STONE WORK

SPECIFICATIONS 91 - 92

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CONTENTS

LIST OF MANDA TORY TESTS

LIST OF BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

7.0 TERMINOLOGY

7.1 RANDOM RUBBLE STONE MASONRY

7.2 COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY-FIRST SORT

7.3 COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY - SECOND SORT

7.4 PLAIN ASHLAR MASONRY

7.5 PUNCHED ASHLAR (ORDINARY) MASONRY

7.6 MOULDED, SUNK., CARVED ASHLAR MASONRY

7.7 STONE VENEERING WORK

7.8 STONE CHAJJA

7.9 SHELVES, COPING, PLAIN CORNICES STRING COURSES ETC.

7.10 STONEJALI

7 .11 LATERITE STONE MASONRY

7.12 SLATE STONE MASONRY

7.13 PRECAST CONCRETE STONE BLOCK MASONRY

7.14 HOLLOW AND SOLID CONCRETE BLOCK IvfASONRY

Fig. NO.1 Stone work

Fig. No.2 to 7 Tenninology

Fig. No.8 Random Rubble Masonry

Fig. No.9 Coursed Rubble Stone Masonry

Fig. No. 10 Ashlar stone masonry

Fig. No. 11 Ashlar stone mansory with brick backing

Fig. No. 12 Moulded, sunk, carved stone masonry

Fig. No..13 Arches & Chajjas

FiRNoJ 14, 15 Stone veneering

Fig. No. 16 General arrangements of cramps

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..STONE WORK

List of Bureau of Indian Standard codes

Methods of test for deterrninati0l! of durability of natural building stones.

Specification for Lime stones (slab & tiles) .

Recommendations for dressing of natural building stones.

10. 1200 (Pt. IV) 1976 Methods of measurements of building and Civil engineering works-stonemasonry

l. 737-·1986

2.

1121-(Pt.I) 1974

3.

1122-1974

4.

1123-1975

5.

1124-1974

6.

1125-1974

7.

1126-1974

. 8.

1128-1974

9.

1129-1972 Specifications for wrought aluminium and·a1umiI1iumalloy. steel and stripfor gencraleni...neering purpose.

MetJ.'1ods for determination of properties and strengt.~s of natural building. stDnes (part I-compressive strength).

Methods for determination of specific gravity of natural building stones.

Methods of identification of natural building stones.

Methods of test for detennination of water absorption, apparent specificgravity and porosity of natural buildillg stones.

Methods of test for determination of weathering of natural building stones.

11. 1597 (Pt. I) 1967 Code of practice for construction of rubble stone masonry

12.. 1597 (pt. II)-1967 Code of practice for construction of ashlar stone masonry

13. 1805 ~ 1973 Glossary of terms relating to stones. quarrying and dressing

14.2185 - (Pt. 1)-1979 Specifications for concrete masonry units. Hollow and solid concrete blocks

15. 2572-1963

16. 3620-1979

17. 3622 - 1977

Code of Practice for construction of hollow concrete block masonry

Specification for laterite stone block for masonry

Sand stone (slab & tiles)

18. 4101-(Pt.1)-1967 Code of practice for external facings and veneers (Pait I-stone facing.)

19. 4101-(part 11)-67 Code of practice for external facing and veneers: (part II -Cement conceretefacing).

20. 12440-1988 Specifications for precast concrete stone masonry blocks

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7.0 Terminology

Ashlar

Stone masonry using dressed block of givendimensions having faces perpendicularto eachother and laid in courses

Bed Joint

TIle joint where one stone presses on anotherfor example, a horizontal joint in a wall orradiating joint between the voussoirs of arch(See fig No. I and 13)

Block

a) Hollow (Open and closed cavity) block

A concrete masonry urnt with any; one of theexternal dimension greaterthan the correspond­

ing dimension of a brick and having one or .more large holes or cavities wmch either passthrough the block (open cavity) or do effec­tively pass through the block (closed cavity)a.l1dhaving the solid material between 50% and75% of the total volume of the block calculatedfrom the overall dimensions.

b) Solid Block

A concrete masonry unit with external dtmen­sions greater than corresponding dimension ofa brick and having solid matcrial not less tl1an75% of the total volume of the blockca1culatedfrom over all dimension

Bond

An interlocking arrangement of structural unitsin a wan to ensure stability

Bond Stone (Through stone)

Selected long stone used to hold a wall togehi.ertransversly (see fig.8)

Corbel

Stone bonded well into the wall with part of itprojecting out of the face of wall to form abearing surfaces

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Cornice

Ahorlzontal moulded projection which crownsor finishes either a wall, any horizontal divi­sion of wall, or any architectural feature (SeeFig IC.) .

Cramp

A small piece of metal or the hardestortoughteststone procurable, sunk in mortices and fixedacross joints as additional ties. The ends ofmetal cramps are bent at right angles and stonecramps are dovetailed (See Fig. IE).

Course

A layer of stones in wali including the bedmortar.

Dowels

Dowels are small sections of metal, stone or

pebbles bedded with mortar in correspondingmortice in bed or side joint or adjacent stones(See fig . 1A)

Jamb

The part of the wall at the side of an opening.

Joggle

A key besween.the stones by providing a groovein one stone to take a corresponding concealedprojection in the edges on the other stone (SeeFig. lB)

Natural Bed

The planes of stratification that occurs in asedimentary rocks.

Parapet

A solid or pierced guatd wall for flat stoneterrace or balcony (or abridge) or a curb wall att."'1elower part of a pitched roof which is ex­

posed to atmosphere on face back and top (seefig 1C)

Quoin

A quoin is lhe external angle of wall or buUd- .

iIlg. The term Is <uso applied to stone. specially

s;,;;}ectedand neatly dressed for fanning slich

ai'1gle.

Random

Random or irregular size &"1(1 shapes.

Rubble Masonry

Masonry built of stones either incgular inshapes as quarried or squared and only hammer- dressed ai1dhaving comparative1 y thick joints.As far as possible. stones for mbble masonryshall be anglllar.

Skewback

Sloping surface against which the springing ofan arch rests.

Spandrel

Space between the haunches below the deckinglevel.

String Course

Ahorizontal band, plain or moulded, "Usuallyprojecting slightly from theface ofwaB (see figIC)

Suifadng or dressing of stones

The stones are dressed to have different sur­faces as indicated ~low.

Template or Bed Block

A block of stone or concrete bedded on a wall

to ~stribute the pressure from a concentratedload.

Self Faced Surfaces

Surfaces of stone slabs used for roofing floor­

ing, lintels etc. as obtained from quarry.

Squared Back Surface

Means the surface shall be dressed back at right

angles to the face of the stone.

Chisel Drafted Margin

The dresing done with a drafting chisel innarrow strips of width generally 2 to 5 em.Chisel drafted margin shall be punch dressed.

Hammer Dressed Suiface

A hammer dressed stone shall have no sharp

and inegular comers and shall have a compara­tively even surface so as to fit well in masonry.Hammer dressed stone is also known as ham­

mer raced, quany faced and rustic faced.- Thebushing from the general wallface shall not bemore tha..'140mm on exposed face and IOmmon faces to be plastered (Fig.2)

Rock Faced Surface

A rock faced stone shall have a minimum of

25mm wide chisel drafted margin at the fouredges, aU the edges being in the same plane(Fig 3).

Rou.gh Tooled Surface

A rough tooled surface shall have a series ofbands, made by means of a plane chisel 4 to5cm wide, more or less parallel to tool marks

~all overthe surface. 'These marks may be eit.i.erhorlzontal, vertical or at an angle of 45° asdirected (Eg. 4). The edges and corners shall

..be squ_areand true. The depth or gap betweenthe surface and stright edge,-held against thesurface shall net be more than 3mm (Roughtooled stones are used where fairly regular

plane faces are required for masonry work).

Punched Dressed Surface

A rough surface is further dresse~ by means ofpunch chisel to show series of parallel ridges.The depth of gap between the surface and astraight edge held against the surface shall notexceed 3mm (Fig. 5). Punched dressed stones

,are used where even surfaces are required.

Close Picked Suiface

A punched stone is further dressed by means ofpoint chisel so as to obtain a finer surface,ridges or chisel marks left over being very tiny.

