cph oil curtis p. henderson. cph what is petroleum? petroleum:a natural yellow-to-black flammable...
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OilOil
Curtis P. HendersonCurtis P. Henderson
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What is Petroleum?What is Petroleum?
• Petroleum:Petroleum: a natural yellow-to-black flammable a natural yellow-to-black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath liquid hydrocarbon found beneath the earth’s surfacethe earth’s surface
• Hydrocarbon:Hydrocarbon: an organic compound made up an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atomsof carbon and hydrogen atoms
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Petroleum ProductsPetroleum Products
Gasoline - 19.5 gallonsGasoline - 19.5 gallons
A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:
Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallonsFuel Oil - 9.2 gallons
Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallonsJet Fuel - 4.1 gallons
Asphalt - 2.3 gallonsAsphalt - 2.3 gallons
Kerosene - 0.2 gallonsKerosene - 0.2 gallons
Lubricants - 0.5 gallonsLubricants - 0.5 gallons
Petrochemicals,Petrochemicals,other products - 6.2 gallonsother products - 6.2 gallons
One Barrel =One Barrel =42 gallons42 gallons
American Petroleum Institute, 1999American Petroleum Institute, 1999
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Petroleum System ProcessesPetroleum System Processes
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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements
120° F120° F
350° F350° FGenerationGeneration
MigrationMigration
Seal RockSeal Rock
Reservoir RockReservoir Rock
OilOil
WaterWater
Gas CapGas Cap
EntrapmentEntrapmentAccumulationAccumulation
Source RockSource Rock
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Drilling RigDrilling Rig
Traveling BlockTraveling Block
HookHook
SwivelSwivel
Draw WorksDraw Works
Mud PumpMud PumpRotary TableRotary Table
KellyKelly
Mud HoseMud Hose
Crown BlockCrown Block
CasingCasing
Drill PipeDrill Pipe
BitBit
CasingCasingDrill PipeDrill Pipe
BitBit
Drilling RigDrilling Rig
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DrillingDrilling
Rock BitRock Bit CuttingsCuttings Core (Diamond) BitCore (Diamond) Bit CoreCore
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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements
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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements
Source RockSource Rock
Top Seal RockTop Seal Rock
Reservoir RockReservoir Rock
Anticlinal TrapAnticlinal Trap
(Organic Rich)(Organic Rich)
(Impermeable)(Impermeable)
(Porous/Permeable)(Porous/Permeable)PotentialPotentialMigration RouteMigration Route
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Hydrocarbon Trap TypesHydrocarbon Trap Types
American Petroleum Institute, 1986American Petroleum Institute, 1986
Salt DomeFault
Unconformity
Pinchout
Anticline
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TrapsTraps
• Anticlinal Anticlinal - Rock layers folded into a dome- Rock layers folded into a dome
• Stratigraphic Stratigraphic - Rock layers changing from a good - Rock layers changing from a good reservoir to non-reservoir due to change in rock reservoir to non-reservoir due to change in rock type (pinch-out), reservoir quality (diagenesis), type (pinch-out), reservoir quality (diagenesis), or removal (erosional unconformity)or removal (erosional unconformity)
• Fault Fault - Offset of rocks such that oil and gas- Offset of rocks such that oil and gasaccumulates in reservoir rockaccumulates in reservoir rock
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Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements• Source Rock Source Rock -- A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone
organic matterorganic matter
• Reservoir RockReservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates: - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates:- Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil - Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil
accumulatesaccumulates- Permeability - passage-ways between pores through - Permeability - passage-ways between pores through
which oil and gas moveswhich oil and gas moves
• Seal RockSeal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)
• Migration RouteMigration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and - Avenues in rock through which oil and gas moves from source rock to trapgas moves from source rock to trap
• Trap Trap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses oil and gas into an accumulationfocuses oil and gas into an accumulation
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Reservoir SandstoneReservoir Sandstone
Good Porosity = Lots of Space for PetroleumGood Porosity = Lots of Space for Petroleum
Pores(blue)
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Reservoir SandstoneReservoir SandstonePore-Filling Cement Reduces QualityPore-Filling Cement Reduces Quality
= Less Space for Petroleum= Less Space for Petroleum
CementCement(pink)(pink)
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Directional Drilling Avoids Surface HazardsDirectional Drilling Avoids Surface Hazards
GasGas
OilOilWaterWater
American Petroleum Institute, 1986American Petroleum Institute, 1986
