cpsa 2005 scalar dimensions of non-market governance in knowledge economies a look at the...
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CPSA 2005
Scalar Dimensions of Non-Market Governance in Knowledge Economies
A look at the microelectronics industry in the Greater Toronto Area
Prepared for:
2005 CPSA Annual ConferenceJune 2-4, 2005, London, ON
Tijs Creutzberg
Ph.D. CandidateDepartment of Political Science
University of Toronto
CONTEXT
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION
CPSA 2005
Theoretical Context
• Re-scaling of the economy (e.g. Swyngedouw 2003, Jessop 1994)• Change in relative importance of economic institutions
• Subnational institutions more prominent
• Economic communities (e.g. Henton 1997)
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION
CPSA 2005
Two types of governance
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION
Framework governance Strategic governance
Primary actors
• National / regional governments
• Industry Associations
Civic entrepreneurs
Municipal / regional governments
Local professors
Regional / technology associations
Initiatives • Trade agreements
• Innovation support programs
• Funding of basic research
• R&D tax credit
• Higher education
Localizing R&D facilities & knowledge investments
Strategic business recruitment / retention
Curriculum development at local institutions
Strategic planning
Technology commercialization support
Governance patterns
• Policy networks
• Policy communities
Community-led, socio-economic governance networks
CPSA 2005
Two types of governance
Framework governance Strategic governance
Primary actors
National / regional governments
Industry Associations
• Civic entrepreneurs
• Municipal / regional governments
• Local professors
• Regional / technology associations
Initiatives Trade agreements
Innovation support programs
Funding of basic research
R&D tax credit
Higher education
• Localizing R&D facilities & knowledge investments
• Strategic business recruitment / retention
• Curriculum development at local institutions
• Strategic planning
• Technology commercialization support
Governance patterns
Policy networks
Policy communities
• Community-led, socio-economic governance networks
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION
CPSA 2005
Geography of fabless microelectronics
1 Qualcomm US 16 Silicon Laboratories US
2 Nvidia US 17 Realtek Taiwan
3 Broadcom US 18 SST US
4 Xilinx US 19 PMC Sierra Canada
5 MediaTek Taiwan 20 ICS US
6 ATI Canada 21 Lattice US
7 SanDisk US 22 Zoran US
8 Altera US 23 Genesis Microchip Canada
9 Marvell US 24 SMSC US
10 Conexant US 25 Zarlink Canada
11 VIA Taiwan 26 Ali Taiwan
12 Qlogic US 27 Cirrus Logic US
13 GlobespanVirata US 28 ESS US
14 Sunplus Taiwan 29 DSP Group US
15 Novatek Taiwan 30 Semtech US
Leading Fabless IC Suppliers by revenue, 2003
Source: IC Insights, 2003
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION
CPSA 2005
The Greater Toronto Area at a glance
Lake Ontario
Source: GTMA
Population: 5.3 million
Span: 5 regions, 29 municipalities, ~7,000 Km2
Gross regional product: $US109 billion
Labour force: Over 2 million; 60% has completed some post-secondary education
IT firms / facilities Over 3300
IT employment 148,000
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION
CPSA 2005
Early strategic efforts 1950s-1970s
• Key actors• Federal government (DOD, DTIC)
• The University of Toronto
• Multinationals
• Initiatives – government partnerships with chosen firms• Technology procurement
• Navy / Ferranti – DATAR tracking system
• Technology development• DTIC / CDC - computers
• Multilevel dimension• National engagement of local (Toronto based) actors
• National leadership – ‘moral persuasion’
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION
CPSA 2005
Strategic initiatives in 1980s-1990s
• Key actors• Federal (DTIC, Granting council)
• Provincial government
• The University of Toronto
• Initiatives – capability hubs• Microelectronics Development Centre
• Canadian Microelectronics Corporation
• University based centres of excellence – Micronet / CITO
• Multilevel dimension• Ad hoc, fixed-term support
• No long-term strategy
• A mix of local and supra-local leadership
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION
CPSA 2005
Contemporary strategic governance: more of the same only less…
• Retrenchment of the federal government – Micronet• “the federal government thought microelectronics was done”
• Disengaged local associative system• No strategic outlook
• Competitive
• Traditional – lobbying, information providers
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION
CPSA 2005
…though with some signs of a strengthening local dimension
• Toronto City Summit Alliance • Toronto Region Research Alliance
• Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
• City of Toronto• Toronto Competes
• Markham• Innovation Synergy Centre
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION
CPSA 2005
Conclusion
• Strategic governance has been a key variable in explaining the GTA’s microelectronics industry• Helps localize resources in the creation of knowledge assets• Adapts infrastructure to evolving industry needs
• The organizational structure of this governance has changed significantly…
• …but is there a GTA model?• No local uptake – local strategic coordination is weak• Weak linkages between various nodes of actors• Multilevel – though little coordination• No regional focus• Localizing dynamics do exist:
• Engineering professors• Municipalities
• Transition?
INTRODUCTION
CONTEXT
TYPOLOGY
INDUSTRY
STUDY REGION
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
CONCLUSION