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The depth of gap between the surface and astraight edge kept over the surface shall notexceed l.5mm (Fig 6).

Fine tooled Surface

ClQse picked surface is further dressed so thatall the projections are removed andfairly smoothsurface is obtained. The surfaces shall have 3 to

4 lines per centimetre width depending on thedegree of hardness of stone and degree offineness required (Fig 7). This type of dressing .is commonly adopted for asWar work.

Polished Surface

Surfaces having a high gloss finish. Polishingof stones shall be done by rubbing them withsuitable abrasive, wetting the surface where

neces,sary with water. Alternatively polishingof stones shall be done by holding them firmlyon the top of revolving table 'to which someabrasive material like sand or carborundum is

fed. The final polishing shall be performed byrubber or felt, using oxide of lime (called bytrade name as putty powder) as a polishingmedium.

7.1 RANDOM RUBBLE MA­SONRY

7.1.1. Stone: The stone shall be of the typespecified such as granite, trap, limestone, sandstone, quartzite, etc; 'and shall be obtained fromthe quarries, approved by the Engineer - in ­Charge. Stone shall be hard, sound, durableand free from weathering decay and defectslike cavities, cracks, flaws, sand holes, injuri­ous veins, patches ofloose or soft materials andother similar defects t.iJ.atmay adverseJ.y affectits strength and appearance. As far as possiblestones shall be of uniform colour, quality ortexture. Generally stony shall not contain crypstcrystalline silica or chart, mica and othr delete­rious materials like iron-oxide organic impuri­ties etc.

Stones with round surface shall not be used.

The compressive §trength of common types ofstones shall be as per table I and the percentageof water absorption shall generally not exceed5% for stones other than specified in table I.For laterite tbis percentage is 12%. '

Type of stone

Granite

Basalt

Lime stone (Slab & Tiles)

Sand Stone (Slab & Tiles)

Marble

Quartzite

Laterite (Block)

Table I

Maximum Water

Abosption

percentge byweight

0.5

0.5

0.15

2.5

0.40

0.40

12

Minimum

Compressivestrength kg/sq cm

1000

400

200

300

500

800

35

I . ~

Note: 1 Test for compressive strength shall be carried out as laid down in IS: 1121 (Part I)'~:·i974.Note: 2 Test for water absorption shall be carried out as laid down in IS: 1124-1974.

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7.1.2 Sizeof stones

Normally stones used should be small enoughto be lifted and placed by hand. Unless other­wise indicated, the length of stones for stonemasonry shall not exceed three times the heightand the breadth or bas~ shall not be greater thanthree fouI1h th~ thickness of wall, or not lessthan 15cm. The height of stone may be upto 30em.

7.1.3 Random Rubble Masonry shaH beuncoursed or brought to courses as specified(Fig. 8&9) Uncoursed random rubble masonryshall be constructed with stones of sizes as

referred to in para 7.1.2 and shapes picked upra.ndom from the stones brought from the ap­proved quarry. 0tones having sharp comers orround surfaces shall, however, not be used.

7.1.4 Random rubble masonry brought· tothe course is similar to uncours,ed randomrubble masonry except that the courses arc

roughly levelled at intervals varying from 30cmto 90cm in hei ght according to the size ofstones used.

7.1.5 Dressing

Each stone shall be hammer dressed on the

face, the sides and the bed. Hammer dressingshall enable the stones to be laid close to

neighbouring stones such that the bushing in .the face shall not project more than 40mm onthe exposed face and 10mm on the face to beplastered.

7.1.6 Mortar

TIle mortar used for joining shall be as speci-fied. '

7.1.7 Laying

All stones shaH be wetted before use. Eachstone shall be placed close to the stones alreadylaid so that the thickness of the mortar joints atthe face is not more than 20mm. Face stones

-;haU be an'anged suitably to stagger t.'1c verti­cal joints and long vertical joints shaH beavoided, Stones for hearting or interior fining

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shall be hammered down with wooden mallet

into the position firmly bedded in mortar,.Chips or sprawls of stones may be used forfiling of interstices between the adjacent stonesin heartening and these shall not exceed 20% ofthe quantity of stone masonry. To form a bondbetween successive courses plum stones pro­jecting vertically by about 15 to 20cm shall befirmly embedded in the hearterring at the inter­val of about one metre in every course. Nohollow space shall be left any where in themasonry.

The masonry "'cork in wall shall be carried up

true to plumb or to specified baiter.

Random rubble masonry shall be brought tothe level courses at plinth, window sills,lintel<mdroof levels. Levelling shall be done withconcrete comprising of one part of the mortaras used for masonry and two parts of gradedstone aggregate of 20mm nominal size.

TI1C masonry in structure shall be carried lini­formly. Where the masonry of one part is to bedelayed, the work shall be raked back at an~mglenot steeper than 45°'

7.1.8 Bond Stones

B.ond or through stones running right throughthe thickness of wans, shall be provided inwalls upto 60cm duck and in case of wallsabove 60cm thickness. a set of two or more

bond stones overlapping each other by atleast15cm shall be provided in a line from face ofthe v,mll to the back.

In case of highly ahsorbent types of stones(porous lime stone fuid sand stone etc.) singlepiece bond stones may give rise to dampness.For all thicknesses of such walls, a set of two ormbre bond stoDes overlapping each other byatleast 15cm shall be provided. Length of eachsuch bond stone shall not be less thel1 two thirdof the thjc};.ness of tJ.'1cwall.

Vv11erebond stones of suitable lengths are notavailable precast cement concrete block of1:3:6 mix (1 cement: 3 coarse sand: 6 graded

stone aggregate 20mm nominal size) of crosssection not less than 225 square centimetresand length equal to the thickness of wall shallbe used in lieu of bond stones. (This shall beapplicable only in masonry below ground levela,nd where masonry above ground level isfimilly required to be plastered).

At least one bond stone or a set of bond stones

shall be provided for every 0.5 sqm of the areaof waU surface.- All bond stones shall be marked

smtably with paint as directed by t~e Engineer­in-charge;

7.1.9 Quoin and Jamb Stones

The quoin and jamb stones shall be of selectedstones neatly dressed with hat-nmer or chisel to

form the required angle. Quoin stones shall notbe less than 0.01 cum Lfl volume. Height ofquoins aIld jamb stones shall not be less than 15em. Quoins shall be laid header and stretcheralternatively.

7.1.10 Joints

Stones shall be so laid that aU joints are fullypacked 'with mortar and chips. Face joints shannot be more than 20mril thick.

The joints shall be struck flush and fipished at- .the time oflaying when plastering or pointingis not to be done. For the surfaces to be plas­tered or pointed, the joints shall be raked to a

minimum depth of 20mm when ~e mortar isstill green.

7.1.11 Scaffolding

Single scaffolding having one set of verticalsupport shall be allowed, The supports shall besound and strong, tied together by horizontalpieces, over which the scaffolding planks shallbe fixed. The inner end of the horizontal scaf-

_folding member may rest in a hole provided inthe masonry. S~ch holes, however, shall not beallowed in pillars under one metre in width ornear the skew back of arches. The holes left in

masonry work for supporting scaffolding shall

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be filled and made good with cement concrete1:3:6 (1 cement: 3 coarse sand: 6 stone

aggregate 20mm nominal size).

7.1.12 Curing .

Masonry work in cement or composite mortarshall be kept constantly moist on all faces for aminimum period of seven days. In case ofmasonry with fat lime mortar curing shallcommence two days after laying of masonry

and shall continue for atIeast seven days thereafter.

7.1.13 Protection

Green work shall be protected from rain bysuitable covering. The work shall also be suit­ably protected from damage, mortar droppingand rain during construction ..

7.1.14 Measurements

7.1.14.1 The length, height and thickness shallbe measured correct to a em. The thickness of

wall shall be measured at joints excluding thebushing. Only specified dimensions shall beallowed; anything extra shall be ignored. The

_quantity shall be calculated in cubic metrenearest to two places of decimaL

.7.1.14.2 The work under the following catego­ries shall be measured separately.

i) From foundation to plirith level (levelone)

a) work in or under water and or liquidmud

b) work in or under foul positions

ii) From plinth level (Level one) to floor twolevel

iii) From floor two level to floor three level<Ll1d so on.

iv) - Stone masonry in parapet shall be mea­sured together with -the correspondingitem in the wan of the storey next below.

