp), etc.

– Vegetables : cabbage ( ), chile (Capsicum sp), oignon (Allium cepa), carot (Daucus carota), and egg plant (Solanum melongena)

– With 1 770 km of coastlines, 22 000 ha of interior water and approximately 3% of the population practicing fishery, Haiti produces 16 000 t sea food /year, of which 400 t from aquaculture.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (CONT.)1) Main characteristics of the agrifood system in Haiti

- Population and agriculture

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2) Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) situation

• In 2001, FAO reported that half of the population lived in extreme poverty and did not have access to the minimum ration 225 kg of cereal equivalent.

• According to CNSA (2011), based on food consumption, 17% of the households were in food insecurity

• Only 30% of the population eats adequately 3 meals a day.

• About 59% eats 2 meals a day.

• The rest (11%) eat less than 2 meals a day; This category is considered as vulnerable and needs immediate assistance

Food consumption, Number of meals per day


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• About 70% of the population experiment hunger (severe hunger for 20% and moderate hunger for 50%).

• Based on food diversity, 77% of the population are in non-satisfactory condition.

• Based on the four above mentioned criteria, 38% of the population are in food insecurity (CNSA, 2011).

• In 2015, the number of people in food insecurity in the country is about 3 millions.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (CONT.)2) Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) situation

- Hunger and food diversity, Overall food insecurity

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• 23% of the under five children suffer global chronic malnutrition

• 7% are affected by severe chronic malnutrition

• 4% are affected by global acute malnutrition

• 1% are affected by severe acute malnutrition

• Anemia affects 50% of pregnant and nursing women and 70% of under five children

• Iodine deficiency affects 70% of 6 to 12 month-age infants


2) Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) situation- Nutrition situation

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• Haiti produce approximately 55% of the food it needs to nourish its population and food imports represent 51 % of the needs.

• These data show a mismatch between the local food production and the food needs.

3) Adequation between the agrifood system and FNS situation


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• If everyone had equal economic access to food, we could do without food aid with a positive balance of 6%.

• However, food aid turns around 3% and reached 8% in 2010, after the earthquake.

• Besides limited access to food, food consumption may be also affected by cultural, religious, health and stigma factors.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (CONT.)3) Adequation between the agrifood system and FNS

situation

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Despite its relatively small size, Haiti gets diverse agro ecological conditions:

• Dry plains, irrigated plains, tropical semi humid and humid mountains, and humid plateaus.

• This agro ecological diversity is suitable for diversified food production : cattle and fishery, cereal, legumes, roots and tubers, plantains and bananas, fruits and vegetables, etc.

• However, 77% of the population are in non-satisfactory conditions for diversity of food consumption.

• This mismatch between diversity of food production and diversity of food consumption suggests the idea of a problem of nutrition education

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (CONT.)3) Adequation between the agrifood system and FNS

situation

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4) Institutions addressing food security issues in Haiti

• Ministry of agriculture is the main institution addressing food security issues in the country.

• Via its structures, in particular, the National Coordination of Food Security (CNSA), it elaborates and implements related policies and programs. CNSA also establishes and operates the National Observatory of Food Security.

• Ministry of agriculture works in collaboration with several governmental institutions, in particular, the Direction of Nutrition of the Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP) for the nutritional aspects


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• Other institutions addressing food security issues include MENFP, MCI, MPCE, MEF, MAST et MDE.

• For harmony in their actions, the stakeholders meet around a structure called « Table of concertation ».

• Inside the Ministry of agriculture, the units meet around a structure called « Sectorial Table ».

• To the above mentioned institutions, should be added the office of the Prime Minister which coordinates the government actions.


4) Institutions addressing food security issues in Haiti

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• International organizations (including WFP, IDB, WB, EU, AFD, USAID, FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, IICA) act as donors.

• NGOs are also involved in implementation of projects linked to FNS defined by the government

• Activities of NGOs should be coordinated by MPCE.

• Presently, 164 NGOs have government agreement and many of them implement projects linked to agriculture, and FNS

• Universities implement research projects linked to Ag and FNS

• They also provide services such as lab analysis and studies

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (CONT.)4) Institutions addressing food security issues in Haiti

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• Seven papers published between 1996 and 2015, surveyed in the study, contain policies addressing agricultural and food and nutrition security issues.

