cpe cambridge

8/6/2019 CPE Cambridge

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cpe-cambridge 1/31



T es t 6

19

20

21

33

Way, route, means or method? 35

Work or job? 36

Commonly confused nouns: relation I relationship, education I upbringing

Test 7 38

22 Commonly confused adjectives: tourist I touristic, economic I economical

23 Common, ordinary ot: usual? 41

24 Important, relevant or essential? 42

Test 8 43

25

26

27

When doIuse an adverb or an adjective?

Specially or especially? 46

45

Eventually or finally? 47

T est 928

29

30

48

Commonly confused verbs: reach I achieve, win I earn, profit I benefit

Which verbs are followed by a gerund or an inf init ive? 51

Propose, offer or invite? 52

T est 10 53

A ns we r k ey 55

40

50

37

i l l o r w o u l d ?

1 Tick the correct sentence ineach pair.

1 a E very th ing wi ll be muchqpi cker when we wi ll ge t t he new computer syst em.

b E very th ing wi ll be muchqpi cker when we get the new computer syst em.

2 a I promised Mum I'd go straight home after the concert

b I promised Mum I 'll go straight home after the concert

We use will to talk about future possibi li ties or predict ions which we believe will

happen, especially based on an exist ing s ituation or evidence:

I fyou don't water the plants, they' ll d ie . (it 's a certain fact)

Myjourney to work will be much easier when the new tram line opens . ( the l ine is

already being built , so the consequences are quite cer tain)

~ We only use will to tal lc about the possibi li ty or predict ion, not in the if/when

clause. (not when the new t ff lm line will apen)

We use would to describe hypothetical possibilities which are uncertain, unlikely or

impossible, often based on s ituations which do not yet exist or can never exist :

I 'd buy more organic products if they weren't so expensive. (but they are expensive)

In my opinion, it would bedisastrous to let this project go ahead. (no decision has

been made yet ,' so the consequences are only a possibi li ty)

We also use would to talk about a time in the future from a point in the past:

They planned that they would meet at midnight.

w e ek t ha t y ou w il l

c om e a nd fix th e

h e at in g , b u t i t' s s ti ll

f re e zi ng i n h e re !

3 Underline the correct form to complete each sentence.1 Itwi ll be / would be n ice to go away for longer, but I can't get more t ime off work.

2 She told me she will cal l / would call ifthere was a problem.

3 Ifthis rain continues / will continue much longer, the r iver will flood.

4 Based on cu rrent estimates, the number of mobile phone use rs will double / would

double in the next f iveyears.

5 Dave wil l be / would be furious ifhe mew what you'd done.

6 Ifeverything goes / wil l go to plan, we'll have everything finished by Friday.

7 He promised he will be / would be back in time for my bir thday.

8 More people would use public transport ifthe services were/ would bemore reliable.

5



ich m oda l do I use?

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pa ir.

1 a If yo u likeImpressionist art yo u shouldvisit the Museed'Orsay inParis.

b If yo u likeImpressionist art yo u have to visit the Museed'Orsay inParis.

2 a I think that chi ldrenshouldrespect their parents.

b I think that chi ldrenmustrespect their parents.

Weuse should to talk about what we think is right, best or correct:

I don't think people should keep big dogs in small apartments.

Weuse have to to talk about what isnecessary or compulsory:

Do young men have to do mil itary service inyour country?

Wealso use must to talk about what isnecessary or compulsory, especially when the

subjec t of the verb is not a person or when the main verb is passive:

All applications must be received by 31 January.

i : : r Inthe negative, mustn't means 'not allowed', but don't have tomeans 'not necessary':

The cheque must not exceed the value of the guarantee card.

EU cit izens don't haue to ge t a visa to travel to the US.

Weuse must to talk about what we are sure i s t rue. The opposit e is can't.

She must be bored at home all day on her own.

Youcan't be t ired - you've only jus t got up!

3 Complete the following sentences using an appropria te modal verb.

1 All children under 12 be accompanied by an adult .2 There's a free 3D-day trial period, so you pay anything for the

first month.

3 I missed the last train and get a taxi home.

4 We need more sugar already - I only bought some last week.

5 All accidents be recorded in the incident book.

6 Have you seen their house? They have a lot of money.

7 That cut looks really bad - I think you go to hospital.

8 You lift the l id whi le the rice i s cooking or all the steam will

be released and itwon't cook properly.

6

ic h n ou ns a nd a djec tiv es a re fo llo we d b y a gerund or an

itive?

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pai r.

1 a Asa disabled person, hehas dif ficulty gettin9 onandoff buses.

b Asa disabled person, hehas dif ficulty to get onandoff buses.

2 a I 'm usedto eatin9 mymainmealat midday.

b I 'musedto eat mymainmealat midday.

Many words are fol lowed by a verb in either the gerund t-ing) or infinitive (to do)form. You can check which patte rns a word i sused with by looking at the examples in

a good learner's dictionary. The following are some common combinations:

• noun~ do (something)

have the ability / confidence / courage to do (something):

He didn 't have the confidence to speak up about what he'd witnessed.

• noun (+ preposition) + gerund

fear of doing (something), have difficulty in doing (something):

He lived in cons tant fear ofbeing found out .

• adjective + to do (something)

be right / wrong to do (something), be lucky /fortunate to do' (something)

be happy to do (something) (= willing to do something):

I'm happy to pick Iamie up if you' re busy .• adjective + gerund

be used to doing (something), be busy doing (something), be worth doing (something):

The vineyards are tuell uortlt visiting.

i : : r See Unit 29forverb + verb combinations.

M u m 's a lw ay s t oo

b us y to lo ok a fte r m y

b ab y b ro th er t o l is te n

t o m y p ro bl em s .

Use the words below (in the same order) to create sentences . Add any necessaryprepositions or art icle s, and put the verbs in an appropriate form.

1 He / have / terrible / fear / travel/by / plane .

2 She / be / right / tell / boss / about / problem ..

3 He / have / ability / play / highest / level/the / sport ..

4 We / have / difficulty / find / parking / space ..

5 It/ be not / worth / cook / full / meal / for / one / person .

6 I / feel/lucky / have / such / good / friends .

7 He / not / have / courage / tell / her / face to face ..

8 He / be / not / used to / get up / so / early ..

7



:t Complete the text using should, shouldn't or have to.

2 Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets .Example:

Yesterday:

Now:

1 January

Now:

2 Las t night:

Now:

3 20years ago:

Now:

4 January:

April:5 Last week:

Now:

6 1950s:

Now:

7 Tuesday:

Sunday:

'So,I ' ll see you outside the cinema at 8 o'clock tomorrow evening.'

We arranged that we . : : : ' P . ! 1 : ~ 0 .~.~~.tp..~~~0.y..~.~.~.~~~~! , : , : ,; ~ . . at 8. (meet)

' I' ll give up smoking this year. '

At the star t of the year, Iesolved that I (stop)

'I 'l l g iveyou a callwhen Iarrive at the airport.'

She said she at the airport. (call)

'When Igrow up, I 'll have lots of children. '

When Iwas young, Imagined that a big

family. (have)

'The building work should be f inished bythe end ofMarch.'

We thought that the building work by now. (finish)'Don't worry, I 'll bring some sleeping bags. '

'Where are the sleeping bags? You said you .

them.' (bring)

'In 50years ' t ime, people will be l iving on the moon.'

Experts predicted that people on the moon by

now. (live)

'We'll probably be back ina couple of days. '

We didn't think the trip this long. (take)

8

Underline the most appropriate form of the verb to complete the horoscope.

Aries: 21 March - 19 April

T h e p l an et M a rs i s m o vin g i n to y o ur s ig n t hi s w e ek g iv in g y ou th e c on fi de nc e

( 1 ) t o p u s h / o f p u s hi n g a he ad w it h c ar e er p la ns . I f y ou 'v e b ee n h op in g f or a

p ro m ot i o n a t w o rk , t h e n ex t f e w d ay s ( 2 ) w o ul d b ri n g / w i l l b ri n g g oo d n ew s .

F or t h os e o f y o u d is il l u si o ne d w it h y ou r j o b, n ow i s t h e t im e w h e n y ou ( 3 ) m u st / s ho u l d

c on si d er l o ok in g f or s om e th in g n ew - y ou h av e t h e a bi l i t y ( 4 ) t o g o / o f g oi n g r ig h t t o t h e

t o p; m d y ou d on 't ( 5) h av e t o / m u st p ut u p w it h s ec on d b es t. I f yo ur c ur re n t b os s i s t o o b u sy

( 6 ) t o w o r r y / w o r r yi ng a bo ut h is o w n p os it io n t o n o t i c e y ou r a ch ie ve m en ts , y ou ( 7) s ho u ld /w o u l d b e l o ok in g f or a n o rg an is at i o n w h er e y ou c an r ea li s e y o ur f ul l p o te nt i a l. Y o u m i g ht

( 8 ) b e / h av e t o w a it a w h il e f or t h e r ig h t o pp or tu n i t y t o m a ke y ou r m o v e, b u t b e p at ie nt ; t h e

w a it ( 9) w i l l b e / w o u ld b e w e ll w o rt h i t l

4 Complete the sentences us ing the correct form of an appropriate verb.

Cricket star banned for six months

Cricketer John Wilson received a 6-month ban yesterday for fai ling to take a routine drugs test.

The 36-year-old star says i t was a simple mistake, but the authori ties insist that all p layers must

co-operate with random testing or face the consequences. What do you think? Haveyour say . ..

'I think he's lucky not (1) a longer ban. It isn't worth(2) a random drug testing program if players can just ignore the tests.'

'Al l sportsmen are role models for young people and they should take their responsibil it ies more

seriously. Surely it (3) that difficult to remember to go for a simple test!

The authorities are right (4) him as a warning to other top players that

no one is above the rules.'

'I think a 6-month ban is too much. If he'd been found guilty (5) drugs,

then t ha t'd be di ffe ren t. B ut he j us t made a st upi d mi st ake and I t hi nk i t' s wrong

(6) him so harshly.'

'Drugs in sport is a ser ious problem and the sports authori ties haveto havethe courage

(7) the rules. If a top team are unlucky enough

(8) one o f their best players for a season, I think that's a price

worth (9) .'

5 The text below contains six errors. Find them and correct them.

9



; h i c h , w h o o r w h a t ?


1 a The livingroom has a big open fire. which makesit reall!:Jwarm and cos!:J.

b The livingroom has a big open fire. what makesit reall!:Jwarm and cos!:J.

2 a Hehas three brothers whichare older than him.

b Hehas three brothers who are older than him.

Who and which are used to refer back to something from the f irst par t ofa sentence.

Who refers to people and which to things, places or organisations:

Do you know the glty who lives next door?

I workfor an organisat ion which helps homeless people f ind work.

What isused to refer to something unknown:

Do you know what's in the box?

A defining relat ive clause def ines exactly who or what you are talking about . Who or

which can be replaced by that or sometimes dropped altogether:

That 's the man who I saw running away from the accident.

That 's the man (that) I saw running away from the accident.

A non-defining relative clause, separated by commas, gives extra information:

Our apartment, which faces east, gets the sun in the morning.

Which can 't be dropped or replaced by that, as i twould then become a def ining

relative clause, e.g. Our house that faces eas tgets the sun in the morning. (we have

several houses and this one faces east)

3 Make the following sentences sound more natural using who, which or what.

wl1~cl1Example: They have a very heavy workload. Ahea'v"/workload can lead to stress.