7.1.14.3 No deduction shall be made nor extra

payment made for the following.

i) Endsofdissin1ilarmaterials (that is joists ,beams, lintels, posts, girders, rafters pur­lins, trusses, corbels, steps etc.) upto 0.1sqm in section.

ii) Openings each upto 0,1 sqm in area. Incalculating the area of openings, any sepa­rate lintels or sills shall be included

,alongwith the size of opening but the endportions of the lintels shall be excludedand the extra width of rebated reveals, if

any, shall also be excluded.

ill) . Wall plates and bPA plates, and bearing ofcha.ijas and the like, where the thicknessdoes not exceed lOem and the bearingdoes not extend over the full thickness ofthe wall.

Note ;,The bearing of floor and roof shall

be deducted from wall masonry.

iv) Drain holes and recesses for cement con­crete blocks to embed hold fasts fordoors,windows etc. '

v) Building in masonry, iron fixture, pipesupto 300mm dia, hold fasts of doors andwindows etc.

vi) Forming chases in masonry each uptosection of 350 sqcm.

Masonry (excluding fixing brick work) in chim­ney breasts with smoke of air flues not exceed­ing 20 sqdm (0.20 sqm) in sectional area shallbe measured as ~olid and no extra paymentshall be made for pargetting and coring suchflues. Where flues exceed 20sq.dm (0.20 sqm)sectional area, deduction shall be made for thesame and pargetting and coring flues shall bemeasured in running metres stating size offlues and paid for separately. Aperture for fireplace shall not be deducted and no extra pay­ment made for splaying of jambs and throating. '

7.1.14.5 Apertures for fire places shall not bededucted and extra labour shall not be mea-

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sured for splaying of jambs, throating .andmaking arch to support t:l1eopening.

7.1.14.6 Square or rectangular pillars

These shall be measured as walls, .but 'extra

payment shall be allowed for stone work insquare or rectangular pillars over the rate forstone work in walls. Rectangular pillar shallmean a detached masonry support rectangularin section, such that its breadth does not exceedtwo and a half times the thickness.

7.1.14.7 Circular pillars (Columns)

These shall be measured as per actual dimen­sions, but extra p~yment shall be allowed forston~ work in circular pillars overothe rate forstone work in walls. The diameter as well as

length shall be measured correct to a em.

7j.14~8Tapered waIls shallbemeasu~dnet,. as per actual dimensions and paid for as otherwalls.

7.1.14.9 Curved Masonry

Stone masonry curv~d on plan to a mean radiusexceeding?6 metres shaH be measured andincluded with general stone work. Stone workcircular on plan to a mean radius not exceeding6 mettes' shall be measured separately and shallinclude all cuttings and waste and templates. Itshall be measured as the mean length of thewall.

7.1.15 Rate

The rate shall include the cost of materials and

labour required for all the operations describedabove and shall include the following.;

a) Raking outjoints'for.plastering or point-.ing done as a separate item, or finishllg

flush as the work proceeds ...

b) Preparing tops and sides of eXisting walls

for raising an,d extending.\

c) Rough cutting and waste for forminggables cores, skew backs or spandrels ofarches; splays at eaves and all rough

cutting in the body of walling unlessotherwise specified.

d) Bond stones or cement concrete bondblocks

e) Leading and making holes for pipes etc.

f) Bedding and pointing,wall plates, lintels,sills etc. in or on w~s, bedding roof tilesand corrugated sheets in or on walls.

g) Building in'ends of joists, beams, lintelsetc.

7.2 COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY -

FIRST SORT (FIG 9)

7.2.1 Stone

Shall be as specified in 7.1.1.

7.2.2 Sizeof stone

Shall be as specified in 7.1.2.

7.2.3 Dressing

Face stones shall be hammer dressed on allbeds, and joints so as to give them approxi­mately rectangular block shape. These shall besquared on all joints and beds. The bed jointshall be rough chisel dressed for atleast 8cmback from the face, and side jointsJor at least

.4cm such that no portion of the dressed surfaceis more than 6mm from a straight edge placed

. on it. The bushiIlg on the face shall not projectmOre than 4cm as an exposed face and one em.on a face to be plastered. The hammer dressed• ~ .c

stone shall also h~ve a rough tooling for mini-. mum width of 2.5cmalong the four edges. of

the face of the stone, when stone work is

exposed .

7.2.4 Mortar

The mortar for jointing shall be as specified.", '-

7.2.5 'Laying

All stones shall be wetted before use. The walls-.. -

shall 'be carried up truly plumb or to specifiedbatter. All courses shall be taid truly horizontal

and all vertical joints shall be truly vertical. Theheight of each course shall not be less than15cm nor more than 3Ocm.

Face stones shall be laid alternate headers and

st~tchers. No pinning shall be allowed on theface. No face stone shall be less in breadth than

its 'height and atleast one third of the stonesshall tail into the work for length not less thantwice their height.

The hearting or the interior filling of the wallshall consist of stones carefully,laid on theirproper beds in mortar; chips and spallsof s~onebeing used where necessary to avoid thick bedsof joints of mortar and at the same time ensur­ing that no hollow spaces are left anywhere in

the masonry. The chips shall not i;>e used belowthe hearting stone to bring these upto the levelof face stones. The use of chips shall be re­stricted to the fillingof interstices between theadjacent stones in hearting and these shall notexceed 10% of the quantity of stone masonry.

The masonry in a structure shall be carried upuniformly but where breaks are. unavoidable,the joints shall be .raked back at angle notsteepert.han 45°. Toothing shall not be allowed.

7.2.6 Bond Stones

Shall be as specified in 7.1.8 except that a bondstone or a set of bond stones shall be inserted

1.5 to 1.8 metres apart, in every course.

7.2.7 Quoins

The quoins shall be of tJ1esame'h~ight. as the, course in which these OCcur.Th~s~ shall be at

least 45cm long and,shall be laid stretchers andheaders alternatively. These shall be laid square,

. on the beds, which shall be rough-chisel dressed.to a depth of at least JOcm. In case of exposed'York,. these stones shall have a minimum of2.5cm wide chisel drafts at four edges, all theedges being in the saine plane.

·7.2.8' Joints

All'.bed joints shall be horizontal and all sidejoints vertical. All joints shall be fully packed

177,

:>t}

with mortar, face joints shall not be more thanone em thick .

When plastering or pointing is not required tobe done; the joints shall be struck flush andfinished at the time oflaying. Otherwise, jointsshall be raked to a minimum depth of 20mm byraking tool during the progre8s of work, whenthe mortar is still green.

When plastering or pointing is not required to .be done, the joints shall be. struck flush and

. finished at the time of laying. Otherwise, the

joints shall be raked to a minimum depth of20mm by raking tool during progress of worle,where the mortar is still green.

7.3.8 . Curing, scaffolding, measurement andRates

Before starting the work, the contractor shallget the stones approved by Engineer-in-Charge.

7.4.1 Stone shall be of the type specified. Itshall be hard, sound, durable and tough, freefrom cracks, decay and weathering and defectslike cavities, cracks, flaws, sand holes, veins,

patches of soft or loose materials etc.

7.2.9 Curing, scaffolding, Measurements andRates shall be as specified under 7.1

7.3 COURSED~IJBBLEMASONRY-

SECOND SORT (FIG 9)

7.3.1 Stone

Shall be-as specified in 7.1.1 ..

7.3.2 Size of Stone

Shall be as specified in 7.1.2.

7.4

Shall be as specified under 7.1

Plain Ashlar Masonry (Fig 10)

7.3.3 Dressing

Shall be as specified in 7.2.3. except that noportion of dressed surface shall exceed lOmmfrom a straight edge placed on it.

7.3.4 'Mortar

The mortar for jointing shan be as specified.

7.3.5 Laying

Shall be as specified in 7.2.5 excepfthat the useof chips shall not exceed 15% of the quantity of

stone masonry and stone, in each course neednot be of the same height but not more L'1antwo

stones shall be used ~ the height of a course.

7.3.6 Bond Stone, Quoins

Shall be as specified in 7.2.6 and 7'.2.7 respec­tively.

7.3.7 Joints

All bed joints shall be horizontal and all sidevertical. All joints shall be fully packed withmortar, face joints shall not be more than 2 cmthick.

