cpr emergency lifesaver
DESCRIPTION
Life saver ppt which is very usful in our lifeTRANSCRIPT
Emergency Lifesaver Workshop
Objectives of First Aid
Preserve Life ・ Prevent Worsening ・ Pain Relief
Necessity of First Aid
Importance of the first 5 minutes
Necessity of independent aiders - the courage to help
In saving others, society saves us
Casualty (person injured or taken ill)
Responder ( passer-by)
The Chain of Survival
Early Access
Calmly and quickly call 102 / 108 and
explain the situation
Early CPR
Perform CPR or other first aid as necessary until
ambulance arrives
Quick Emergency Measures
Ambulance team provides further
expert care
Early Medical Care
Professional care at medical institution
1 2 3
1 min 1 hour32 5 10 15 3030s
100
25
50
75
0
① 50% die within 3min after circulatory arrest② 50% die within 10min after pulmonary arrest③ 50% die within 30min of major bleeding
Is Resuscitation Possible?
Death rate
time
* Average ambulance arrival assumed time is 10min from call
Make comfortable.
Treat fractures, wounds, injuries,
burns, drowning. Transportation.
OtherAid
If no heartbeat
If unconscious
Em
ergency A
id
First A
id
Preserve airway
Artificially ventilate
Chest compressions
Remove obstruction
Stop bleedingIf bleeding heavily
If not breathing
If airway blocked
Age Divisions for First Aid Treatment
• Life Saving• CPR ( observation, airway, breathing,
circulation)• Bleeding
• Age Divisions Adult 8 years or over Child Between 1 and 8 years Infant Between 1 month and 1
year Newborn Less than 1 month old
Observation and First Aid
• Heavy bleeding? Stop bleeding
• Impaired consciousness? Preserve airway
• Breathing absent or impaired? Ventilate
• No signs of circulation? CPR
Is casualty breathing?
Any coughing?
Any movement?
Signs of
circulation
Watch response
Give two breaths
Whenventilating
Signs of Circulation: Checking the Pulse
Adults, children
( carotid artery )
Infants, newborns ( brachial or
femoral artery )
⑧ Continue CPR (30 compressions: 2 breaths)
If breathing still insufficientcontinue ventilating (one breath
every 5 seconds)
Put in recovery position and observe
⑦⑧ CPR (30 compressions: 2 breaths) for 5 cycles
⑤Ventilate (2 times)
③Open airway
②Get help
If breathing recovers orcasualty protests, stop
ventilating
①Conscious?
⑥Circulation signs?
④Breathing?
⑥Circulation signs?(breathing, coughing, movement)
④Breathing?
YesNo
Insufficient
Yes
Yes
Sufficient
Sufficient
Observation: Consciousness
Call “Are you alright? Can you hear me?” into casualty’s ear while tapping their shoulder. See if they can talk or respond. If no response, get progressively louder/harder (no more than 3 times!)
Can you
hear me?
Judge whether casualty is conscious or unconscious
Do not move or slide the casualty
For infant/newborn casualty, scrape the sole of the foot
Choose someone and request their help.
Get Help
Please call
102 for an
ambulance
The airway is the path taken by air through the mouth and nose to the lungs.
( Consciousness problems/ not breathing/ airway obstruction )
The Airway
Opening the Airway
Lift the chin forwards with the index and middle fingers of one hand while pressing the forehead backwards with the heel of the other hand.
Do not put pressure on the soft parts of the chin or throat.
Do not do this if there is a risk of a neck injury.
Opening the Airway (2): neck injuries
Grasp the jawbone with both hands and gently ease upwards, applying pressure with all 4 fingers on both sides.
Place your ear above the casualty’s mouth and nose. Look along the chest and abdomen. If she is breathing you will hear and feel the breath on your face and see movement.
Observe Breathing
Count “1 2 3 4 5 6”
“No breathing”
“Ventilate”
Observe for no more than 10 seconds to judge whether or not casualty is breathing.
The Recovery Position
For the casualty who is breathing sufficiently but is not fully conscious. Use the casualty’s own hand under their jaw to keep the airway open.
Keeping the airway open, pinch the nostrils so that air cannot escape through the nose but is forced into the lungs.
Artificial Ventilation
Mouth-to--Mouth-Nose-Mouth & nose-Mask-Tracheostomy
etc.
Breathe for the Casualty
Open your mouth wide, take a deep breath, and seal your lips around the casualty’s mouth. Blow into the lungs, looking along the chest until you see the chest rise slightly.
Blow about 10cc per kg of casualty’s weight. (e.g. 500-800cc)
Problems:
Open airway?
Nostrils?
Seal?
Airway obstructions?
Remove your mouth and watch the chest fall
Pros and cons of Mouth-to-Mouth VentilationRequires no special toolsCan be done by one person, even a childEasy to see if it’s working
Risk of infectionRisk of secondary poisoningMay feel unpleasant
Preventing Infection
A non-return valve resuscitation mask can be used.
If you’re worried about infection you can perform chest compressions only.
Ventilating when circulation signs are present
1 2 5 71 91 2 4 6 8 102 3 1
“No b
reathin
g”
Ven
tilate
Breath
e gently for tw
o second
s
“Circu
lation S
igns p
resent”
Ven
tilate
Breath
e gently for tw
o second
s
Check signs for no more than ten seconds.
Look for autonomous breathing, coughing or
movement.
Breathing may still be insufficient.
Ven
tilate
Breath
e gently for tw
o second
s
Breathing: Age groups
Mouth-to-nose
Mouth-to-mouth-and-nose
Infant
1 sec.Every 1 - 2 sec.Newborn
1 - 1.5 sec.
Until chest
rises gently.
Every 2-3 sec.