1 There are many students. These students can't afford to pay such high fees.

2 We're lucky to live in this country. This country has free bas ic healthcare.

3 The book has two main characters. These characters are very different .

4 He hasn't explained the thing he wants me to do.

5 I s tayed with a lovely family. This family l ive in an old farmhouse.

6 People are l iving longer. Thi s means that the state has to pay more in pensions.

7 Do you know the thing he plans to do when he finishes coll ege?

8 My uncle gave me some helpful advice about loans. My uncle i s a bank manager.

10

c h p ro no un d o I u se to re fer to p eo ple in g en era l?

Tick the more natural sentence in each pai r.

1 a (tthink that !:JOdhould stand dpfor what !:JOdelievein.

b I think that one shouldstand upfor what one bel ievesin.

2 a If a student has a problem.heshould seehispersonal tdtor f irst

b If studente havea problem.they shouldseetheir personal tutor first

As English does not have a neutral third person singular pronoun, we have to f ind

other ways ofreferring to an unknown or theoret ical third person.

One can be used to refer to people in general . However, i t isnow becoming s lightly

old-fashioned and is normally used only in formal written contexts:

Such dif ficult ies are not surprising when one considers the s ize of the task at hand.

We use you to refer to people in general or to any person in a hypothetical si tuat ion:

IfYOlt want to succeed in business, you need confidence and determination.

He used as a neutral pronoun is old-fashioned and considered sexist by some people.

We sometimes use they as a neutral singular pronoun. Some people consider this

incorrect inwritten English, but i t is becoming more accepted and can be used in exams.

What's thef irs t thing you should say toa customer when they walk into the office?

Other words used to descr ibe people in general include anyone, someone, people:

It's easy to understand how anyone would get frustrated in that situation.

I fsomeone ret iresat the age of60, they wil l receive aful l s ta te pension.

Complete the text using appropr iate pronouns.

Christmas can be difficult ifyou think of (1) as a friend to the environment.

No one wants to spend the festive season wringing (2) hands about all the

paper wasted on cards or unnecessary plast ic toys. But there are ways that

(3) can enjoy it without denting (4) eco- friendly conscience.

If (5) look around, there are plenty of eco-presents to be found, especially

recycled ones. Anyone will be delighted to receive a diary which (6) know

.was produced from recyc led paper or a mouse mat made from old car tyres. Or for the

really green friend, (7) could always arrange to have a t ree planted in

(8) name.11



ic h p erso na l p ro no un d o I u se?


1 a Weallreally efljoyed oLlrself at the party.

b Weall really efljoyed ourselves at the party.

2 a Shall I book a toble? How manypeopleare we~

b Shall I book a toble?How manyof usare there~

Weuse the reflexive pronoun ourselves to refer to a group of people we are part of:

Welt befooling ourselves i f wesaid i t was going tobe an easy match.

Weuse yourself to talk to one person and yourselves to address a group ofpeople:

Why don't you ask him yourself? (when talking to one person)

You should count yourselves lucky that no one was badly hur t. (to several people)

We use themselves to refer to a group of people we are not part of:

The children prepared everything themselves.

We can also use themselves to refer to an unknown or theoret ical person:

What should you do if someone falls and hurts themselves?

Y l : r See unit 5 on use of they for third person singular.

Wben we talk about the number of people in a group, we use of usI them:

There are eight of us, so we' ll have to go in two taxis. (not we ~ eight pe6ple)

Y o u' re h e re t o r ep re s en t y o ur

c ou ntr y a nd a ny p la ye rs w ho

g e t y o ur se lf i nt o t ro u bl e w il l

b e s en t s tra ig ht h om e .

3 Complete the sentences wi th an appropria te personal pronoun.

1 'There was a loud bang and everyone threw to the ground.'

2 We've done a good job and we can all be proud of .

3 You should always warm up before exercise so that you don 't injure

4 The boys found in a dangerous situation.

5 We couldn't playa proper match because there weren't enough of

6 Make sure you all leave enough time to get to the station.

7 You need to ask what's more important, your job or your family.

8 The government have left open to criticism.

12

2 This is the beach ..

we looked out onto.

Complete the comments below using which, who or what.

1 This is the couple owned

the guesthouse where we stayed.

3 Here's a picture of the li ttl e beach stal l

.........................................old fried chicken.

4 And this is Sylvia ..

ran the stall.

5 You saw these f lowers everywhere. I don 't

know they were, but

they were so lovely and colourful.

6 This is Nicolaos, was

our guide when we went turtle-watching.

7 And this is the turtle we saw .

had come up onto the beach to lay eggs.

8 This is one of the local fishermen - I can't

remember his name was.

2 Rewrite the sentences replacing the pronoun one with the word in brackets, making

any other necessary changes.

lOne must play one's part in helping protect the environment. (everyone)

2 One should respect the local customs of the count ry one is vi si ting. (tourists)

3 Ifone promises to do something, one shouldn' t go back on one's promise. (you)

4 Wben one ente rs a mosque, one i s expected to remove one's shoes. (someone)

5 Ifone is found guilty ofa crime, one has to accept the punishment. (person)

13



3 Complete the text with one of

the pronouns from the box.

Some are used more than once

and some may not be used.

which

ourselves

who

they

what

themselves

you

yourself

4 There are eight mistakes in the text. Find and correc t them.

5 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in the box.

enjoy yourself

please yourself

take care ofyourself

express yourself

be yourselfind yourself

lock yourself out

1 The boys climbed over a wall and in an apple orchard.

2 Inthe interview, you should just try to relax and .3 The children are encouraged to through painting.

4 Hey, stop talking about work! We're on holiday and we 're meant to be here to

5 The caretaker has a spare set of keys in case any of the students .

6 Mum, will you stop worrying! Helen and I are old enough to .

now.

7 Dinner's at 8 o'clock, but the re's nothing planned for the afternoon, so you can all

.........................................ntil then.

14

hen do I use the?

1 Tick the'cirrrec t sentence in each pair.

1 a I hopeI didn't g ivehima wrong address .

b I hopeI didn't givehimthe wrong address.

2 a She'sa kindor person who likeseverythingto be ina right place.

b She'sthe kindor person who likeseverythingto be inthe right place.

We use the to refer to things which the re can only be one of:

o the main / only: I 'l l meet you outside the main entrance to the s tation.

o the f irst / last / nex t: We need to ge t off at the next bus stop.

o t he right / wrong: You have to be in the right mood for a party .

o the best / biggest, etc.: This could be the most impor tant decis ion you ever make.

o in the future / long term / shor t term: I don't p lan tochange jobs in the near future.

We use the in a number ofcommon express ions:

o at the age of:

He lef t home at the age 0/16 tofind work abroad.

o be the kind / sort ofperson who:

He's the kind a/person who says what he thinks.

I t' s the sort of area where you don't go out alone at night.

o have / get / g ive the impression that:

I had the impression that she was worried about something.

3 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct those which are wrong.

1 I don't want to do somethingthat I'llregret ina ruture .

2 Quickrixes won't help the situation inthe longterm .

3 Most people retire at their age or 60 or 65 .

4 Weoften get the impressionthat a world is getting smaller. ..

5 Everyday Mehmetwalks q5 minutesto school ina next village .

6 Oneor the rescue workers said itwas worst accident he'dever seen.

7 These are not the sort or tourists we want to attract .

8 The weather got the worse later inthe week. .

15



do I u se q u it e , v e ry and r e a l l y ?

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pa ir.

1 a Wehad qpite a busy week.

b Wehad a qpi te busyweek.

2 a I t rea lly i s true that Englishpeopledrink a lot or tea.

b It isreallytrue that Englishpeopledrink a lot or tea.

The position ofthese adverbs ofdegree (quite, very, really, etc.) is important and can

sometimes change the meaning ofthe sentence:

• be + quite / very/ fairly, etc. + adjective:The weather was quite cold when we arr ived.

The neighbourhood where hegrew up was quite wealthy.

The hotel we stayed in was very expensive.

1 :l Note: be + really + adjective: really means 'very'

really + be + adjective / noun: really means 'actually / in fact' :

I found out later that Peter had been really ill. (he was very ill)

I found out later that Peter really had been ill. (itwas t rue that he was ill)

• quite + a + adjective + noun:

It was qui te a cold day when we arrived.

But: a + really / very /fairly, etc. + adjective + noun:

Westayed in a very expensive hotel .

1 :l We cannot use adverbs of degree with adjectives expressing something absolute:

She isquite pl'8gFl61l'lt. (ei ther she ispregnant or not)

3 Put the words in the correct order to form a sentence.

1 quite / large / went / I / school/to / a ..

2 really / had / wonderful / We / a / holiday .

3 very / family / to / My / important / are / me .

4 really / Maybe / was / his / true / story ..

5 quite / software / The / to / easy / is / use .

6 really / Everyone / on / hard / to / worked / time / finish .

7 fairly / We / to / city / live / centre / close / the .

8 quite / apartment / building / is / new / a / in / Their .

16

o r f e w e r ?

Tick the correct sentence in each pai r.

1 a Anageing populat ion meansthat there are lessworking people.

b Anageing population meansthat there are rewer working people.

2 a Peoplenow havelessmoneyto spend onluxury goods.

b Peoplenow haverewer moneyto spend onluxurygoods.

We use less before an uncountable noun:

Working people have lessaktt less t ime tospend with their families.

We use fewer before a Plur~ countable noun:

Families are choosing to h~re fewer children.

-{;[n informal spoken English, many people also use less before a plural noun. This~should not be used in writ ten English, and will be marked as incorrect in formal

written exam/

The oppos ite ofboth less and fewer is more: more time / research / problems

We also use less/ the least before an adjective to form a negative comparative or

superlative:

Things are slightly lessexpensive here than in the capital. (opposite more expensive)

I t' s the least common ofall the monkeys in the region. (opposite the most common)

Complete the sentences below using fewer, less or the least.

1 There are jobs available for non-science graduates.

2 Inurban areas there is affordable accommodation available.

3 The airline has cut costs and now has aircraft.

4 Our survey found that ironing was popular chore.

5 The resorts on the west coast are developed.

6 students are choosing to study History and Classics.

7 We encourage children to ea t more fresh fruit and f . . . Ui1ifu~d.~I '

8 Farmers are struggling because there's been rai ~l> year ".than normal. CI l.iS~rin·"

.." f" ,- ~ ...

17 c- ... , ' : . L , - , } " ; " ,

,,~;~~--.(

II



1 Complete the text using a, the or - .

Thirty years ago, this was quit e (1) run-down neighbourhood ,and most

of the families living here were (2) fairly poor. Over (3) last

three decades, however, it has gradually become (4) more fashionable

and (5) sort of place where (6) trendy young professionals

now choose to l ive.

(7) main street has undergone (8) complete transformation,

wi th greengrocers and butchers being replaced by fashion boutiques and hip cafes.

It's also become one of (9) most popular nightspots in the city with

(10) new bars and clubs opening on every street corner.

2 Complete the second sentence so tha t it has a simila r meaning to the fi rst sentence,

us ing the word given.

1 Women can reti re and receive a state pension when they are 60 years old. (age)

Women can retire and receive a state pension .