7.4.2 Sizeof Stone

Normally stones used should be small enoughto be lifted and placed by hand. the length of thestone shall not exceed three times the height

. and tp.ebreadth on base shall not be greater thanthree fourth of the thickness of wall nor less

than 15cm. The height of stone may be upto30cm.

7.4.3 Dressing

, Every stone shall be cut to the required size andshape, so as to be free from waviness and togive truly vertical and horizontal, joints. InexPosed masonry, the faces that are to remainexposed in the final position and the adjoiningfaces to a depth of 6mm shall be the fine chiseldressed so that when checked with 60cm straightedge, no point varies from it by more thantmm. The top and bottom faces that are to formthe bed joints shall be chisel dressed so thatvariation from 60cm straight edge at no pointexceeds 3mm. Faces which are to fonn the

vertical joints should be chisel dfessed so thatvariation at any point with 60cm straight edgedoes not exceed 6)]lm. Any vertical face that isto .come against ba9king of masonry shall be

dressed such that variation from straight edgedoes not exceed IOrnm. All angles and edgesthat are to remain exposed in the final positionshall be true, square and free from chippings.

A sample of dressed stone shall be prepared forapproval of Engineer - in - Charge. It shall bekept at the worksite as a sample after beingapproved.

7.4.4 Mortar

The mortar for jointing shall be as specified.

7.4.5 Laying

All stones shall be wetted before placing inposition. These shall be floated on mortar andbedded properly in position with wooden mal­

lets without the use of chips or under pinning ofany sort.

The walls and pillars $hall be carried up trulyplumb or battered as shown in dra\ ••.ings. AUcourses shall be laid truly horizontal and aUvertical joints shall be truly vertical.

In case of ashlar work without backing of brickwork or coursed rubble masonry, face stoneshall be laid headers and stretchers altrnatelyunless otherwise directed. The headers shall be

aranged to come as nearly as possible in themiddle of stretchers above and below. Stone

shall be laid in regular courses of not less then15cm in height and all the courses shall be ofsame height, unless otherwise specified.

. For ashlar facing with backing of brick work orcoursed rubble masonry (See Fig 11) face stoneshall be laid in alternate courses of headers andstretchers unless otherwise directed. Face stoneand bond stone course shall be maintained

throughout. All connected masonry in a struc­ture shall be caried up nearly at one uniformlevel throughout, but where breaks ae avoid­

able, the joint shall be made in good long stepsso as to prevent cracks developing betweennew and old work. Bond stone provided in themasonry shall be payable in the item of Ashlarmasonry. Neither any deduction will be made

179

from the brick masonry for embedding thebond stoncin the backng nor any extra paymentshall be made for any extra labour involved inmaking holes in brick masonry backing.

When necessary, jib crane or other mechanicalapplia .•.•lces shall be used to hoist the heavypieces of stones and place these into correctpositions. care being taken that the comers of

the stone are not damaged. Stone sl1al1 becovered with gunny bags, before tying chain orrope is passed over it, and it shall be handlled

carefully. No piece which has been damagedshall be used in work.

7.4.6 Bond Stones

Shall be as specified in 7.1:-8

7.4.7 Joints

All joints shall be full of mortar. These shall benot more than 6mm thick. Face joints shall beuniform throughout and a unifonn recess of20rnm depth from face shall be left with the

help of the steel plate during the progress ofwork.

7.4.8 Pointing

All exposed joints shall be pointed with mortaras specified. The pointing when finished shallbe sunk from stone face by 5mm or as speci­fied. The depth of mortar in pointing work shallnot be less than 15mm.

7.4.9 Curing

Masonry work in cement or composite mortarshall be kept constantly moist on all faces for aminimum period of seven days. In case ofmasonry wit.~ fat lime mortar, curing shallcommence two days after laying of masonryand shall continue for atleast seven days there­after.

7.4.10 Protections

Green work shall be protected from rain bysuitable covering. The work shall also be suit­

ably protected from daniage, mortar droppingand rain during construction.

7.4.11 Satffolding

Double scaffolding having two sets of vertical

supports shall be provided. The supports shallbe sOUnd and strong, tied together with hori­

zontal pieces over which scaffolding planksshall be fixed., .

704.12 ' MeasQrements

The finished work shall be measured correct toa centimetre in respect of length, breadth and

heigh~. The cubical contents shall be calculatedin cubic metre nearest to two places of deCimal.

704.12.1 No deduction nor fillY extra paymentshill be made for the following:

i) Ends of dissiniilarmaterials (that is joists,

beams, lintels, posts, girders, rafters, pur­lins, trusses, corbels, steps etc.) upto 0.1sqm in section.

ii) ~mngs upto 0.1 sqrn in area. In calcu­"~':the area of opening, any separate

~tels or sills shall be included alongwith

~e size of t.'1e operrlng but the end portionof the lintels shall be excluded and extra

width of rebated ~veals, if any, shall alsobe excluded.

Wall plates and bed plates and bearing ofchajja and the like, where the thicknessdoes not exceed lOem and the bearingdoes hot extend over the full thickness ofthe wall.

Note: The bearing of floor and roof slabsshall be deducted from wall masonry.

iv) Drainage holes and recesses left for cc- .ment concrete blocks to embed hold-fasts

for doors and windows, building in the

masonry iron fixture and. pipes upto300mm diameter ..

v) Stone walling'in chimney breasts, chim­ney staCks, smoke or air flues not exceed­

'jngO~;K>sqm in sectional area shall be'., 1,

~/:

measured as solid and no extra measure-

ment shall be made for pargetting and

coring such flues. Where flues exceed0.20 sqm' in, sectional area, deduction

shall be made forth~ same andpargettingand coring flues paid for separately.

7.4.12.2 Square, Rectangular or Circular Pil- 'lars.

Shall be measured and paid for as walls, butextra payment shall be allowed for such pillars

. and columns over the rate for stone work inwalls.

Rectangular pillars shall mean a detached ma­

sonry support, rectangular in section, SUCh thatits breadth shall not exceed two and half timesthe thickness.

7.4.12.3 Curved Stone Work

Stone work curved on a plan'to a mean radius

exceeding six metres shall be measured net andincluded with general stone work. Stone workcircular on a plan to a mean radius not exceed­

ing six me~'Shall be measured separatelyand extra p~~::::;nt shall be allowed and shall

inclulit ~,Wttting and waste and templates. Itshall be measured as the mean length of wall.

7.4.13 Rate

The rate shall include the cost of materials and

labour required f9r all the operations describedabove. Stone facing or wall lining uptoand not

exceeding 8cm ~ckness shall be paid forunder "Stone work for wall lining etc. (Veneer

work)" The stone work of thickness exceeding

8cm shallbe paid under relevant items of work..

7.5 PUNCHED ASHLAR (ORDI-

NARY) MASONRY (Fig10)

7.5.1 Stone

Shall be as specified in 7.4.1

7.5.2 Size of stone

-Shall be as specified ill 7.4.2

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7.5.3 Dressing

Shall be as specified in 7.4.3 exceptthat the faces exposed in view shall have a finedressed chisel draft 2.5cm wide all round the

edges and shall be rough tooled between thedrafts, such that the dressed surface shall not bemore than 3mm from a straight edge placedover it.

7.5.4 Other Details

7.6.2.1 Samplz

The full size layout of the moulding etc. shallbe prepared on platform from· which sheettemplates shall be cut and the stone dressed totemplates to a uniform and fine finish. Allvisible angles and edge shall be true square andfree from chippings. A sample of dressed stoneshall be prepared for approval and it shall bekept as sample after being approved by Engi­neer - in - Charge.

7~ MOULDED, SUNK,CARVEDASHLAR MASONRY (Fig 12)

The specifications for mortars, laying and fix­ing, bond stone, joints, pointing, curing, pro­tections, scaffolding, measurements and ratesshall be same as specified in 7.4.

7.6.1 Stone

Shall be as specified in 7.4.1

7.6.2 Dressing

••

In case of ashlar moulded and carved columns

a full size model of the required moulding,.. carving etc. shall be prepared in plaster of paris

and kept at site of work as sample work afterbeing approved by the Engineer - in - Charge.The stones shall be moulded and carved in

accordance with the approved mOdel to a uni­form and fine finish.