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Extended Reach DrillingExtended Reach DrillingTechnology Advances Result in More Cost-Effective WellsTechnology Advances Result in More Cost-Effective Wells
•
•
• Reduce frictionReduce friction
• Use geology to find stable path ofUse geology to find stable path ofleast resistanceleast resistance
Drill Mud reduces torque and dragDrill Mud reduces torque and drag
Tri-cone Drill BitDownhole Motor and
Steering Assembly
Logging Tool
TorqueTorque DragDrag
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ChristmasTree
Pipeline to Flow
Process and
Storage
Surface Casing
Intermediate Casing
Production Casing
CompletionFluid
CementPacker
Cement
Cement
Tubing
WellFluids
Oil or Gas Zone
Perforations
Completed Oil WellCompleted Oil Well
American Petroleum Institute, 1986American Petroleum Institute, 1986
• Water DriveWater Drive - Hydrostatic - Hydrostatic pressure pushes oil and gas pressure pushes oil and gas to surfaceto surface
• Gas-Cap DriveGas-Cap Drive - Expansion of - Expansion of gas under pressure pushes oil gas under pressure pushes oil
to surfaceto surface
• Dissolved-Gas DriveDissolved-Gas Drive - Gas - Gas disseminated in oil; usually disseminated in oil; usually requires pumping requires pumping
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Secondary Secondary RecoveryRecovery
WaterWater
GasGas
SteamSteam
ChemicalChemical
FireFire
Pumped into the Pumped into the reservoir to force reservoir to force additional petroleum additional petroleum out of the pores in the out of the pores in the reservoir rockreservoir rock
InjectionInjectionWellsWells
Producing WellsProducing Wells
Of 60% Remaining Of 60% Remaining in Reservoirin Reservoir
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Transporting PetroleumTransporting Petroleum
Oil FieldOil Field
Oil FieldOil FieldPipelinePipeline RefineryRefinery
PipelinePipeline
Railroad Tank CarsRailroad Tank Cars
Mobil
Tank TruckTank Truck
ConsumersConsumers
Industrial Customers
Industrial Customers
Local DistributorLocal Distributor
Mobil
TankerTanker
Offshore PlatformOffshore Platform
after World Book Encyclopediaafter World Book EncyclopediaJMAJMA
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Refining PetroleumRefining Petroleum
GasolineGasoline
Fuel GasFuel Gas
Kerosene – Jet FuelKerosene – Jet Fuel
Heating OilHeating Oil
Lubricating OilLubricating Oil
Residual Products– Asphalt, Heavy Fuel Oil
Residual Products– Asphalt, Heavy Fuel Oil
Crude Oil VaporCrude Oil Vapor
Liquid Crude OilLiquid Crude Oilafter World Book Encyclopediaafter World Book Encyclopedia
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USA Average Wellhead Oil PriceUSA Average Wellhead Oil PriceOil Price (1996 Dollars/Barrel)Oil Price (1996 Dollars/Barrel)
U.S. Department of Energy, 1996U.S. Department of Energy, 1996
6060
5050
4040
3030
2020
1010
0019001900 19101910 19201920 19301930 19401940 19501950 19601960 19701970 19801980 19901990
YearYear
$/B
arre
l$/
Bar
rel
1990 Gulf War1990 Gulf War
1956 Suez Crisis1956 Suez Crisis
1967 Arab-Israeli War1967 Arab-Israeli War
1973 Arab Oil Embargo1973 Arab Oil Embargo
1978 Iranian Revolution1978 Iranian Revolution
1980 Iran/Iraq War1980 Iran/Iraq War
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Anticlinal TheoryAnticlinal Theory
GasGas
OilOil
WaterWater
Petroleum Accumulates in Structural ClosurePetroleum Accumulates in Structural Closure
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Generation and MigrationGeneration and Migration
Reservoir Reservoir ExtentExtent
Source Source ExtentExtentSeal Seal
ExtentExtent
Critical ReconstructionCritical Reconstruction
PresentPresent PastPast
ComponentsComponents
HC ChargeHC Charge
PreservationPreservation
TimeTime PresentPresent
Timing SheetsTiming Sheets
Play MapsPlay Maps
Petroleum System, Play Definition, and RiskPetroleum System, Play Definition, and Risk
Jeff Brown, Mobil, 1999Jeff Brown, Mobil, 1999
TrapTrap
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Seismic Imaging of AnticlineSeismic Imaging of Anticline
Vibrator Truck(Energy Source)Recording Truck Geophone
(Receivers)
American Petroleum Institute, 1986American Petroleum Institute, 1986
ReturningReturningSound WavesSound Waves
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Los AngelesLos Angeles
OrangeOrange
Inglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood areaInglewood area
LA Basin Oil WellsLA Basin Oil Wells
Pacific Pacific OceanOcean
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L.A. BasinL.A. Basin
Salt LakeSalt LakeSan VicenteSan VicenteBeverly HillsBeverly Hills
SawtelleSawtelle
Cheviot HillsCheviot Hills
Los AngelesLos Angeles
Las CienegasLas Cienegas
InglewoodInglewood
Playa Del ReyPlaya Del ReyPotreroPotrero
El SegundoEl SegundoRosecransRosecrans
DominguezDominguez
BandiniBandini
MontebelloMontebello
Santa Fe SpringsSanta Fe Springs
WhittierWhittierSansinenaSansinena
Brea OlindaBrea Olinda
Yorba LindaYorba Linda
KraemerKraemer
CoyoteCoyote
RichfieldRichfieldTorranceTorrance Long Beach Oil FieldLong Beach Oil Field
Seal Beach Oil FieldSeal Beach Oil Field
Huntington BeachHuntington BeachNewportNewport
Wilmington Oil FieldWilmington Oil Field
0 4 8 12
Pacific
Ocean
Scale in Miles
NN
California
LOCATION MAPLOCATION MAPLOCATION MAPLOCATION MAP