2 There aren't as many independent record labels as there were 10 years ago. (fewer)

There there were 10 years ago.

3 They served beef in a fai rly ri ch sauce. (quite)

They served beef .4 She didn't seem to want to discuss the divorce. (impression)

I to discuss the divorce.

5 Do you think it's true that the college i s l ikely to close? (really)

Do you think to close?

6 I don't spend as much t ime with my family as I'd like. (less)

I I'd like.

7 There weren 't any other foreigners in the town where I was s taying. (only)

I in the town where I was staying.

8 We don't plan to change our staffing levels for a while. (short term)

We don't plan .

9 She fell illon Friday evening and was taken to hospital on Saturday. (next)

She fell ill .10 She chose the cheapest dish on the menu. (expensive)

She chose .

18

very

really

the the

Comple te the conversation using one of the words from the box in each space. Each

word isused only once.

slightly really fewer quite lessery more

Sam: What do you think of t he new Chinese takeaway on the corner?

Clive: I think the food is (1) good. There are

(2) dishes on the menu than you'd normally expect, but

they seem (3) authentic than the other places I've tried.

Sam: Yes, I had some (4) good Sweet and Sour Chicken. I

agree though that it is (5) a limited menu.

Clive: It's (6) more expensive than other takeaways, but you

definitely pay (7) than you would in a restaurant.

Look at the charts and complete the sentences. Use one word in each space.

Bangkok Visitor Survey

Nationality Mainpurpose ofvisit

IIourism

~ Bus in es s

D Other

IIuropean

~ Ja panes e

D American

iiiAustrianIIIOther

Length of s tay

II I day or less

1!12-S days

DS-10days

II0-lS days

IIIMore tha n ISd ay s

1 There are American tourists than Japanese visitors.

2 Europeans make up group by nationality.

3 Most visitors stay more than 2 d ays and only 15% spend time in the city.

4 Very people stay for longer than a fortnight.

5 For 65% of visitors, purpose of their visit is tourism.

6 visitors come to the city on business than as tourists.

Put the missing word in the correct place on the same line.

the

fewer

less



1 Tickthe correct sentence ineach pair.

1 a We'veseena dramatic increaseof air pol lution inthe city.

b We'veseena dramatic lncrecse inair pollution inthe city.

2 a Only36students so+the exam.compared to 50 la5t year.a drop of 281, .

b Only36students eo+the exam.compared to 50 lost year.a drop in 281, .

Weuse the preposition in after nouns to descr ibe a measurable change:

• a(n) increase / decrease, etc. + in + noun (the thing which has changed):

There has been a sudden increase in unemployment.

Weuse the preposition of to describe a general trend or the size of a change:

• the rise/ decline / increase, etc. + of + noun:

His book investigates the rise of trade unionism in the region. (general trend)

• a(n) r ise/ increase / fal l, etc. + of + amount:

Only 56 turtles nested this year, a/all 0/20% from last year. (the size ofthe change)

Some uncountable nouns can only be followed by of

The spread of neui technology has led to dramatic changes in the workplace.

Growth is a difficult case. Itusually follows the rules (in + measurable change, of +

t rend), but can be followed by either of or in in many contexts:

the growth in the number ofyoung people going to univers ity

the growth of interest in renewable energies

3 Complete the following text using appropriate prepositions.

Not one area in England orWales reported a f all (1) house prices last month,

a survey has found. Cumbria saw the largest increase with an average rise (2) .

1.5%. Prices show no sign of d ropping despite recent rises (3) interest rates.

Experts believe that the recent quarter point rise (4) 3.5% (5) .

3.75%will do lit tle to s low the market . Figures showed that there was also an increase

last month (6) the number of sales (7) 3.3%. But at t he start of this

month, there was a fall (8) demand (9) 1.2% and a drop

(10) 1.9% (11) the number of properties being put on the market.

20

re po sitio n d o I u se a fte r v erb s?

1 Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 a AnEngli5hbreakfa5t consists bacon. egg5.scosoqe and tomato.

b AnEngli5hbreakfa5t consists of bacon. egg5.5au5age andtomato.

2 a Stop talk ingand concent ra te onwhat you' re do ing.

b Stoptalk ing and concentrate inwhat you're doing.

Many verbs are usually fol lowed by a par ticular preposi tion. You can check which

preposi tion isused after a verb in a good learner 's dictionary:

• consi st + of + (something):The exam consists of' tum par ts; a written tes tand an oral. (not eonsists in tUJepElrts)

• concentrate + on (doing) (something):

I t' sdi ff icul t toconcentrate on your work with all this noise.

I 'd like to concentrate more on improving my writing skills.

• contr ibute + to + (something):

I 'd l ike to thank everyone who contr ibuted to the success of this project .

• depend + on + (someone / something):

The s ize of the grant you get depends on your income. (not depends efyeur ineeme)

• insist + on + (doing) (something):

Youshould always insist on a tes t drive before buying a car .

I t was Joe who ins is ted on bringing a picnic.

3 comp!e~t~nces with a verb +preposition from above.

1 Y06 have to just ignore the crowd and the game.

2 Ifthe goods are faulty you should a refund.3 Th~sitor pack maps and guides to local attractions.

4 The c'os$ofinsurance will your age, driving record and type

of car.

5 Scientists believe.that carbon dioxide emissions global warming.

6 I think that the police should more .

preventing crime.

7 We all went out to dinner and Ben paying for the whole meal.

8 The President his advisers to keep him up-to-date with the

facts.

21



im e o r a t th e tim e ?


1 a 8ythe timewe got there. the stadiumwas already full.

b A t the timewe got there. the stadiumwas already full.

2 a At the t ime. I was a student li ving ina t iny flat inLondon.

b Atthe momentI was a student l iv ingina t iny f lat inLondon.

We use by when something has already happened before a par ticular t ime:

By the time the police arrived, the burglars had disappeared. (the burglars left some

time before the police arrived)

I need toget thisfinished by the end of' the day. (before the end ofthe day)

At the t ime means 'then I when something was happening':

Sarah was, in fact, already pregnant , but I didn' t know that at the t ime. (then)

Weuse at that t ime to emphasise that something was true then, but is dif ferent now:

At that t ime, he was jus t star ting his act ing career and was completely unknown.

Also:Wehad a tes tat the end of' the course. (e.g. in the last lesson)

At the moment means 'now or around now':

At the moment, I 'm working on quite an interest ing project .

Weuse at that moment to re fe r to an exact time in the past, mostly in stories, when

something happened suddenly:I wondered where Marie was and at that moment, the phone rang. Itwas her.

3 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct those which are wrong.

1 8y the end of the show. everyone comesback on stage ..

2 I have been to Paris before. but I was only ten at the moment ..

3 8y that time.myfamily were still living inMunich ..

4 Don't worry - I'm sor-ethey'II be back at the time it gets dark. ..

5 It was the only thing I could think of to say at the time .

6 It was in that momentthat I realised the truth .

7 Whereare yo u working at the moment\'Still at the sameplooe? .

8 A t midday his temperature had got worse. so I called the doctor. .

22

1 Complete the newspaper cuttings with an appropr iate preposi tion.

There has been a slump (1) almost 30% (2) package holiday

sales for next summer. Bookings to Spain - the leading dest inat ion for inclusive

holidays - have seen a drop (3) 35%.

T he g ov ern me nt is in tro du cin g a n ew s ys te m o f fe es fo r u nive rs ity s tu de nts . S tu de nts

w ill cQ [11J:ib u te(4) th e cos t o f th e ir educa tio n a fte r the y le a ve , w ith thes iz e o f the re pa ym en ts depend in g (5) th e ir le ve l o f incom e on g radua tion .

Th e g ove rnm en t sa y tha t th e n ew cha rg es a re n ec es sary b ecau se o f th e rap id

g row th (6) s tu den t n um be rs in re cen t years .

There has been a big leap (7) the number of women marrying

younger men in the past 25 years, according to the Office for National

Statistics. The proportion of brides marrying a younger man rose

(8) 15% (9) 26% in the years from 1963 to 1998, i t said.

The report's authors said the findings were important because changing

patterns (10) marit al age gaps could have fa r-reaching implications

for older couples. There could be fewer widows in future.

A new diet which promises weight loss (11) up to 5 kilos in just a couple

of weeks has been crit ici sed by health experts . According to the diet , each meal

should consist (12) only one food type; vegetables, meat or fish.

2 Rewri te the sentences using the noun in brackets.

1 The company revealed that profi ts dropped by£lmill ion las t year. (drop)

The company last year.

2 The campaign aims to s top AIDS spreading in the Developing World. (spread)

The campaign in the DevelopingWorld.

3 Experts say that temperatures a re rising by 1.50per decade. (rise)

Experts say per decade.

4 The number ofpeople using mobile phones is growing rapidly. (growth)There is mobile phones.

5 I talians are unhappy that the s tandard of television has declined. (decline)

Italians are television standards.

6 The treatment can lead to some pat ients ga ining weight. (gain)

The treatment some patients.

7 The agreement i s a iming to reduce harmful emissions by 25%. (reduction)

The agreement harmful emissions.

8 Over the past decade, we have seen sales decrease by 12%. (decrease)

Over the past decade sales.