7.6.3 Other details

Shall be as specified in 7.4.4, 7.4.5 and 7.4.7 to7.4.11.

Every stone shall be cut to the required size a.T1dshape and chisel dressed on all beds and jointsso as to be free from any waviness and to giveperfectly vertical, horizontal, radial or circularjoirits with adjoining stones as the case may be.The dressed surface shall not be more than

3mm from a straight edge placed on it. The faceshall be gauged, cut, chamfered, grooved, re­bated sunk or plain moulded and fine tooled asshown in the working drawing~. The joints6mm from the face shall also be fine tooled so

that straight edge laid along it is in contact withevery point. It shall be finest surface which canbe given to a stone with the chisel and withoutrubbing.

In case of sunk or moulded masonry, the comerstone shall be dressed at true right angles ortru6to the -shape as specified. The comers beingstraight and vertical.

For arch (See Fig. 13), dome or circular work(See Fig:12) the stone shall be dressed torequired wedge shape so that joints shall betruly radial.

13-4/CPWD/ND/92

7.6.4 Centring and Shuttering

Centring and shuttering required for arch domeor circular moulded work shall be constructed

as directed by the Engineer - in - Charge.

7.6.5 Measurements

The dimensions of the circumscribing rect­angles of the dressed stone used in the workshall be measured correct to a cm and cubical

contents shall be calculated in cubic metres,

nearest to two places of decimal.

7.6.5.1 In case of sunk or moulded work themeasurements for the work: shall be taken

course by course. The plain stone used inconjunction with sunk or moulded stone shall

be measured ~d ·paid for under the relevant'item of stone work.

7.6.5.2 Sunk or moulded work ill rectangular,square and circular pillars, moulded cornicesand string courses shall be measured understone work sunk or moulded but extra payment

181

shall be allowed over the general work in eachcase. No such extra payment shall be allowedfor moulded sUing and plinth courses.

7.6.5.3 In case of arch dome or circular moul­

ded work for arches exceeding six metres L'1

clear span extra payment for additional cost ofcentring shall be made on the actual area of

so~t including strutting, bolting, wedging,easing, striping and removal.

7.6.6 Rate

The rate includes the cost of all materials and

labour involved in all the operations describedabove, including centring and shuttering forarch, dome or circular moulded work.

7.7 STONE VENEERING WORK (Fig.14,15 & 16)

Stone lining upto 8em shall be treated as ve­neering work and lining of greater thiclu,css asplain Ashlar Masonry.

7.7.1 Stone

, Shall be as specified in 7.4.1.

The stone shall be cut into siabs of requiredthickness along the planes parallel to the natu­ral bed of stone.

7.7.2 Dressing

Shall be as specified in 7.4.3 except that dress­ing at the back shall not be done, so as to ensurebetter grip with the hearting or backing. Thedressed slabs shall be of the L~i.cknessas speci­

fied, with pennissible tolerance of 2mm.

7.7.3 Mortar

Mortar for fixing shall, be as specified

7.7.4 Laying

The stone shall be wetted before laying. Theyshall then be fixed with mortar in positionwithout the use of chips or underpinning of any

sort. /

, 7.7.4.1 Where so desired, the adjoining stones. shall be secured to each other by means of

copper pins 75mm long and 6mm diameter oras specified.

7.7.4.2 Further the stones shall be secured to

!:hebacking by means of cramps. The materialfor cramps shall have high resistance to corro­sion under conditions of dampness and againstthe chemical action of mortar or concrete in

• Wlli9h cramps are usually embedded.

Cramps shall be of 25mm x 6mm and 30 emlong in case of backing of stone masonry wallsand brick masonry walls thicker than 23Omm.In case of backing with brick masonry walls230 mm or less thick or RCC members, crampsshall be of 25 x 6 mm and length as perrequirement made out of gun metal or any othermetal specified in para 7.7.4.6. Generally theouter length of cramp in half brick work back-

• ing shall be 115mm and in one brick workbacking it shall be 15Omm. Typical shape anddetails of cramps for such backing are indicatedin figure No. 15 for general guidance. 'This canbe modified as directed by the Engirieer-in­Olarge if so, required at site. Cramps shall bespaced not more than 60cm apart horizontally.

Alternatively the stone may be secured to thebacking by means of stone dowels lOx5x2.5cmas per shape indicated in Figure 14 and theadjoining stone secun~d to each other by meansof gun metal cramps or copper pins of thespecified size. Minimum one cramp/stonedowel shall be used to f.;.~cureone slab to the

backi.l1.g..

7~7.4.3 Cramps may be attached to its sides(see Fig 16A, 16B) or top and bottom (see Fig.16C to F) or sides, top and bottom (see Fig.16G&H). The minimum number of crampsrequired for fixing facing unit to the wall areillustrated in Fig 16. The actual number ofcramps and their sections, however, shall be asper requirements of design to carry the loads.

7.7.4.4 Where cramps are used to hold the unitin position only, the facings shall be providedwith a continuous support on which the stonesrest at the ground level and other storey levels,the support being in the form of projection

182

,/

I

from or recess into the concrete floor slab, or a

beam between the columns or a metal angle-attached to the floor slab or beams. These

supports shall preferably be at vertical intervalsnot more than 3.5m apart and also over theheads of all openings. Such supports shall alsobe provided where there is transition from thinfacings below to thick facings above.

7.7.4.5 Alternatively cramps may be used tohold the units in position and in addition tosupport the units thus transferring the weight ofthe units to the backing. Such cramp should beproperly designed as per IS:4101 (Pt. I) - 1967

7.7.4.6 The cramps may·be of gun metal orcopper Alloyed with zink, tin, nickle, lead and!or stainless steel.

7.7.4.7 The pins, cramps and dowels shall belaid in cement mortar 1:2 (1 cement: 2 finesand) and their samples got approved by theEngineer-in-Charge and kept at site.

7.7.4.8 The walls shall be carried up trulyplumb. All courses shall be laid truly horizon­tal and all vertical joints truly vertical. Thestone shall break joints on the face for atleasthalf the height of the course, unless otherwiseshown in the drawings. TIle 'stone shall be laidin regular courses not less than 20cm heightand all the stones shall be of the same heightunless otherwise specified. No stone shall beless in length than one and a half times itsheight unless otherwise specified.

7.7.4.9 As far as possible the backing shall becarried up simultaneously with the face work.In case of reinfOiced cement concrete backing,the liningshall be secured to the backing after ithas set and got.cured. The cramps shall be fixedin concrete at the required positions, whilelaying.

7.7.5 Joints

The joints shall be done with composite ce­ment lime mortar 1:1:6 (1 cement: 1lime putty: 6 fine sand). All joints shall be full of mortar.Special care shall be taken to see that thegroundings for veneer work are full of mortar.

183

If any hollow groundings are detected by tap­ing the face stones, these shall be taken out andrelaid. The thickness of joints shall be as smallas possible, not exceeding 5mm. For a closebutt jointed facing the thickness shall not ex­ceed 1.5mm. The face joints shall be uniformthrOughout.

Where joint filler or compound is to be used,the joints shall be raked out to a depth of at least25mm after the mortar in the joints has setsufficiently and the filler or compound applied.The joints may be subsequently finished witha mortar suited to the appearance of the work.It is preferable to use joint sealing compoundswhere the facings are exposed to heavy rainfalland winds and their selections would dependupon local experience and availability of jointsealing compounds. In their absence only ma­sonry mortars 1:1:6 (1 cement: 1 lime putty:6 sand) which are proved to be successful from

"local exposure conditions shaY be used.

7.7.6 Other Details

Specifications for pointing, curing, protectionsand scaffolding shall be as specified under 7.4

7.7.7 Measurements

The length and breadth of the" finished workshall be measured in metre correct to em. The

area should be calculated in sq.metre correct totwo places of decilnal.

The veneering work curved on pl<m shall bemeasured as plai.i1 work, but extra paymentshall be allowed for radii not exceeding sixmetres on external face. For radii beyond sixmetres the work shall be measured as plain "work only, even the face may have to dressed"to curve.

7.7.8. Rate

The rate includes the cost of materials and

labour involved in all tbe operations describedabove, except for the cost of providing andfixing pins, dowels and metal cramps andledges and supports, which shall be paid forseparately unless otherwise stipulated in theitem of work.