Child
Mouth-to-mouth
2 sec.500-800cc
( 10cc/kg )Every 3-5 sec.Adult
MethodDurationAmountFrequency
The heart is located within the ribcage, slightly to left of centre.
An incorrect hand position will make compressions less effective, and break the casualty’s ribs.
Chest Compressions: Correct Hand Position
Heart
Hand position
Hand position: lower half of the sternum (breastbone)
For adults and children, the first hand should be placed on the sternum one finger-space from the lower end.
Sternum
One finger-space
Xiphoidprocess
Handposition
Lower limit for compression
Finding the correct hand position
Trace the underside of the ribs with your index and middle fingers.
ribs
Place the middle finger in the sternal notch, and the index finger on the sternum
Using two fingers, trace the underside of the ribs to the notch where the sides join in the middle.
Leaving your middle finger in the notch, rest the index finger next to it on top of the sternum.
Middle finger in the notch
Index finger on the sternum
Now rest the heel of the other hand on the sternum next to the extended index finger. This is the correct hand position for compressions.
Cardiac Compressions - Essential Points
① Sit level with the casualty’s chest② Correct hand position, with the heel of the hand③ Lock your elbows④ Position your shoulders over the chest⑤ Using your body weight, compress straight down
towards the ground
Adult casualty:Compress 3.5 〜 5cmRhythm of 100 per min.
Compression technique
Avoiding pressure on the casualty’s ribs, compress only the narrow sternum. This maximises the safety and effectiveness of the compressions.
Use this part (the heel of the hand) to compress the chest
Compress Vertically
With elbows straight, push straight down. Release pressure promptly. Take care not to lose your position.
Cardiac Compressions
Compressing the heart between the sternum and spine causes blood to circulate.
Compress 30 times at a rate of 100 compressions/minute.
sternumheart
spine
upstrokedownstroke
How NOT to do it!
Don’t push at an angle Don’t bend your elbows
Repeat cycles of 15 compressions to two breaths (ratio 15:2)After the first four cycles, check again for signs of circulation - for no more than 10 seconds
Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation(CPR)
30:2
30 chest compressions
2 breath
s
10 second check for
signs of life
One cycle30 compressions : 2 breaths
“No b
reathin
g. Ven
tilate.”
2 breath
s
“Ch
eckin
g signs”
“No sign
s of life”
“Startin
g CP
R”
Removing Obstructions (1)
Open the casualty’s mouth with the “crossed finger” technique.Cross the thumb and index finger. Place the thumb on the upper teeth, the index finger on the lower teeth, and twist to open the mouth.
Don’t move the head when inspecting the mouth.
Do you need to remove dentures?
Removing Obstructions (2)
Turn casualty’s head to one side.
Wrap your finger with a handkerchief or cloth, and wipe out any obstructions.
Make sure to clean away all blood or body fluids.
Back Slaps
Slap sharply and strongly 4 or 5 times between the casualty’s shoulder blades using the heel of your hand.
Heimlich Maneuver (Sitting)
Only on conscious casualties aged > 8 yearsPut the ball of the thumb against the upper stomach area
Put your chest against the casualty’s back.
Put both arms under the casualty’s armpits.
Squeeze inward and upward.
Heimlich Maneuver (Astride)
With the heel of one hand on the upper stomach area, support with the other hand and push sharply upwards and inwards.
Compression from Behind
With one knee raised, put open hands on the lower trunk beneath the ribs on either side of the spine. Squeeze strongly, inwards and upwards.
⑧ Perform CPR (30:2)
If breathing sufficient, continue ventilations (1 every 2 to 3 sec.)
Recovery position(continue to monitor)
⑦⑧ Perform CPR (30:2)
⑤ Two breaths
③ Open airway
② Call for help
If breathing recovers or casualty objects, stop
ventilations
① Conscious?
⑥ Check signs of life
④ Breathing?
⑥ Check signs of life Breathing? Coughing? Moving?
④ Breathing?
YesNo
Not enough
Yes
Yes
Enough
Enough
CPR for Children, Babies and Newborns
Mouth-to-MouthTwo breaths.1 ~ 1.5 seconds apart.Chest should rise gently.
Child Baby &
Newborn
Mouth-to-Nose & Mouth
Two breaths.
Breathe for 1 sec.
Child
Casualty Hand Position Technique Extent Rate
Child
(1-8 yrs)
Lower half of sternum
Heel of one hand
About 1/3 depth of chest
100/minute
Baby
(1-12 month) One finger width below line joining the nipples
Middle & ring fingers only
At least 100/minute
Newborn (less than 28 days) About 120/minute
Baby & Newborn
Removing Obstructions: Baby & Child
Thoracic Compressions
Face upward.
Compress lower sternum as for CPR, 5 times.
Back Slaps
Turn over, facing downwards
Support chin with fingers
Slap 5 times with heel of hand
Cycle both techniques. If becomes unconscious start CPR!
Bleeding Control: Direct Pressure
Consider the cleanliness, thickness and position.
Apply direct pressure to the wound.
Use a plastic bag or rubber gloves to avoid infection.
Gauze pad
bone
wound
Bleeding Control: Tourniquet
Position between the wound and the heart.
Centered a few cm from the wound.
Using a wide (at least 3cm) triangular bandage or scarf.
Tighten using a stick. Release pressure every 30 mins.
1. Prepare the tourniquet.
2. Tie loosely. Insert a pad.
3. Insert the stick. Steady the pad.
4. Turn the stick until bleeding stops.
5. Secure the stick so it won’t move.
6. Record the time.
Legal Protection for First Aiders
INDIA : Good Samaritan Law. If emergency aid is given with sincere spirit there will be no retribution even in the event of a mistake.
“Regarding actions made in good faith, in the absence of malice or negligence, there shall be no civil or legal liability.”
THANK YOU