23



3 Complete the text using one preposition in each space.

~~~~~y. .(r.) t V i e e V \ .c l o f L C lS t w e el ," , , e C lV M .e C l e v o s s C l f. L V M . c re w f. L V M .lv cg C l V \ . e w V M . o v l e

w l t V i o V \ .e o f V M . i : : JC lv ou rl t e C le to vs . , c l lc l V \. 't V i C lv e V 1 A . fj e C l V M . e V C lw lt V i V M .e ( : : < ) th e

t l V M . e , s o , v 'L SV ie cl b C l e l , " to V M . fj c a r to g e t L t. ' - ' I . V \ . f o v t u V \ . C l t e L i : : J ' ( 3 ) t V ie t lV M . e ,

g ot b ac lz , t V i e f j ' c l f .V \ .l sV ie c l t Vi e s c e we C l V \ . c lt V i e C l e t o v W C l S V \ .o w V i e ve t o b e s e eV \. . , W C l S v W L L i : :J c l l s C l l ' l ' o l V \ . t e c l

C l V \ . c ls tC ll t ec l w C lL R lv c g b C le !, " to V M . i : : Jc a r w V ie V \ . , ju s t ( 4 ) t V iC lt V M . o V M . e V \ . t ,Vi e

w C l L l < . e c l O 'e t o f C I b u l Lc ll V\ .g v lg V it t V i e v e L v \ ' f vo V \. t o f V M . e. , e o u Lc lV \ . ' t b e L le v e V M . i: :JL u e l, " - V \ . o t o V \ . L i: : J l l c l ,

g et to t C l I < .e V i l s l ' V i o t o , b e et V ie g C lv e V M .e V ils m e to g v Cl l' Vi t oo !

4 Choose one word which can be used appropriately in both sentences.

1 She noticed she'd spilt a of red wine on her white shirt.

We expect to see a in demand during the summer months.

2 Hang on, I'll be with you in just a .

I'm in a meeting at the Can I call you back in ten minutes?

3 My aunt had a nasty last week and broke her arm.

There has been a slight in the cost of oil.

4 I was really tired and finding it difficult to .

Today, we're going to on improving your serve.

5 Itwas probably a mistake, but I was very young at the .

Ifyou send it now, it should arrive in for his birthday.

6 What effec t will the of MP3 have on the music industry?A child's diet should contain everything needed for healthy .

5 Today isMonday. Look at the list of things to do and

complete the text below using by or at.

'I'm really busy (1) the moment. Today, I need to h avethe final design for the new business cards ready (2) .11o 'clock, then I 've got to go topick up some dry cleaning(3) lunchtime. I've got am eeting first thing tomorrow,so I need to have everything prepared for that (4) .the end oftoday. We need to discuss Phil' s proposal and make adecision on it (5) tomorrow afternoon. Next year'sbrochures need to be ready (6) Thursday whenAnna's coming in for them and I 've got an important repor t tofinish (7) the end of the week. Then we always haveour regular team meeting (8) the end of the week -hopefully I'll have everything else finished (9) then.Oh yes, and I 've got toremember topick the car up from thegarage (10) the weekend.'

24

o u n s h a v e i r r e g u la r p lu r a l f o rm s ?


1 a Whyare we so interes ted in the livesor the r ich and ramous?

b Why are we so interested in the lir es o r the r ich and ramous?

2 a I met some rea lly interest ing persons on myt rave ls.

b I met some rea lly in te resting people on mytravel s.

Many common nouns have irregular or confusing plural forms:

o life-« lives (also uiife-« wives, knife-r knives, rooj-« roouesi:

Do politicians really know anything about the lives of ordinary voters?

o belief-« beliefs (also chief ....;>chiefs, but thief'-r thieves):

My parents both have very strong political beliefs.

o child-» children:

Many couples are choosing to have fewer children.

o aircraft -»aircraft (also [ish=» fish, sheep=« sheep):

Local people complain about the noise of loui-flying aircraft.

o persott :«people:

Weare campaigning for the rights of disabled people.

~ The plural form persons does exist, but is only used in legal or official contexts:

The law does not allow the sale ofalcohol topersons under 18years of age.

o baby=« babies (not~), country-« countries, family-« families, etc.

~ Note: story-« stories (atale) but storey=r storeys (a floor of a building):

He told me stories about his childhood. a building with 5storeys

3 Complete the sentences using the singular or plural form of the nouns above.

1 Elderly complained that the new buses are difficult to get onto.

2 My grandfather spent his whole living in the same village.

3 The toy isn't suitable for under the age of five.

4 He suffered discrimination because of his political .

5 No smoking is allowed on any of our .

6 The vaccine could save the of thousands of .

7 There is a widespread that diabetes is a genetic condition.

8 Both of my parents come from large , so I've got lots of aunts

and uncles.

25



o r e ve ry d a y ?


I a Yogacanhelp!: !outo cope with the stresses of ever!:!da!:! li fe,

b Yogacan help!:!outo cope with the stresses of everyday life,

2 a I get nervousevery t imeI get ona plane,

b I get nervouseveryt imeI get ona plane,

Every day, writ ten as two separate words , means 'each day':

I speak to my Mum on the phone almost every day,

Everyday, written as one word, is an adjective meaning 'ordinary or normal' . Itis

always used before a noun:

Schools should teach children skills they'll need in everyday life,

He painted pictures of everyday objects.

Common compounds writ ten as one word include:

everything, eueryiuhere, everyone, everybody

But be careful:

Everyone agreed it was a good idea, (all the people)

The vases are handmade and every one isslightly different, (each vase)

Every t ime wesee him he seems tohave a new problem, (always two words)

3 Under line the correct word(s) in each sentence.

I We receive hundreds ofemails everyday I every day,

2 I get excit ed everytime I every time I see the team play.

3 Iwalk along thi s stree t everyday I every day and I 'd never noticed that before,

4 I t hink everybody I every body enjoyed the party.

5 They rejected almost everyone I every one of his ideas,

6 The police asked everyone I every one to leave the building,

7 She's so good when it comes to pract ical , everyday's I everyday things,

8 I h ad a terrible day - everything I every thing seemed to gowrong.

26

r it is h and Ame ri ca n sp ell in g d if fe re n t?

1 Tick the sentence in each pair which is correct in British English.

1 a The service is aimedmostl!:!at businesstravelers,

b Theservice isaimedmostl!:!at businesstravellers,

2 a B!:!he next da!:! ,the weather had gotten evenworse,

b Bythe next day,the weather had got evenworse,

Many common words are spelt differently in British and American English. Although

both forms are correct , you should not mix British and American spellings. InBritish

examinations, American spellings will be marked as incorrect.

Some verbs ending in -I have a double -I before the ending in British English but a

single -I in American English:

• travelled __.,ravelling (also traveller) (UK); traveled __.,raveling (also traveler) (US)

• cancel led __.,cancelling (UK); canceled __.,canceling (US)

Also: counsel, dial, equal, fuel, label, level, marvel, model, signal, total

The past par ticiple of get is different in British and American English:

• get- got- got (UK);get- got- gotten (US):He'sgotten used to living alone, (USonly)

Verbs which end -ize (UK & US), can also be spelt -ise in British English only:

• organi ze __.,organise (UK), realize __.,realise (UK), analyze __.,analyse (UK),etc,

Some pas t tense verbs which end -ed (UK& US) can also be spelt - tin Bri tish English:

• learned __. ,earnt (UK), spelled __.,pelt (UK), spoiled __.,spoilt (UK),etc,

3 Make sentences 1-4correct in British English and 5-8 inAmerican English.

1 Onlyproducts from certain farms canbe labeled organic, """"""""".".""""".",,.,,.

2 Johnson eqooled the fastest time ever for the event """""""""""""""""""".

3 Planeshavegotten bigger as air travel hasincreased. """""""""""""""""""".

4 The hotel isjust a few hundred metersfrom the beach."""""""""""""""""""""

5 There hasbeena CWickeaction from international aid organisations. """"""",,""",,"""""",,.

6 Helearnt Spanishwhilehe was travelling inLatin America."""""""""""""""""""".

7 She'dhadher hair cut short and I didn't recognise her at first """""""""""",,"""""",,.

8 It's difficult to rememberhow somewords are spelt """""""""""""""""""""

27



1 Complete the following spell ing rules .

1 is an adjective meaning 'ordinary or normal' which is always

used a noun.

2 The normal plural form of person is The more formal plural

form, , , is only used inlegal and contexts.

3 Nouns which end inthe let ter -yusually take the plural ending

..........................................the word is an exception.

4 In British English, the pas t par ticiple of the verb to get is butin American English, the past participle is also used.

5 Some verbs ending in inBritish English have a double

consonant in the pas t tense. InAmerican English, there is only

2 Complete the pairs ofsentences inBritish or American English.

'Our flight was cancelled because the (1) .

developed a fault.'

'Our flight was (2) because the airplane

developed a fault.'

'Wewere travell ing along the motorway when a bird hit thewindscreen.'

'We were (3) along the freeway when a

bird hit the windshield.'

'I didn't realise so many words could be (4) .

differently in the US.'

'I didn't (5) so many words could be

spelled differently in the UK.'

• 'Steve really has got fatter since he started work at the sweet shop.'

'Steve sure has (6) fatter since he started

work at the candy store. '

Inmost cultures, danger is signalled by the (7) .

red.

In most cultures, danger is (8) by the color ~

red.

28

3 There are eight spell ing mis takes and four American spell ings inthis British

English text. Correct the mis takes and change the spell ings to British English.

Last year, Ivisited Latin America for the first time. I started off in Lima,the capital

of Peru. I twas fascinating to explore the city and get a glimpse intothe every

day lifes of the persons l ivingthere. Ivis ited some ofthe poorer suburbs where

many familys live insmall one- or two-room houses with tin roofs. Everyone was

really friendly though, especially the childs. Then I traveled onto Cusco, one of

the highest cit ies inthe world at 3 ,350meters, to get ready for the highlight ofmy

trip - a 5-day hike along the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu. Lotsof travelers spend

a few days there until they've gotten used to the alt itude before s tart ing the hike.

Imet some really interes ting people and heard lots ofamazing s torys about

their adventures. f'

Complete the following dictionary def init ions from the Cambridge Advanced

Leamer's Dictionary with words from units 14 and 15.

(1) noun [C] plural (2) .

the woman to whom a man is married

(3) noun [C]plural (4) .

any vehicle, with or without an engine, which can fly, such as a plane or helicopter

(5) verb [ lor T] past tense (6) or us

USUALLY (7) .

to make a movement, sound, f lash, etc. which gives information or tel ls people what

to do

(8) , us USUALLY (9) noun [C ]

someone who is trained to l is ten to people and give them advice about their problems

Use the word at the start of the line to form a word that fit s inthe space on the

same line.

life

person

counsel

cancel

aircraft

travel

29



c on fu se d w ord fo rm s

:t Tick the correct sentence in each pa ir.

1 a The kidswere tired and beginningto loseinterest

b The kidswere t ired and beginningto loose interest

2 a Thesunalways raises in the East

b The sunalways rises inthe East

Becareful not to confuse the noun loss, the verb form lose and the adjective loose.

• lo ss Iln sl (plural losses):

T hese facto ry clo su res w ill resu lt in th e lo ss o f th ou san ds o f jo bs.• l o se I lu : z/ -l o st -l o st :

T ho usa nds o fjo bs w ill b e lo st as a resu lt o f th ese facto ry clo su res.

Also: l o se i n te re st / p a ti en c e (become bored I impatient), l os e c on fi de nc e / f ai th

• lo ose Ilu :sl (adjective meaning 'not tight'):

Y ou sh ou ld w ea r lo ose , c om fo rta ble c lo th in g.

Becareful not to confuse the intransi tive verb rise and the transi tive verb raise:

• rise - ro se - risen (verb) means 'to goup or increase' :

E xp erts a re p re dic tin g th at f uel co sts w il l ri se.

• We also use the verb r ai se ( - r ai se d - r ai se d) when someone increases something:

T he n ew go vern men t is p lan nin g to raise taxes.

Also: r a is e c h il d re n (bring them up), ra ise d ou bts / f ea rs, ra is e a q ue stio n / p ro ble m

• rise (noun): E xp erts are p redictin g a rise in th e co st o f fu el.

- t : r The noun raise ismostly American English and means 'an increase in wages':

Iask ed m y bo ss fo r a raise. (U K: Iasked m y bo ss fo r a pay rise.)

2 Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first, using

the word in brackets.

1 There has been a 5% rise in accommodation costs in the past 3 years. (risen)

Accommodation costs in the past 3years.

2 Many fac tors need to be considered when choosing a sit e for a new school. (account)

Many factors when choosing a site for a new school.

3 Don' t worry, the nurses will look after you while you're in hospital. (care)

Don't worry, the nurses while you're in hospital.

4 These people do not want to bring the ir children up in a refugee camp. (raise)

These people in a refugee camp.

5 Many illnesses can cause you to lose your appetite. ( loss)

Many illnesses can .

6 I a lways have t rouble get ting up on a Monday morning. (bed)

I always have trouble on a Monday morning.

7 We will hold the next conference in Brighton next Apri l. (place)

The next conference next April.

8 Anunderstudy is someone who replaces a s tage actor if they are i ll . (stand)

Anunderstudy if they are i ll .

2 Complete the tex ts be low using one word in each space.

3 Complete the sentences using the correct form of one of the words above .

1 The number of accidents caused by drunk drivers has dramatically.

2 My neighbour has a key to my flat just in case I mine.

3 We'd already been waiting 2 hours and were patience.

4 Unemployment to 9.4% last month.

5 After several bad results, he confidence in his ability.

6 After a bad year the company announced this year.

7 The disease can cause confusion and of memory.

8 Some people have doubts about the safety of the factory.

32



3 Read the notices and complete the sentences using

the correct form of the word or phrase in bracke ts. Pr o te st M . qr ch - M ' 1 Y 1

N o to jo b c uts!

Ye s t o wo rk e rs ' r ig h ts !H AR IT Y fU N R UN

Bristol - 9 April

Application forms available

from Sports Centre

1 The fun run on 9 April. (take place)

2 The run is to for charity. (raise) ,

3 Anyone who from the sports centre. (take part)4 At the public meeting, people questions about

the new road. (raise)

5 The opinions of local people (consideration)

6 A protest march on 1May. (take place)

7 People are protesting (loss)

8 The protesters are workers' r ights. (stand upfor)

4 Complete the texts below using one preposi tion in each space.

Rosa gets (1) at six o'clock every morning to take her children to their

grandparents, who take care (2) them while she's at work. She would like to

stay at home and look (3) the children herself but she can't afford to. The

huge rise (4) the cost of living in t he past few years has forced her to go

back to work.

O livie r ha s be en in a w hee lch a ir s in ce the lo ss (5 ) h is r igh t le g in a n ac c ide n t tw o

yea rs ag o . He now spend s m uch o f h is tim e s ta nd in g up (6 ) the rig h ts o f d isa b le d

p eo ple , H e s ay s t ha t m a ny o rg an is at io ns d on 't t ak e t he n ee ds o f d is ab le d p eo ple

(7) ac cou n t w hen de s ign in g pu b lic b u ild ing s . He sa ys tha t la ck o f a cce ss p reve n ts

d isa b led pe op le From ta k ing p a rt (8) m any e ve ryda y a c tivities tha t a b le -b od ie d

p e o pl e t a ke F o r g ra n te d .

5 Match 1-5 and a-e to make sentences.

1 I'll book the flights ifyou take .

2 When Helen's not here, I stand .

3 Alison raised ..

4 I'm really tired from standing .

5 It's probably a false alarm, but we can't take .

6 The attack raised .

a steps toban drugs.

b up all day.

c any risks.

d ca re of the hotel.

e in for her.

f the question of

compensation.

g up forme.

h fears ofrenewed violence.

7 The sport is taking ..

8 The teacher didn't believe me, but Io stood .

34

, m e a n s o r m e t h o d ?

1 Tick the correc t sentence in each pair.

1 a Do!:lOLlnow the plannedwa!:lof the new rail l ine?

b Do !:lOLlknow the plannedroute of the new rail l ine?

2 a Travel i sa great wa!: l to broaden the mind.

b Travel isa great methodto broaden the mind.

We use way to refer general ly to directions from one place to another :

Can you tel l me the way to the s tation?

We use route to refer to a journey from one place to another, the roads you use, etc.:

She always takes the same route to work.

We use path to descr ibe how you get from one s ituation to another :

After leaving school, the two brothers' careersfollowed quite different paths.

We use way, means and method to say how you do something. Means and method are

used mainly in written language. Method is mostly used to describe technical

procedures, such as in science, finance, etc.:

• way + todo (something): He showed me the best way to clean the windows.

• way + ofdoing (something): Whats the quickest way ofgett ing to the airport?

• method + of + noun I doing (something): a leaf let about methods of bir th control

• means + of + noun I doing (something): Email isour main means of contact .

*Means isboth the s ingular and plural form:

The congestion charge isa means of cutting traffic. (not a mean ofeutting trClJjie)

There are several different means of calculating the distance.

3 Underl ine the correct noun ineach sentence.

1 Police and organisers disagreed about the way / route of the parade.

2 We need to look into alternative ways / methods of waste disposal.

3 I h ad an accident on my way / path to work.

4 People in rura l areas drive because there isn't any other way / means of transport.

5 Are writ ten exams the best way / method of assessment for language students?

6 It's a good way / means to get started in the sport.

7 On a Friday evening, there 's always heavy traff ic on all ways / routes out of the city.

8 Music can be an important way / means of expression for children.

35



j o b ?

1 Tickthe correct sentence in each pair.

1 a I'm luckyto haveajob which I ef1joy .

b I'mlucky to havea work which I ef1joy ,

2 a How long i s your j ourney to work?

b How long isyour journey to YOCJrob?

Work is an uncountable noun which we use to describe the things you do to earn

money or to achieve something, or the place where you work:

I 'l l be home late tonight , I've got a lot a/work tofinish .What t ime doyou s tart! f in ish work?

I take the kids to school in the morning be fore I go to work. (go to my office, etc.)

Is there a number I can call you on at work? (at your office etc.)

Many of the young men in the vil lage areout a/work. (unemployed)

Job is a countable noun which we use to describe a particular position you have

working for a company:

When he lef t col lege, hegot ajob in a bank.

Herfather lost his job. (became unemployed)

We use career to describe all the jobs you have in your l ife, often inone area ofwork:

My parents tried to discourage mefrom a career injournalism.

3 Complete the text using one word from above in each space.

Whilst more young women than ever before are now pursuing (1) .

in law,bus iness and other profess ions , they are s truggling to f ind the r ight balance

between (2) and family life. Ifthey don't want to give up a

good (3) when they have a baby, many women find themselves

pressured to return to (4) as soon as possible after maternity

leave. Women with school-age children also face problems juggling a busy

(5) and domestic commitments. The long hours demanded

inmany top (6) mean starting (7) early

and finishing late, miss ing out on valuable t ime with children. Taking too much time

off (8) to look after sick children can also damage women's

chances ofpromotion compared to their male colleagues.

36

c o n fu s ed n o u n s : r e la t i o n / r e la t i o n sh ip , e d u c a tio n /


1 a I 've always had a close relat ion with mygrandparents.

b I've always had a close relationship with mygrandparents.

2 a My rather was often away andd idn't really playa part in my upbringing.

bMyrather was often away and didn'f really playa part inmyeducation.

We use relationship to describe:

• the way people feel and behave towards each other - f riends , colleagues, family:

He has Idoesn' t have a verygood relationship with his boss . (not reiatienslzip te)

• the family connection between two people:

Whats her relationship toyou? Shes my aunt.

A relation or a relative is a member ofyour family:

He' sa di stant re lation. a party for friends and relatives

We use relations (always plural) to describe the way two groups of people, countries

etc., behave towards each other and communicate:

public I industrial! international I diplomatic relations

Relations between the two countries have improved.

We use education to describe what someone learns inschool, college, etc., andupbringing for what we learn from parents and family about how to behave:

Many of the children in this remote village receive noformal education.

I came from a Catholic family and had a strict, religious upbringing.

T hi s a g re e me n t c a n

o n ly i m pr ov e t he t ra d e

r e la t io n shi p b e tw e e n

o u r t wo n a ti on s .

3 Complete the sentences with one word from above.

1 She seemed to have a good with her parents.

2 I've got some who live inAustralia who I've never met.

3 The two governments have broken off diplomatic .

4 Itwas her first serious and she was upset when they split up.

5 There's always a special between a mother and baby.

6 Inmany cultures, women are responsible for children's .

7 between workers and management had reached a low point.

8 The government has promised to spend more on health and .

37



1 Complete the sentences using a word from the box. Each word i sused once.

method way ways routeourney

t o-;./J~

-------------~~~~~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

(~----~---~-----~T ra n sp o rt s u rv eyCommute rs :

H ow f ar d o y ou t ra ve l t o [1 ) ?

Which (2 ) o f t ra ns po rt d o y ou u se ?

D o y ou a lw ay s t ak e t he s am e (3 ) ?

H ow lo ng d oe s y ou r (4 ) take?

D o you ev er read / use a laptop / m ake ph one calls on your

(5 ) t o w o rk ?

Bus iness t rave l le r s :

Do you have to travel a broad as part o f your (6 ) ?

W hat d o you find a re t he best (7) of combating jetlag?

W h en t ra ve ll in g a br oa d w h at (8 ) o f p ay me nt d o y ou u se ?

[ cr ed it c ar d / c as h, e tc .)

2 Choose one word which can be used appropriately in both sentences.

1 Some people said the minister's visit was just a public .

exercise.

The trade dispute has soured between America and the EU.

2 She was injured in an accident at .

Many people move to the capital city to look for .

3 Which do we go now - right or left?

Joining a sports club is a great to meet new people.

4 Mum gave me the of chopping up all the vegetables.

I think Helena starts her new on Monday.

S What's the best of treatment for the disease?The main teaching used at the university is the traditional

lecture.

6 Were not fr iends outside the off ice, but we have a good working

She's not married, but is in a long-term .

7 The fire burnt out of control, destroying everything in its .

Itwas a long, hard towards independence for the tiny state.

8 I have all over the world.

She took on the responsibility of caring for an elderly .

38

7 Theschemeisto helppeople who've beenout orjob for morethan 6 months.

3 Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct any that a re wrong.

1 Beingthe youngest or sevenbrothers and sisters was a mqjor ractor in m y bringing up.

2 Both brothers have a very close relationship to their rather. .

3 I rirst met m y husband in work .

4 The airlines compete ror the most lucrative transatlantic routes .