7.8 ,STONECHAJJA (FIG. 13.)

7.8.1 Stone _slabs shall be hard, sound anddurable. These shall be chisel dressed on allfaces which are exposed. to view and roughdressed at other surface. Angles shall be trueand edge lines straight. The finished thicknessshall be as stipulated with permissible toler­ance of ± 2mm. ,The length of stone slabs inchajja shall not be less than 60. cm unlessotherwise specified.

7.8.2 In case of sloping chajja the stone shallbe sloped as specified. It shall have minimumbearing of 20cm measured horizontally on thewall and the'bearing \shall also -be similarlysloped. Each slab shall have a hole in the centreof the bearing area through'which the anchor­ing M.S. holding down bolt shall pass. Theholding down bolts shall be 12 mm diameter ,and shall be bent at right angles at its lowest endand burried horizontally for at least 7 em in ajoint 30 cm below the bearing surface. Eachholding down bolt shall be secured at top bysuitable washer and nut.

The chajjas shall be provided with cove sup­ports, where cove is in brick masonry, it shallproject out from the wall as under:

45 em wide chajja, cove projection 15 em,depth of rove 3 courses.

60 cm wide chajja" cove projection 20 cm,depth of cove 4 courses

75 cm wide chajja, cove projection 25 cm,depth of cove 5 courses.

90 em wide chajja, cove projection 30 em,depth of cove 6 courses.

7.8.3 In case of horizontal chajja, the stoneshall be fixed horizontally with a slight outerslope of about 1 cm .. It shall have minimumbearing of 15 cm on the wall. Holding downbolts shall be provided, only'where so speci­fied.

184

7.8.4 Pointing

The joints shall be pointed with 1:2 cementmortar (1cement: 2 stone dust) with an admix­ture of pigment to match the stone shade; andproperly cured.

7.8.5 Other Details

Specifications for curing, protections and scaf­folding shall be as specified under 7.4.

7.8.6 Measurements

The length and breadth of the finished workshall be measured correct to a cm. The area of

chajja projecting beyond the wall shall 'be. calculated in sq m correct to twp places of

decimal.

In case of sloping chajja, the sloping breadthshall be measured correct to a cm and the area

of chajja projecting beyoIid the wall shall becalculated in sq m correct to two places 'ofdecimal.

7.8.7 Rate

The rare shall include the cost of all materials

and labour involved in all the operations de­scribed above. Anchoring the coves, shall bedeemed to be iIilcuded in the rate, only when itis so stipulated in the description of the item.· /

7.9 SHELVES, COPING, PLAIN,, CORNICES, STRING COURSES

ETC.

7.9.1 Stone

Stone shall be of uniform colour and texture

and of the kind as stipulated.

7.9.2 Dressing

The exposed faces and sides of shelves shall bechisel dressed such that the dressed surface

shall not be more then -3 mm from a straight

edge placed on it. All visible angles and edgesshall be free from chippings. The surfaces to beburried in the masonry shall be rough dressed.

7.9.3 Laying

These shall be laid in mortar of specified mixand fixed as shown in drawing or as directed bythe Engineer-in Charge.

7.9.4 Other details

Specifications for pointing, curing, protectionsand scaffolding shall be as specified under 7.4:

7 :9.5 Measurements

7.9.5.1 Shelves

The length and breadth shall be measuredinclusive of bearings correct to a em. Thethickness shall be as specified with permissibletolerance of + 2 mm. The area shall be calcu­

lated in sqm correct to two places of decimal.

7.9.5.2 Copings .

The dimensions of the circumscribing rect­angles of the dress~ stones as used in workshall be measured correct to a cm. The cubicalcontents shall be calculated correct to' two

places of decimal in cu m.

7.9.5.3 Plain Cornices, String Courses andPlinth Courses

The length, breadth and depth of the stone.including bearing shall be measured correct toa em. The cubical contents shall be calculated

correct to two places of decimal in cu m.

7.9.5.4 No deduction shall be made from the

masonry of wall forthe bearing of stone shelves,cornices, string courses.

7.9.6 Rate

The rate shall include the cost of all materials

and labour required in all the operations de­scribed above.

7.10 STONE JALI

7.10.1 Stone Shall be as specified in 7.4.1

7.10.2 Dressing and Fixing

The stone shall be. cut into slabs of requiredthickness so as to make jali of the specified

185

thickness. The jali shalibe cut as per patternshown on the drawings. All exposed faces shallbe fine tooled to a uniform and smooth fiIlish.

Fixing shall be done with the adjoining woTkingrooves, rebates etc., as shown in the drawingor as directed by the Engineer-ill-charge. Atolerance of ± 2 mm shall be allowed in tbe

specified thickness of the jali.

7.10.3 Measurements,

The length and breadth ofth~ stone fOrmlng thejali including its borders shall be measuredcorrect to a cm and the area shall be calculated

in square metres nearest to two places of deci­mal.

7.10.4 Rate- Itincludes the cost oflabour and

materials required for all the operations desribedabove. It also includes the cost of makinggrooves or rebates in the adjoining work forfixing jali.

7.11 LATERITE STONE MASONRY

7.11.1 Dressing

Laterite stones shall be hammer dressed into

rectangular blocks so that all faces are free fromwaviness and uneveness, and the edges are trueand square. The least thickncss/breadth shallbe not less than height. The· length shall gener­ally be equal to twice the breadth, unless other-.wise specified.

7.11.2 Laying

The dressed stones shall be laid i? regularcourses of not less than 15 cm h~ight. Allcourses in the masonry shall be of the sameheight unless otherwise directed. The stonesshall be laid in alternate header stretcher fash­

ion, alaemative coursesofheader and stretchersorin any other suitable fashion as directed. Thevertical joints shall break by atleast 65 mm. Nospecific comer stones are necessary. Quoinmay be provided. where so indicated.

7.11.3 Joints

All be~joints shall be truly vertical, the thick­nes~ of joints shall not exceed .15 mm. Each

stone shall be carefully laid in plac~ with jointscompletely filled with mortar. On faces, where

no plastering or pointing is required to be done,the joints shall be struck flush as the workproceeds. In other cases, joints shall be rakedsquare to a minimum depth of 15 mm by aracking tool during the progress of work whilethe mortar is still green.

7.11.4 Scaffolding, curing and protection

Same as in para 7.4 shall apply.

7.11.5 Measurement & Rates

Same as in para 7.4 shall apply.

Block Density - The density calculated bydividing the mass of a block by the over allvolume including holes or cavaties.

Stone Spalls

Broken stone pieces of varying sizes obtainedby breaking the natural river boulders or quarrystones.

Concrete Stone Masonry Block: A precastcement concrete solid block having stone spallsin it (25-30 percent of block volume) andcement concrete withdense stone aggregateand sand. It is 100% solid

The nominal dimensions of concrete stone

masonry block shall be as follows:-

In a4dition, block shall be manufactured in onethird, half, two thirds and three quarters of itsfull length.

Concrete stone masonry block is a solid block

and shall be referred to by its nominal dim!(n­sions. The term 'nominal' means that the di­mension includes the thickness of the mortar

joint. Actual dimensions shall be 10 mm shortof the nominal dimensions.

Stone Face Exposed Block: A concrete stonemasonry block where the stone spalls are ex­posed at one of'its face. The face, when forms

the exposed wall fac<;the wall gets the textureof stone su~ace exposed. ~

7.13.1 Dimensions and Tolerances

300 mm

150 iI\.mand

100, 150 & 200 mm

Length

Height

Width

The nominal dimensions of the units are so

designed that taking account of the thickriess ofmortar joints, they will produce wall lengthsand heights which will conform to the prin~ciples of modular coordination.

Blocks of other nominal dimensions may alsobe made if so directed by the Engineer-in­charge

7.13 PRECAST CONCRETE STONEBLOCKS MASONRY

Slate stone shall be obtained from the approvedquarry, as indicated, and shall not be less than5 cm thick, Slate stones shall be carefullyhanlmered down into place with woOden mal­let and firmly bedded with mortar. Chips andspalls shall be wedged in to avoid thick bedjoints of the mortar. Spalls and pinnings mayshow on face. Thickness ofmortarin.beds and

joints shall not exceed 25 mm. No face work

shall be provided.