• Programs and projects are implemented in relation with set policies.

• These policies, programs and projects aim to guarantee: economic growth, reduction of poverty, food sovereignty, food and nutrition security.

5) Agriculture and food and nutrition security policies


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I. PNSAN (1996). National Plan of Food and Nutrition Security (PNSAN, in French) was elaborated in 1996 and updated in 2010 by CNSA and CISA.

Objective: cut by half the number of people suffering food insecurity in agreement with the objectives of the millennium (ODM) adopted in 2000.

II. DSNCRP (2007). Document of National Strategy for Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Haiti (DSNCRP, in French) was elaborated by the government (MPCE, 2007).

Objectives are: boost the economic growth and reduce the poverty.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (CONT.)5) Agriculture and food and nutrition security policies

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III. PNIA (2010). National Plan of Agricultural Investment (PNIA).

Objectives: development of the rural infrastructures (watershed protection and irrigation), value chains, agricultural services and institutional support.

IV. PSDH (2012). Strategic Plan for the Development of Haiti (PSDH).

Objectives: economic growth, reduction of poverty, enforcement of the medium class, social justice and security (MPCE, 2012).


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V. PNN (2012). MSPP elaborated the national policy of nutrition (PNN) in January 2012.

Objective: improve nutrition and health status of the population, in particular nutrition and health status of pregnant women, nursing women, and under five-children considered as vulnerable groups.

VI. PTRA (2013). Triennial program of agricultural recovery (PTRA) 2013-2016.

Objective: Contribute to the improvement of food security and economic growth in Haiti.


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VII. PNSSANH (2015). National Policy of Food Sovereignty and Food and Nutrition Security in Haiti (PNSSANH, in French).

Objectives: Stabilization of the food supply, Reduction of the vulnerability of the populations, Improvement of the food distribution system, and Transfer of ressources.


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Some projects and programs examples :

• Gouvernment initiatives:

- Program of improvement of food security in Haiti (PASAH)

- Project of food security in Haiti (SECAL) in Artibonite, Ouest and Sud);

- Program of subvention of fertilizers;

- National Program of school meals (PNCS);

- Program of subvention of seeds.

6) Programs and projects linked to agriculture-nutrition nexus in Haiti


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• Non governmental initiatives

– Project feed the future (Ouest, Artibonite, Centre)

– Project avanse (Nord)

– Project AKOSAA (Université Laval) in Artibonite, Saint-Marc

– Project SRI (Oxfam-America) in Artibonite, 4 communes

– Project Agritrans (Nord-Est)

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (CONT.)6) Programs and projects linked to agriculture-nutrition nexus in Haiti

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• Some programs offer incentives to beneficiaries, particularly in agriculture. Targeted beneficiaries are end consumers, but incentives go to farmers.

• In nutrition programs, some projects target under 5 children, pregnant women, nursing women together with their kids, or HIV- SIDA affected people.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION (CONT.)6) Programs and projects linked to agriculture-nutrition nexus in Haiti

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Priority interventions for improving FNS outcomes focus on increase of the national agricultural production and the growers incomes.

7) Priority interventions for improving FNS outcomes in the country/ community


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8) Nutrition education • Direction of nutrition (DN) of MSPP is in charge of nutrition

education.

• local organizations (MPP), international organizations (UNICEF), and NGOs (MFK) also participate in nutritional education of the people.

• Universities also teach nutrition courses

• A private school of nutrition functions in Port-au-Prince

• Existing nutrition education services are open to every body (boys and girls, men and women); pregnant women and nursing women are targeted in priority. The initiatives are not enough.

• Usually, cultural aspects are not considered in nutrition education.


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• Changes in dietary patterns have occurred during the past years.

• Changes are not necessarily documented and monitored.

• For ex., in the past, Haitian people consumed more maize, sorghum, and root and tubers than rice and spaghetti. Today and since the middle of the year 1986, people eat more rice than maize, sorghum, and root and tubers.

8) Changes in dietary patterns


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9) Role of women organizations• Women are the main deciders in purchasing foods and food

distribution, but men are the main deciders in agricultural production and generating incomes.

• Women are individually present in production, marketing, processing and preparing food.

• Women's organizations are active in social and political matters, but they are not involved in policies, programs and projects addressing agriculture and food and nutrition security issues.