S Many people rind debit cards the most convenient method to pay ..

6 There has beenan improvementinrelations or the government and unions.

8 I'd l ike to pursue a career in marine biology .

4 Complete the following newspaper cut tings, using one word from units 19-21 in

each space.

When Tamara Stein met Louisa Scott in the parking lot of a local McDona ld 's, t he ir

l ives changed forever . The two New York students share a bir thday , a re exac tly the

same height and they bo th love hip-hop. More importantly they share a

(1) - a Mexican mother who gave them up for adoption in the

US at bir th . Although they grew up just 20miles apart, t hey had qui te dif ferent

(2) ; Tamara was raised in a Jewish Manhattan family, while

Louisa grew up Cathol ic in suburban Long Isl and. The twins are now finishing their

studies; getting a good (3) is important to both of them, and

they're both contemplating a (4) in the music business. 'I can't

believe our (5) have never crossed before,' says Tamara. 'I feel

she's my sister, but our (6) right now ismore as friends.'

Three buses powered by hydrogen are to be introduced on (13) .

in central London. London is one of nine European cit ies participating in a two-year trial

of this new cleaner (14) of transport as part of a European

scheme to reduce pol lu tion . London Transpor t have chosen to tr ia l the new buses on

several busy (15) used by commuters travelling to and from

(16) in Central London.

39



'~i", n ly c o n fu s e d a d je c ti v e s : t o u r i s t / t o u r i s t i c , e c o n o m ic /

8 r l 3 m i c a l


1 a Moneyshouldbe spent onrestoring these important tourist ic places.

b Moneyshould be spent on restoring these important tourist attractions.

2 a The country races various economicaland social problems.

b The country races various economicandsocial problems.

Tourist i s a noun which re fers to people who visit a place on holiday:

There are many tourists in Cambridge at this t ime ofyear.

Weuse tourist as an adjective, par ticularly in a number ofcommon phrases :

• the tourist indus try; trade, tourist information; off ice; board

• a tourist a ttract ion (aplace which tourists l ike to vis it , e .g . a church, cas tle, etc .)

• tourist; holiday dest ination (an area, town, etc. popular with tourists)

• tourist; holiday resort (atown where the main business is tourism, often bythe sea)

We can use the adject ive touristy to desc ribe a place which we feel has too many

tourists and is too commercialised. Itis negative, informal and usually spoken:

I don't want togo somewhere too touristy. stal ls sel ling touristy souvenirs

Economic isan adjective, usually used before a noun, to describe something related to

the economy of a country or organisation: economic growth; policy; problemEconomical describes something that saves you money, especially by using less fuel

etc. than normal: More people are now opting for smaller, more economical cars.

y e ar 's b a d w e a th e r

h a s r ea ll y a ff ec te d

t o u ri s ti c b u s in e s ses .

3 Underline the most appropriate phrase to complete each sentence.

1 Paris i s one of the most popular tourist destinations; resorts in the world.

2 There has been an increase in the popular ity ofenvironmental tourist; tourism.

3 This tiny island re lie s on tourism for its economical; economic survival.

4 We did a tour of the main sightseeing places; tourist attractions around the city.

5 The local ba rs and restaurant s are full during the touristic; holiday season.

6 Unemployment is caused by an uns table economic / economy.

7 This printer 's unique ink ref il l system makes itvery economic; economical to run.

a Touris t ica l growth; The growth of tourism has brought new jobs to the a rea.

40

o r d i n a r y o r u s u a l ?


1 a Hisbooks makescience interesting to ordinary people.

b Hisbooks makescience interesting to commonpeople.

2 a Hepoints out someor the mostcommonerrors madeby new skiers.

b Hepoints out someor the mostusualerrors madeby new skiers.

We use' common to describe something which happens or exists very often or in many

places, situations, etc.:

Homelessness isa common problem in big cit ies.I t' s verycommon now for children tohave TVs in their bedroom.

To describe a person as common can have negative connotations about being poor,

unimportant or uneducated. Weuse ordinary or average to describe a person:

His neighbours said that he seemed like a very ordinary person.

This type of luxury resort isout of the price range of the average person.

We use usual to descr ibe something you normally do or expect to happen:

I'l l meet you at the park at the usual time. (the t ime you meet every day I week)

We also use several other words in certain fixed collocations:

Ifirst met my boyfriend via a mutual friend. (afriend of both people)

Webecame friends through our shared interest in hiking. (we both enjoy it)

The team line-up isajoint decision between the coach and the captain .

Complete the sentences with one ofthe adjectives above.

1 The film is about three girls with a passion for music.

2 These little lizards are very in Southern Europe.

3 I parked my car in the place, just round the corner from my

office.

4 She's just a(n) teenager, studying at her local college.

5 It's quite for students to have a part-time job.

6 She was given Alex's address by a friend.

7 Politicians are often thought to be out of touch with people.

a Neck and back injuries are very among rugby players.

41



" . " , ~ J J n t , re l evant o r essent ia l?g l t l \ l


1 a Food isa ver!:Jmportant part or the culture or a countr!:J.

b Foodisa ver!:Jvital part or the cul ture or a countr! :J.

2 a Light andwater are essent ial for a llp lants to grow.

b Light andwater are relevant for al lplants to grow.

Important is a common adjective: I have some very impor tant quest ions toask him.

It is often confused with other similar adjectives, which have slightly different

meanings and may occur in strong collocations:o significant means 'noticeable, worth thinking about orhaving an effect on something':

There's been a significant increase in the number offoreign students.

o relevant means 'connected with or appropr iate for what isbeing discussed' :

When you come to the embassy, make sure you bring all the relevant documents.

I don't see how that's relevant to my application.

o crucial/vital/essential means 'necessary and more important than anything else' :

I t' sessential to book in advance ifyou want a good seat.

o fundamental means 'forming the basis of something (and so extremely important)' :

There have beenfundamental changes to the way we work.

i ': r These are 'l imit' adjectives and are not normally used with very/ quite / more, etc.

Toemphasise the adjective, you can use absolutely vital/essential, etc.:

It'sabsolutely essential to start off with a good business plan. (not it's very essential)

3 Underline the most appropriate adject ive to complete each of the sentences.

1 I t is vital/fundamental that we get him to hospital right away.2 Good communication is the most important / necessary thing in a relationship.

3 There has been no important / significant change in the patient's condition.

4 For more informat ion, see the relevant / essential pages ofthe manual.

5 I've got a(n) vital/important meeting with my assistant this afternoon.

6 It's very essential/important to make sure the power isswitched off f irst .

7 'Innocent until proved guilty' is a fundamen tal / crucial principle ofBritish law.

8 Some pupils feel that subjects l ike history aren't significant / relevant to their lives.

42

1 Match the adjectives (1-5) and nouns (a-h) which fit best togethe r to make phrases.

1 a joint a part of our culture

2 a popular holiday b person

3 quite a common c destination

4 a shared d industry

5 a vital e friend

6 the tourist f decision

7 an ordinary g interest in green issues

8 a mutual..................... h problem for language learners

2 The following text contains 10errors. Find the errors and correct them.

'A b ig m in or ity o f y ou ng p eo ple , e sp ec ia lly b oy s, g et t ur ne d o FFin s ec on da ry

s ch oo l s oo n a Fte r t he y a rr iv e. IF I h a d to p ic k o ut a Fu nd am e nta lly re as on w hy th is

m in or ity g et t ur ne d o FF ,I w o u ld h av e n o h es it at io n: b or ed om .'

S pe ak in g a t a c on Fe re nc e. th e m in is te r s aid th at b ore do m w as a t th e ro ot o f m an y

d is cip lin e p ro ble m s. H e s aid t ha t it w a s e ss en tia l F or s c ho ols a lt er th eir a pp ro ac h

to te ac hin g a nd to m a ke th e c urr ic ulu m m ore re le va nt F or t he e ve ry da y liv es o f

c om m on y ou ng p eo ple .

'I t is v ery v ita l th at w e c on ne ct w ith y ou ng p eo ple a nd te ac h th em th e s kills th at

th ey b elie ve w ill b e th e im po rta nt to th em in th eir a du lt live s. W e n ee d to h oo k

in to w ha t m otiva te s th e n orm al te en ag er a nd b uild o n th at. '

T he g ov er nm e nt 's p ro po sa ls t o h elp t ac kle t his p ro ble m in clu de a n in cr ea se d

r ole F or v oc at io na l t ra in in g a nd a s ig niF ic an tly in cr ea se in th e u se o f in Fo rm a tio n

techno logy .

43

3 Replace the word or phrase in italics in each sentence with a synonym from the box.



Make any other small changes that are necessary.

relevant

common

usual

fundamental

1 I t's becoming almost impossible for an ordinary young couple to get a foot on the

property ladder now .

2 There hasn't been any noticeable change in his condition s ince last night .

3 The right to food and water is a basic human right. .4 The procedure we normally use is to ask for two items ofidentification.

5 It isn't absolutely necessary to describe every lit tle detai l, just the main points.

6 It's st ill not unusual for widows in Greece to dress all in black .

7 Where we go on holiday i susua lly a deci sion made by both of us.

8 And how is that connected with the murder investigation? .

4 Use the 'across ' and 'down' clues to complete this crossword.

Across -;.

1 a town by the sea for tourists4 not as t ight

6 what you hope to have on

holiday!

7 very important

11 another time

12 type ofindus try or bus iness

13 very important

44

Down ~

2 the place you are going to

3 over-commerciali sed for

tourists

5 connected to something

6 basic and very important

8 happening most of t he time

9 not unusual, special or

different to others

10 like most people or things

I u se a n a dv erb o r a n a djec tive?

Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 a Wehad to get usedto a new horneand a completedifferent cultur-e.

b Wehad to get usedto a new horneanda completelydif ferent cul ture.

2 a There oren'f any easysolut ions to this problem.

b There oren't any easilysolutions to this problem.

Complete, absolute, relative, etc. are adjectives and are usually used before a noun:

The whole evening was a(n) complete / absolute disaster!

I didn' t know anyone - they were all total s trangers. (not totally stFtlngers)Clear, different, easy, simple, etc . a re a lso adjec tives and can be used before a noun or

after the verbs be/ look / sound / tas te / smell / feel/seem to describe a noun:

It was a simple / easy mistake tomake .

John is very different from his brother. (different describes John)

Completely, absolutely, relatively, etc. are adverbs and are usually used before an

adjective or past participle (ruined, covered, confused etc.):

It 's a relatively quie t area. The carpet was absolutely / completely mined.

They'refrom completely different generations. (not oompiete di f feren t gener tl t iens-)

Clearly, differently, easily, simply, etc. are adverbs and are usually used wi th a verb to

describe the way someone does something:

You shouldn't give up so eas ily. Peoplefrom dif ferent cultures think dif ferently .

3 Comple te the text using the correc t form of the words in i tal ics.

Last February, I visited a friend in New York. One evening, it started