7.12.1 Slate stone masonry shall be builtuncoursed. Walls shall be levelled up at the topof plinth, sill and lintel level of openings and attop with minimum amount of chips and spalls.

For walls upto 45cm thick, 25% of face areashall be of bOndstones. For walls over 45 cm

thick, 10% offace area'shall be of bond stones,

Quoin and jambs stones shall be laid headersand stretchers alternatively.

7.12 SLA TE STONE-MASONRY..,

7.13.0 Terminology

For the purpose of this standard, the followingdefinitions shall apply.

7.12.2 Scaffolding, Curing & Protection

These shall be as specified in 7.4

7.12.3 Measurement & Rate

These shall be as specified in 7.4.

186

7.13.2 For accomodating vertical, reinforce­ment required in earthquake resistant construc­tion, special block of half width and with semicircular r~cess in it (see fig. below) shall be

used. These 'dimeJ}sions are suitable for 200mm thick wall. Similar blocks shall be·made

for walls of thiC~I!!"~ '2""-4QO nun.d·?77~~

-\*-~----7'I- All dirnensjons in millimeters. ~"ec;.I)\L. e&.Oc. ••• lIIo~ GMIHlj)PIIIoolG.

V£,~'t'I"'AL. ':;1'4/;.a..

7.13.3 'lhe maxjmum variation in the lengthof the units shall not be more than ± 5 mm and

maximum variation inheight and width of unitsmore than ±3 mm.

7.13.4 Subject to the tolerances specified in7.13.3 the faces of blocks shall be flat and

rectangular, opposite faces shall be parallel,and all arises shall be square~ The beddingsmfaces shall be at right angles to the faces ofthe blocks.

7.13.4 Blocks with Special faces

Blocks with special faces .shall be manufac­tured and supplied as specified in the item oragreement.

·7.13.6 Classification

Concrete stone masonry blocks shall be classi­fied according to their average compressivestrength as given in Table 2.

7.13.7 Materials

7.13.7.1 Cement

Cement complying with any of the followingIndian Standards may be used at the discretion

187

of the Engineer-in Charge: IS 2fJ9-1989. 455­1989, 1489-1991. 6909-1990, 8041 ..1990,8043-1991.

7.13.7.2 When cem~nt conforming to IS:269­1989 is used, replacement of cement by fly ashconfonning to 15:3812-1981 may be permittedup to a limit of 20%. However, it shall beensured that blending of flyash with cement isas intimate as possible, to achieve maximumuniformity .

7.13.7.3 Stone spans

The stone spalls shall be of size ranging from50 to 250 mm in dimension. The stone spillsshall be hard, sound, round in shape, durable,free from decay (hid weathering. These shallnot be flaky. The spalls shall have rough sur­face for better bond with cement concrete.

Good quality stones, such as granite, sandstone and basalt shall be used. Slate shale or

any other soft and flaky stone shall not be used.The spalls shall be obtained from approvedquarry or by breaking river boulder. Large sizeshall be broken into the required sizes and shallbe stacked into two categories.

a) 100 mm and above, and

b) Below 100 mm.

7.1:'.7.4 Aggregates

The aggregates used in the manufacture ofblock shall be clean and free from all deleteri ..

ous matter, and shall conform to the require­ments ofIS:383-1970.

Maximum size of the coarse aggregate shall be10 mm. Sand used in the manufacture of blocks

shall be well graded, clean and free from del­eterious matter, and shall conform to the re­

quirements of IS: 383-1970. Besides it shallhave fine particles 15 to 20% paSSlI'lg 300micron IS Sieve and 5 to 15% passing 150micron IS Sieve.

It is recommended that the fineness modulus of

the combined aggregate shall be between 3.6and 4.

..

7.1307.5 Flayash conforming to IS : 3812­1981 may be used for part replacement of fineaggregate upto a limit of 20%.

7.13.8 Manufacture

Blocks may be manufactured either at con­~1ruction site or in factory on a central castingplatform using steel moulds with or withoutsurface vibration for compaction of cementconcrete.

7.13.8.1 Mould

Moulds shall be fablicated using mild steelplates and mild steel angles for stiffening theplates .

The mould shall pc either fixed type (box withfour side walls fixed at corners, and top andbottom open) or split type.

Split type may be either individual or gangmould. Where the compaction of the concreteis done manually, the mould may be eitherfixed type or split type. When the compactionof the blocks is done with surface vibrator, the

mould shall be only split type (individual· organg mould).

7.13.9 Mix

7.13.9.1 The cement concrete mix for concrete

stone masonry blocks shall not be richer thanone part by volume of cement to 9 parts byvolume of combined fine and coarse aggre­gates, and shall not be leaner than one part byvolume of cement to 13 parts by volume ofcombined fine and coarse aggregates.

7.13.9.2 In case of blocks where compactionis done manually, concrete mix of mediumconsistency (10-12 mm slump) shall be used inorder to enable proper compaction anddemoulding. The consistency of the mix shouldbe such that it may cohere when compressed inthe hand without free water being visible ..

7.13.9.3 In case of blocks where compaction isdone by external vibrator, concrete mix ofverylow consistency (zero slump) shall be used in

188

order to vibrate and compact the concrete underpressure.

7.13.9.4 Mixing

Concrete shall normally be mixed in a me­chanical mixer unless otherwise permitted byEngineer-in-charge. In case of hand mixing10% extra cement shall be used without anyextra payment.

Mixing shall be continued until·· there is auniform distribution of the materials, and the

mass is uniform in colour and consistency.

7.13.10 Placing and Compaction

. Depending upon the size of the stone spalls,these shall be used either in one layer or in twolayers. When used in· two layers, large size

spalls of 100 mm and above shall be placed inthe bottom and concrete poured all around andat top, and shall be tamped manually. Secondlayer of stone spalls of size 50 mm and above

shall be placed over the first layer, and againconcrete is poured all around and upto 20 to 30mm above the top level of mould.•

7.13.10.1 Depending upon the size of blockthe average volume of stone spalls used shouldgenerally be between 25 to 30%. However, inno block, it shall be less than 20% of thevolume of block.

7.13.10.2 Each stone spall shall have a mini­mum space of about 15 to 20 mm around it. Forblocks with exposed stone texture, the stonespalls shall touch the surface of the mould.

7.13.10.3 Blocks may be compacted manuallyas well as mech.anically. In case of-manualcompaction, the concrete ·laid after the first

layer of stone spalls shall be. tamped withmason's tOOland again it shall be tamped withsuitable tampers and compacted from top andfinally struck off level with trowel.

In case of mechanical "compaction, the mouldshall be filled up to overflow, vibrated aM·mechanically tamped using external vibratorand struck off level.

7.13.10.4 Demoulding shall be done 5 to 10 .minutes after compaction. In case of fixed typemould it shall be pulled up with side handleswhile pressing down the block with the plate attop with thumb., In case of splittype mould, thesides shall be removed first and the partitionplates (gang mould) shall be pulled up subse •.quently.

7.13.10.5 After demoulding, the blocks shallbe protected until they are sufficiently hard­ened to permit handling without damage.

7.13.11.. Curing

The blocks hardened shall then be· cured in a

curing water tank or in a curing yard and shallbe kept continuously moist for atleast 14 days.

7.13.11.1 Drying

After curing, the blocks shall be dried for aperiod of two to four weeks depending upon

weather before beihg· used on ~e work. Theblocks shall be allowed to complete their initial

_shrinkage before they are laid in a wall.

7.13.12 Physic~lIRequirements

7.13.12.1 General

All blocks shall be sound and free from cracks

or other defects which may interfere with theproper placing of the unit or impair the strengthor performance of the construction.

7.13.12.2 Where blocks are to be used in

exposed wall construction,the face or facesthat are to be exposed shall be free of chips,cracks or other imperfections, except that notmore than 5% of a consigment coptains slightcracks or small chipping.

7.13.12.3 Dimensions

The overall dimensions of the blocks· when

measured as given in Appendix A ~fIS 12440­1988 shall be in accordance with 7.13.1 subjectto the tolerance mentioned therein.