• They can get involved and play an important role, but, may be, they need to be motivated on these issues and trained in this field.


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• Key messages on agriculture and nutrition are communicated orally from mouth to ears in meeting by agricultural extension agents and health personal, respectively..

• For important issues such as new pest attacks, new illness transmitted to people via a food, besides meetings, posters affixed in public spaces, TV, radio emissions, quotidian journals, diffuse the information.

10) Communication of messages on agriculture and nutrition


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11) Existing models/best practices that benefit smallholder farmers• This question was not clearly and completely answered during the

survey. However, surveyees think that a land use reform including a farm consolidation is necessary to increase investment and production capacities of small farmers as well as their incomes.

• They think that putting the farmers in well organized, oriented and trained associations operating on large size farms would be beneficial. The case of Taiwan was mentioned as a potential model.

• Nutrition education is an issue to address.


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12) Best practices for building multi-stakeholder, multi-disciplinary, intersectoral, and inter-ministerial cooperation and partnerships for

Food insecurity is a transversal issue. It is not only a problem of the agricultural sector. All the sectors and all the ministries need to cooperate to address it.

Moreover, the problem of food insecurity in Haiti is not only a question of food availability because the food balance is usually positive (5.6% in 2005, 15% in 2007, and 13.72% in 2010). It is also a problem of economic access.


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12) Best practices for building multi-stakeholder, multi-disciplinary, intersectoral, and inter-ministerial cooperation and partnerships for

A large consensus for building a multi-stakeholder, multi-disciplinary, intersectoral, and inter-ministerial cooperation and partnerships for improving FNS outcomes at national level is necessary.

In Haiti, a platform involving different ministries exists, and the actors meet around a table of concertation. It seems that their actions are good, but not enough. They need to scale up.


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CONCLUSION

• Many institutions work in Food and Nutrition security area in Haiti. There are policies, programs and , and projects.

• Some projects get good results, but the food insecurity and malnutrition levels are high.

• The interventions are sound, but too limited to have substantial impacts a national level. They need to scale up.

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Potential entry points could include projects of: 1. Nutrition education (primary school can be used as a channel

to reach kids parents) 2. Promotion of home food production (jaden lakou) and

diversification of food production and consumption3. Extension of irrigated areas to increase farmers’ access to

irrigation water4. Increasing farmers’ access to agricultural access (seeds,

fertilizers, and pesticides)5. Promotion of agricultural research, education and extension In all cases, nutrition data should be collected and monitored as impact indicators

CONCLUSION

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• Women’s organizations are not involved in food and nutrition security activities. They may play an important role, and then, they need to be motivated, trained and to get involved.

• Any initiative aiming to increase local food production for food sovereignty, increase household incomes, or improve nutrition education would be sound.

CONCLUSION

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• Land use reform including farm consolidation and organization of farmers in association

• Reinforcement of Cooperation for better impacts on food and nutrition security. Agriculture and food issues have been too long considered as regarding peasants and agronomists.

CONCLUSION

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Merci de votre attention

Vos questions,commentaires et

suggestionsseront bienvenus

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Contexte agro écologique et socioéconomique de l’etude

• PIB: 7.34 milliards US dollars en 2011 (Banque mondiale, 2012)

• PIB per capita : 725 US dollars. • Principale source d’energie pour l’eclairage:

kerosene (63%) ;• Principale source d’energie pour cuisson: bois

et charbon de bois (96%).

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Pauvrete

• Chomage: environ 40%• Pauvrete extreme (vivant avec <1 USD/jour):

56%• Pauvrete moderee (vivant avec <2 USD/jour):

19% • Depenses pour l’alimentation: 65% du revenu

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Sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle en Haïti en 2011 (CNSA, 2011)

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II.- Specific Objectives – Identifying agriculture nutrition nexus in Haiti by agri-food

system and Food and nutrition security (FNS) outcomes analysis

– Identifying main institutions and governance structures addressing food and nutrition security issues in Haiti

– Identifying major policies related to agriculture and food and nutrition security in Haiti

– Conducting a gap analysis for identifying entry points for strengthening ag/nutrition nexus

#cpaf15 ws3: strengthening the agriculture/nutrition nexus-country rapid scan study: the case of...

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