snowing, (1) at first and then more

(2) Next morning, everywhere was

(3) covered in a (4) .

blanket of snow. We put on plenty of (5) .

clothes and went out to explore. The s treets seemed very

(6) as there was no traffic. The snowstorm had

brought one of the (7) c iti es in the world to a

(8) standstill!

45

gentle

heavy

complete thick

warm

quiet

b u s y

complete



1 Complete the second sentence so that ithas a s imilar meaning to the f irst sentence,

using the given word.

1 I don't think that his story was the complete truth . (completely)

Idon't think that .

2 Inthe end, we got to the hotel around midnight . (finally)

We around midnight.

3 Disabled people take par t in the race in wheelchairs made for the purpose.

(specially)

Disabled people wheelchairs.

4 Everyone s tood there without saying a single word. (absolute)

Everyone .

5 He gave us instructions which were unambiguous. (clear)

He .

6 All the performances were good, but Iwas impressed by Jane even more than the

others. (especially)

All the performances were good, but .

2 Addthe adverb oradjective to each sentence in an appropriate place.

1 The fi sh smell s, I think you should throw it away. (strange)

2 You'll have to excuse me, the house is a mess a t the moment. (absolute)

3 He's able to type with his fee t using an adapted keyboard. (specially)

4 The database can be transferred to another system with ease. (relative)

5 When I got the curtains home, I reali sed the colour was wrong. (completely)

6 The skin around the eyes can be sensi tive. (especially)

7 The contract s tates the penalty for late delivery. (clearly)

8 Nursery school children will enjoy these experiments with water. (Simple)

9 He lost in the first round aga inst the tournament's winner. (eventual)

10 After hours ofdiscussion, they reached an agreement. (finally)

3 Underline the most appropriate words to complete the instructions.

In order to achieve a (1) strong / strongly bond, follow the instructions(2) careful/carefully. First ensure that both surfaces are (3) completely /

complete clean and dry. Spread the adhesive (4) evenly / even on both

surfaces using the (5) specially / especially designed applicator. Allow to dry

for a few seconds. (6) Finally / Eventually, press the two surfaces together

(7) f irm / f irmly. Replace the cap (8) t ight / t ight ly after use.

48

L ie o n t he f lo or w it h y ou r k ne es b en t t ow a rd s y ou r c he st .

C la sp y ou r h an ds ( 9) l i g h t / l ig h tl y b eh in d y ou r h ea d, k ee pi ng

y ou r e lb ow s o pe n.

B rea th e in a nd ( 10 ) s lo w ly / s lo w c ur l y ou r h ea d u p fr om

t he f lo or , k ee pi ng y ou r c hi n ( 11 ) s li g h t ly / s l i g h t t uc ke d i n.

A s yo u d o so, straig hten yo ur legs as m uch a s i s

( 12 ) c o m fo r ta b ly / c o m fo r ta b le fo r y ou . M ak e s ur e y ou

k eep y ou r b ac k ( 13 ) f l a t l y / f l a t o n th e flo or. D o n ot pu sh to o

f ar , ( 1 4 ) s p e c i a l l y / e s p ec ia l l y i f y ou h av e n ec k p ro ble ms .

L ow er y ou r h ea d ( 15 ) g e n t l e / g e n t l y t o t he f lo o r, b e nd in g

y ou r k nee s in to yo ur c he st . R ela x, th en rep ea t th e ( 16 ) e n ti r e /

e n t i r e l y exer c is e a g a in .

49

e rb s a re fo llo w ed b y a g eru nd o r a n in fin itiv e?



m ~ g n l Y con fused ve rbs : reach / ach ieve, w in / earn ,

a /if! b en efit


1 a Sad l!:J .h e n e ve r r ea c he d h is a m b it io n o f p la !: Ji ng fo r h is c o un tr p,

b S ad l!:J .h e n e ve r a c hi ev ed h is a m b it io n o f p la !: Ji ng fo r h is c o un tr !: J.

2 a M ! : J g e ne ra tio n h a s r ea "! :J b e ne fi te d f ro m im p r ov e m en ts i n m e d ic in e .

b M ! : J g e ne ra ti on h a s r ea "! :J p r of it ed f ro m im p r ov e m en ts i n m e d ic in e .

Weuse reach fol lowed by a place, or by an age or level:

Wefinally reached the airport just before 6 o'clock. (not reaehed tB thc airpel't)

Weuse achieve followed by an aim, goal or something you want to do:

An athlete has to train ful l t ime toachieve success at the highest level .

Weuse win to say someone is in the f irst pos it ion in a game, match or competit ion:

Who do you think wi ll win the World Cup?

Weuse earn to talk about getting money (from your work):

Many university lecturers could eam more money in industry. (not win 11 'WFC mency)

Weuse profit (verb and noun) to describe money that someone gets from something,

especially an investment or a business:

A lot of companies wil l profi t from the fal l in interest rates.

We use benefit to describe other advantages that someone gets from something:

I speak Italian to my children so that they can benefit from learning two languages.

Nowadays,ports peoplewinmoremoneyfromsponsorship

than fromcompeting.

3 Rewrite the sentences below using one of the verbs above.

1 How much are you paid per hour? ..

2 During the day, temperatures can get up to 35° .

3 Inthe 1930s, she was successful as a jazz singer .

4 Many old people now live until they're 100 .

5 A UK company has been awarded the contract ..

6 Everyone will gain from the opportunities new technology offers .

7 He was the last runner to get to the finish line .

8 I want to goto universi ty and this scholarship will help me do that ..

50

1ick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 a B e co m in g a c e le b rlt g o ft en m e a ns l os in g ! :J ou r p ri va c !: J.

b B e co m in g a c e le b rit !: J o f te n m e a ns t o l os e ! :J ou r p riv a c! :J .

2 a I co uldn 't a ffo rd bU !:J inga n ew c ar.

b I oouldn'f a ffo rd to b U!:Ja n ew c ar.

Some verbs are followed by a gerund (-ing):

• avoid, enjoy, mean + doing (something): He enjoys playing golf.

Some verbs are fol lowed by an object + preposition + gerund:

• accuse (someone) of doing (something): She accused him ofhauing an affai t:

• criticise (someone) for doing (something): Thefilm was criticised/or being too violent.

• prevent (someone) from doing (something): His injury prevented him from running.

The following verbs are followed by an infinitive form (to do something):

• afford, choose, deserve, pretend, strive, struggle + infinitive:

He didn' t deserve to lose his job for such a minor mis take.

• advise / help / remind (someone) todo (something):

They advised me to get travel insurance.

Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an inf ini tive, but the meaning changes:

I remember locking the door. (Ihave a memory of doing it )

I remembered to lock the door . (I didn't forget)

conditions,he policeare advisingdriversnot goingoutunless

absolutelynecessary.

3 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb in bracke ts. You may al so

need to add a preposi tion in some sentences.

1 I can't imagine to a foreign country. (move)

2 For some people, 'success' just means a lot of money. (earn)

3 You should avoid dark colours. (tuear)

4 Have you remembered your medicine today? (take)

5 I accused him the situation. (exaggerate)

6 His doctor advised him more exercise. (get)

7 I was just a young actress struggling a living. (make)

8 Your PIN code should prevent anyone your card. (use)

51



o f f e r o r i n v i t e ?


1 a I propose to book a table at the local I talian restaurant

b I think weshould book a table at the local I talian restaurant

2 a Weoffer youa wide range Ot d ishesonour menu.

b Our menuhas a wide range ot dishesto choose trom.

These verbs are used to describe or repor t the action ofpropos ing, offer ir ig or invit ing,

but not normally to make a proposal, offer or invitat ion:

Steve said 'Wecould send clients regular updates via email.'Steve proposed (or less formal suggested) sending clients regular updates via email.

*Propose and proposal are quite formal words, mostly used in written business

contexts, newspapers, etc. Suggest and suggestion are less formal alternatives.

Alison said 'CanIgive you a lift to the station?'

I replied 'Thanks for the offer , but i t' ll only take me afew minutes to walk. '

Alison offered to give me a lif t to the stat ion.

1 : : f Totalk about products, services or facilities we often use have, do or provide instead

of offer or propose:

Many airlines do special fares for students. (not airlines prepfJ&e)

Dave said 'I'm going to the cinema this evening. Would you like to come?'

Dave inv ited me (to go) to the c inema wi th him.Mark and Sharon have sent me all inuitat ion to their wedding.

3 Complete the sentences with appropr iate writ ten or spoken language.

1 Tom suggested that we hitchhike. - 'Why ?'

2 Janice while we're away. - Til look after the garden.'

3 Children's special: half-size portions. - 'We for children.'

4 Alex tomorrow. - 'We could visit the site tomorrow.'

5 The waiter - 'Can 1 take your coat for you?'

6 Kerry invited us to dinner. - 'Would for dinner?'

7 Steve 's suggestion was for a barbecue. - 'I think we .'

8 1asked about conference facilities. - 'Do conference facilities?'

52

Complete the text using one of the verbs from the box in an appropriate form. Some

verbs are not used.

criticise

mean

profit

advise

benefit

prevent

achieve

enjoy

struggle

reach

accuse

avoid

Ineach of the following sentences there i s a preposit ion missing. Add an

appropriate preposi tion in the correct place.

1 Haveyou had an invitation Helen'sparty~ ..

2 Hisdoctor advised himrest tor a tew days ..

3 Maintenance staff were criticised not reporting the problem earlier. ..

4 Police prevented protesters entering the p arliament building ..

5 Working mothers stand to benei'it most more flexible working hours ..

6 Are you accusing mecheating~ .

7 Shegave a talk about the benefits yoga and meditation ..

8 Whowill protit the sale ot these buildings~ ..

Complete the sentences below using the correc t form of the verbs in the box.

suggest provide hire book investigate

Nicki:

Lucy:

Ben:

Why don' t we have a barbecue in the college grounds?

1can help arrange the cooking ifyou like.

Yes,but what if it rains? Itmight (1) cancelling the

whole thing.

53

We could a lways get a marquee so people have somewhere dry to go.Nicky: 8 He isn't I wasn 't used to getting up



I'll have to check whether we can afford (2) something

big enough.

It'd be great to get a loca l band to come and play too.

Yeah, that's a good idea. I 'l l look into i t.

Andy:A n sw e r k e y

so early.Unitl

1 1 b Test 1

2 a 1 1 should

2 told me last week that you would come 2 have to

and fix 3 should

3 1 would be 4 have to

2 would call 5 should

3 continues 6 shouldn't

4 will double 7 should

5 would be8 have to

6 goes 9 should

7 would be 2 1 would stop smoking

8 were 2 she would call (me) when she arrived

3 Iwould haveUnit 2 4 would be finished I would have1 1 a been finished

2 a 5 would bring2 must not be left 6 would be living3 1 must 7 would take

2 don't have to3 1 to push

3 had to 2 will bring4 can't 3 should5 must 4 to go6 must 5 have to7 should 6 worrying8 mustn't I shouldn't 7 should

8 have to

1 a 9 will be

Simon:

Ben:

4 Match the two parts of the sentences below.

1 Many i llegal workers earn a sitting out in the sun at midday.

2 A friend of mine won b your skin from getting burnt.

3 Our campaign has achieved c less than $2 an hour.

4 You should avoid d dangerously high levels.5 Always wear sunblock to prevent e special last-minute offers.

6 Pollution in the city has reached f £10,000 on the lottery.

7 Lots of travel agents do g some useful sightseeing suggestions.

8 Our tour representative made h its objectives.

5 Comple te the second sentence using the word in brackets so that it sounds more

natural in spoken English.

1 Kate proposed that we could get Tim a stereo for his bir thday. (suggest)

Kate for his birthday.

2 Can I offer you a drink? (like)

Would a drink?

3 The ring was offered to me by my mother when I was 13. (give)

My mother when Iwas 13.

4 Many restaurants provide vegetarian meals. (do)

Lots of vegetarian meals.

5 Jack put forward a proposal that we swap rooms. (suggest)

Jack rooms.

6 Matthew invited me to have dinner with him. (ask)

Matthew .

4 1 to get I to receive

2 having

3 can't be I isn't

4 to ban I to punish

5 of taking

6 to punish I to penalise

7 to enforce

8 to lose

9 paying

5 workers have to work; for fear of

losing; have difficulty earning; are

happy to accept; has to travel; should

do something.

Unit 411a

2 b

2 which has a warm, dry climate

55

2 a

2 looking after my baby brother to l is ten

to my problems

3 1 He has I had a terrible fear of

travelling by plane.

2 She was r ight to tel l her boss about

the problem.

3 He has I had the abili ty to play atthe highest level of the spor t.

4 Wehad difficulty finding a parking

space.

S It isn't I wasn 't worth cooking a full

meal for one person.

6 I feel lucky to have such goodfriends.

7 He didn't have the courage to tell

her face to face.

54

3 1 There are many students who can 't 7 which 5 in the next village 3 in quite a rich sauce



afford to pay such high fees. 8 what 6 the worst accident 4 got I had the impress ion ( that) she

2 .. , i n a I this country which has free 2 1 Everyone should play their par t in 7 correct didn't want

basic healthcare. helping protect the environment. 8 The weather got worse 5 the college really is likely

3 . . , two main characters who are very 2 Tourists should respect the local Unit 86 spend less time with my fami ly than

different. cus toms ofthe country they are 1 1 a7 was the only foreigner

4 He hasn 't explained what he wants visiting. 2 a8 to change our s taff ing levels in the

me to do. 3 Ifyou promise to do something, you 2 it was quite a tough raceshort term

5 . .. with a lovely family who live in shouldn't go back on your promise. 3 1 I went to quite a large school.9 on Friday evening and was taken to

an old farmhouse. 4 When someone enters a mosque, 2 Wehad a really wonderful holiday. Ihospital the next day.

6 People are living longer, which they are expected to remove their We really had . ..10 the least expensive dish on the menu

means tha t ... shoes. 3 Myfamily are very important to me. 3 1 really I very7 Do you know what he plans to do ... 5 Ifa person is found guilty of a

4 Maybe his story really was true.2 fewer

8 Myuncle, who is a bank manager, crime, they have to accept the5 The software is quite easy to use.

3 more

gave me some helpful advice . .. punishment. 6 Everyone worked really hard to4 very I really

Unit 53 1 who finish on time.

5 quite

1 12 you

7 Welive fairly close to the city centre.6 slightly

a

2 b3 you

8 Thei r apartment is in quite a new7 less

2 what ifthey're wrong?4 they building.

4 1 fewer

3 1 yourself5 you 2 the largest I biggest

6 you Unit 9 3 less2 their

7 who 1 1 b 4 few3 you

8 themselves 2 a 5 the main4 your

9 which 2 far fewer tourists visited the region last 6 Fewer5 you

10 who contains the minimum doses; suffer6 theyyear

511 what 3 1 fewer from fewer minor illnesses; are also less

7 you12 ourselves 2 less likely; contain very high concentrations;

8 their4 chari ty which helps ; people who are 3 fewer the really important thing; ofthe whole

Unit 6 homeless; over their heads; They may 4 the least f ruit ; in the form of

1 1 b require; programmes which help; 5 less

2 b develop their self-confidence; support 6 FewerUnit 10

2 get themselves into trouble they need; rebuild their l ives 7 less1 1 b

3 1 themselves 5 1 found themselves 8 less2 a

2 ourselves 2 be yourself2 a rapid increase in mobile phone

Test 3 ownership3 yourself 3 express themselves

1 1 a 3 1 in4 themselves 4 enjoy ourselves

2 2 of5 us 5 lock themselves out

3 the6 yourselves

take care of ourselves

3 in

6 47 yourself 7 please yourselves 4 from

8 themselves5 the 5 to

Unit 7 6 6 inTes t 2 1 1 b 7 The 7 of1 1 who 2 b 8 a 8 in

2 which 2 we didn't live on the top floor 9 the 9 of3 which 3 1 in the future 10 10 of4 who 2 correct 2 1 ... at the age of 60. / at age 60. 11 in

5 what 3 at the age of 2 are fewer independent record labels

6 who 4 the world i s than56 57

Unitll 7 is aiming for a reduction of 25% in 8 everything 5 aircraf t1 1 b 8 there has been a decrease of 12%in



6 TravellersUnit 152 a 3 1 At1 1 b Unit 162 depends on the weather really 2 at

2 b 1 1 b3 1 concentrate on 3 by2 Passengers travelling from 2 b2 insist on 4 at3 1 labelled 2 stand up for yourself3 consists of 4 1 drop

2 equa lled 3 1 in for4 depend on 2 moment3 got 2 up for! (stood) bycontribute to 3 fall4 metres 3 up forconcentrate more on 4 concentrate5 organizations 4 upinsisted on 5 time6 learned, traveling 5 up for! (stood) bydepends on 6 growth

7 recognize 6 byUnit 12 5 1 at8 spelled 7 in for

1 12 by

8 by3 at Tes t 52 a4 by 1 1 Everyday, before Unit 17atthe moment. Can I cal lyou back later?5 by 2 people, persons, official! formal 1 1 a1 Atthe end6 by 3 -ies, storey 2 bat the t ime7 by 4 got, gotten 2 capable of taking care of myselfAtthat time8 at 5 -1,one consonant! 1 3 1 took part inbythe time9 by 2 1 aeroplane 2 correctcorrect10 at 2 canceled 3 took a step backat that moment

3 traveling 4 to take part incorrect Unit 134 spelt ! spelled 5 will take place inBymidday 1 1 a5 realize 6 to take care ofhimself

Test 4 2 b 6 gotten 7 correct1 1 of

2 not discuss my religious beliefs7 colour 8 take good care of i t

2 in3 1 people

8 signaled2 life Unit 18of 3 the everyday lives ; the people l iving3 children 1 1 ato4 bel iefs there; many families; tin rooves;

2 bon5 aircraft everyone was really friendly; especially

2 You look lostin! of6 lives , people ! children the children; I travelled on;

3 1 risenin7 belief 3,350 metres; Lots oftravellers; they've

2 losefrom! by8 families got used to; amazing s tories

3 losingto 4 1 wife10 in Unit 14 wives

4 rose25 lost1 of 1 1 b 3 aircraft6 losses (aloss)2 of 2 a 4 aircraft7 loss1 revealed a drop in profi ts of 2 something you don't see every day 5 signal8 raisedlmillion 3 1 everyday 6 signalled

2 a ims to stop the spread ofAIDS 2 every time 7 s ignaled Test 63 that there has been a rise in 3 everyday 8 counsellor 1 1 have ri sen by 5%

temperatures of 1.5° 4 everybody 9 counselor 2 need to be taken into account4 rapid growth in the number of 5 everyone 5 1 lives 3 will take care ofyou

people using 6 everyone 2 people 4 do not want to raise their children5 unhappy about the dec line in 7 everyday 3 counsellors 5 cause loss of appetite6 can lead to weight gain in 4 cancelled 6 getting out ofbed

58 59

7 will take place in Brighton 6 way 3 1 my upbringing 4 average / ordinary

8 s tands in for a stage actor 7 routes 2 close relationship with 5 common (usual is also acceptable)



2 1 part 8 means 3 at work 6 mutual2 place 4 correct 7 ordinary

Unit 203 lost 5 way to pay (method of payment / of 8 common4 raised

1 1 apaying are acceptable in written

5 take2 a

English)Unit 24

6 lost2 a more interes ting job

6 in relations between1 1 a

7 raised3 1 careers

7 out ofwork / out of a j ob2 a

8 standing2 work

8 correct2 isessential / absolutely essential / very

3 1 will take place / takes place in3 job

4 1 relative / relationimportant

Bristol4 work

2 upbringings3 1 vital

2 raise money 5 career (or job) 3 job / education 2 important6 jobs 3 significant

3 wants to take part in the run should / 4 career

can get an application form7 work

5 paths4 relevant

4 will have the chance / will be able to8 work

6 relationship5 important

6 importantraise Unit 21 7 career

5 will be taken into consideration 1 1 b 8 work7 fundamental

6 will take place / takes place 2 9 work8 relevant

a7 against job losses 2 trade relations between our two 10 career Tes t 88 s tanding up for nations 11 path (route is also acceptable) 1 1 f

4 1 up 3 1 relationship 12 job 2 c2 of 2 relations / relatives 13 routes 3 h3 after 3 relations 14 means 4 g4 in 4 relationship 15 routes 5 a

5 of 5 relationship 16 work 6 d6 for 6 upbringing 7 b

Unit 227 into 7 Relations

b8 e

8 in 8 education1 1

the most common cause; A significant2 b

25 1 d minority; a fundamental reason; for

Test 7 2 really affected the tourist industry /2 e schools to alter their approach; more

f1 1 work trade (tourism isalso acceptable)

3 relevant to; ordinary young people; It

b2 means 3 1 destinations

4 is vital that; will be important to them;5 c

3 route 2 tourismthe average teenager; a significant

6 h4 journey 3 economic

increase7 a 5 way 4 tourist attractions

6 job 5 holiday3 1 average

8 g 2 significant7 ways 6 economy

Unit 198 method 7 economical

3 fundamental

1 1 b 2 1 relations 8 The growth of tourism4 The usual procedure

2 a 2 work5 essential

2 is the best way to study / way of 3Unit 23 6 commonway

studying 4 job1 1 a 7 a joint decision

3 1 route 5 method2 a 8 relevant to

2 methods 6 relationship2 by a mutual friend 4 Across

3 way 7 path3 1 shared 1 holiday resort

4 means 8 relatives, relative2 common 4 looser

5 method 3 usual 6 fun

60 61

7 crucial

11 again3 1 eventually

2 possible

19 immediately

20 thoroughly

Test 10

1 1 reached



12 trade

13 essential

Down

2 destination

3 touristy

5 relevant

6 fundamental

8 usual

9 ordinary

10 average

Unit 25

lI b

2 a

2 explain that again more simply

3 1 gently

2 heavily

3 completely

4 thick

5 warm

6 quiet

7 busiest

8 complete

Unit 26lI b

2 a

2 I especially enjoy baking I I enjoy

baking, especially

3 1 especia lly if it 's raining

2 correct

3 Women especially should be careful

(women need to be more careful

than men) IWomen should be

especially careful (they should be

very careful)

4 espec ial ly in

5 which is specially designed6 correct

7 The museum isespecial ly renowned

8 is it espec ial ly cold

Unit 27

1 1 a

2 b

2 finally, he told me I he final ly told methat I 'd passed

3 actually

4 Finally

5 eventually

6 eventual

7 eventually I finally

8 finally

Test 9

1 1 his story was completely true

2 f inal ly got to the hotel

3 take par t in the race in special ly-made

4 s tood there in absolute s ilence

5 gave us clear instructions

6 Iwas especially impressed by Jane

2 1 The fish smells strange

2 the house i s an absolute mess

3 a specially-adapted keyboard

4 with relative ease

5 the colour was completely wrong

6 can be especially sensitive

7 contract clearly states I states

clearly the penalty

8 these simple experiments9 the tournament's eventual winner

10 they finally reached I finally they

reached I Finally; after hours

3 1 strong

2 carefully

3 completely

4 evenly

5 specially

6 Finally

7 firmly

8 tightly

9 lightly

10 slowlyII slightly

12 comfortable

13 flat

14 especially

15 gently

16 entire

17 simple

18 absolutely

62

21 smooth

22 completely

23 gently

24 finally

Unit 28

lI b

2 a

2 earn more money from sponsorship

3 1 do you earn per hour

2 can reach 35°3 she achieved success as

4 now reach the age of

5 has won the contract

6 will benefit from

7 to reach the f inishing line

8 will help me achieve that

Unit 29

1 1 a

2 b

2 are advis ing drivers not to go out

3 1 moving

2 earning

3 wearing4 to take

5 of exaggerating

6 to get

7 to make

8 from using

Unit 30

lI b

2 b

2 proposal to cut the voting age

3 1 don't we hitchhike

2 offered to look after the garden

3 do I have half-size portions4 proposed visit ing the si te I

suggested ( that) we vis it the s ite

5 offered to take my coat

6 you like to corne (over I round)

7 should have a barbecue

8 you have I provide

2 criticised

3 accuse I accused

4 struggling

5 prevent

6 advise

7 avoid

8 benefit

9 enjoy

10 mean

2 1 invitation to

2 advised him to

3 criticised for

4 prevented protesters from

5 benefit most from

6 accus ing me of

7 the benef its of

8 profit from

3 1 mean

2 to hire

3 proposed I suggested

4 offered

5 suggested I proposed

6 provide

7 booking8 to investigate

4 1 c

2 f

3 h

4 a

5 b

6 d

7 e

8 g

5 1 suggested (that) we (could) get Tim

a stereo I suggested getting Tim a

stereo

2 youlike

3 gave me the ring

4 restaurants do

5 suggested (that ) we swap I

suggested swapping

6 asked me to have dinner with him Iasked me out to dinner

63

cpe cambridge

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