7.13.12.4 Compressive strength

The minimum compressive strength at 28 day~,being the average of eight blocks, and theminimum compressive strength at 28 days ofindividual blocks, when tested in the manner

described in Appendix B, of IS:12440-1988,shall be as prescribed in Table 2.

TABLE 2

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE STONE MASONRY BLOCKS

Class .

Designation

5

6

7

9

10

Minimum averagecompressive strengthon blocks N/mm2

5.0

6.0

7.0

9.0

10.0

Minimum strengthof individual blocks

N/mm2

3.5

4.2

5.0

6.3

7.5

* For 100 mm wide blocks (for 100 mm thick walls),

the minimum strength may be 3.5 N/mm2

189

..,

7.13.12.5 Water absorption

The water absorption beLrlgthe average of threeblocks, when determined in the manner pre­scribed in Appendix C, ofIS 12440-1988 shallbe not more than 6% by mass.

7.13.13 Tests

7.~_i.3.i3•.J Tests as c.fcsc.l~bcd .in ~ppel-"]dix A

Ons 12440·:1988 shall be conducted on samplesof blocks selectetl according to the samplingprocedure given in 7.13. ~3.2 to ensureconfor­mity with the physical requirements laid downin 7.13.12.

7.13.13.2 A sample of 15 blocks shallbe takenfrom a lot of 5000. or part there of manufac­tured under similar conditions, of the same sizeand batch.

7.13.1'4 Criteria for Conformity.

7.13.14.1 The lot shall be considered as

conforming to the requirements of the specifi­cation if the cOhditions mentioned in 7.13.14.2.,7.13 .14.3 are satisfied.

7.13.14.2 The number of blocks with dimen­SiOI).8' outside the tolerance limit and/or with

visual defects, among those inspected shall benot more than two.

7.13.14.3 For compressive strength, the meanvalue determined shall be greater than or equalto the minimum limit specified in 7.13.12.4.

7.13.14.4 For water absorption the mean valuedetennined shall be equal to or less than maxi­mum limit specified in 7.13.12.5.

. 7.13.15 Laying

The laying of precast concrete stone blockmasonry shall be as per para 7.14.6.i7.14.0 Hollow and solid concrete block ma-

sonry,

7.14.1 Hollow and soild concrete blocks-

Shall conform to the requirements ofIS: 2185­1979. Specification for hollow and solid con-

190

.crete blocks except with regard to the mix ofcement concrets and sizes of aggregates whichshall be as indicated. Hollow blocks shall be

sound, free from cracks, broken edges, honeycombing and other defects that would interferewith the proper placing of block or impair thestrength or performance of construction.

7':.14.2 Dhnenslons &- Tal-crance",

7.14.2.1 Concrete masonry building unitsshall be made in sizes and shapes to fitdifferentconstruction needs. They include sttetcher,comer, double comer or pier, jamb,header,bull nose, and partition block, and concretefloor units.

7.14.2.2 Concrete Block-hollow (open orclosed cavity) or solid shaH be referred to by itsnominal diminsions.

The nominal dimensions of concrete blockshall be, as follows:

Length 400,500 or 600 mm

Height 200 or 100 mm

Width 50,75,100, 150, 200, 2500r300mm

In additiQn, block shall be manufactured in half

lengths of200, 250 or 300 mm to correspond tothe full lengths.

The maximum variation in the length of the'units shall be not more than ±5mm and maxi­

mum variation in height and width of unit, notmore than ±3mm.

7.14.3. Classification

7.14.3.1. Hollow (open and closed cavity)Concrete Blocks.

The hollow (open and closed cavity) concreteblocks shall conform to the following threegrades.

(a) Grade' A 'These are used as load bearingunits and /shall have a minimum block­

density of 1500 kg/m3. These shall bemanufactured forminimum average com-

pressive strengths of3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 7.0N/mm2 respectively at 28 days(see table3)

(b) Grade 'B' -These· are also used as loadbearing units and shall have a block den­sity less than 1500 kg/m 3 but notless thanlOOOkg/m3•These shall be manufacturedfor minimum, average compressivestrengths of 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 N/mm2 re­spectively at 28 days (See table-3)

(c) Grade 'C'- These are used as non-loadbearing units and shall have a block den­sity less than 1500 kg/m3 but not lessthan 1000 kg/m3• These shall be manufac­tured for minimum average compressive

~trength of 1.5 N/mm2 at 28 days (seeTabel 3).

(d) Grade' D' - The solid concrete blocks areused as load bearing units and shall havea block density not less than 1800 kg/m3•These shall be manufactured for mini­

mum average compressive strengths of4.0 and 5.0 N/mm2 respectively (seeTable3)

7.14.4 Physical Requirements

, 7.14.4.1 Compressive strength '- The averagecrushing strength of eight blocks, whendeteminbd in accordance with IS 2185-1979

shall be not less than as specified:in table givenbelow:

Table 3

Physical Requirements

Type GradeDensity ofMinmumMinimumBlock

AverageStrength ofCompressive

Individual

Strength of

UnitsUnits

(1)

(2)(3) (4)(5)Kg/mm3

N/mm2N{mm2

Hollow (~pen & A (3.5

Not less than3.52.8

closed cavity)A (4.5)1500 4.53.6

load bearingA(5.5) 5.54.4

unitA (7.0) 7.05.6

B(2.0)

.Not less than 2.01.6B (3.0)

1500 but not3.02.4

B (5.'0)less than 10005.04.0

Hollow (open

C (1.5) .less that 1.51.2and closed

1500

cavity)

Ibut not less

non-loadthan 1000

bearing unitsSolid load

D (5.0)Net less than5.04.0

bearigD (4.0)1800 4.03.2

units

191

7.11.4.2 Drying Shrinkage- The drying shrink­age of the blocks (average of three blocks),when unrestrained, shall be detennined in ac­cordance with IS : 2185 -1979 and shall not be

exceed 0.1 percent

7.14.4.3 Moisture Movement: The moisture

movement (average of three blocks), whendetermined in the manner described in IS 2185­

1979, shall not exceed 0.09 percent.

7.14.4.4 Water Absorption~ 1,'hewater absorp­tion (average of three blocks), when deter-

mined in the manner described in IS : 2185­

1979 shall be not more than 10 percent bymass.

7.14.4.5 Face shells and webs shall increase in .

thickness from the bottom to the top of the unit.Depending upon the core moulds used, the faceshells and webs shall be flared and tapered orstraight tapered, t.~e fonner providing a widersurface for mortar. The thickness of the faceshell and web shell be not less than the values

given in Table below,

TABLE 4

MIN1MUM FACE SHELL AND WEB THICKNESSNominal Block

Face shellThickness ofTotal Webwidth

Thickness,Web, Min.·Thickness perMin.

Course in any200mm length ofWalling Min.

(1)

(2).(3) (4)

100 or less

252525

over 100 to 150

252530

over 150 to 200

3025.30

over 200

35 .3038

\7.14.4.6: Subject to the tolerances specified in7.14.2.2 and the provisions of 7.14.4.7. Theface of masonry units shall be flat and rectan­

gular, opposite face shall be parallel, and allarises shall be square. The bedding surfacesshall be at right angles to the faces of theblocks.

7.14.4.7 Blocks with special faces shall be

manufactured and supplied as dire~~~d bYJl1.e/ - -­Engineer-in-charge.

7.14.5 Curing and drying

The blocks shall be cured in an immersion tank

or in a curing yard and shall be kept continu-

192

ously moist for iltleast 14 days. When theblocks are cured. in an immersion tank, the

water of the tank shall be changed at least everyfour days.

After curing, the blocks shall be dried in shadebefore being used on the work. They shall bestacked with voids horizontal to facilitate

through passage of air. The blocks shall beallowed to complete thei~, initial shrinkagebefore they are laid in wall.

7.14.6 Construction of lVIasonry-

For single storeyed buildings, the hollows ofblocks in foundation and basement masonry

shall be filled up with sand and only the topfoundation course shall be of solid blocks. Butfor two or more storeyed buildings, solid con­crete blocks shall be used in foundation courses,plinth, and basement walls, unless otherwiseindicated. If hollow blocks are used, their hol­lows shall be filled up with cement concrete

" 1:3:6 using 12.5mm nominal size,aggregates.

7.14.7 Wettillg of Blocks

Blocks need not be wetted befon~ cr du,ring

laying in the walls. In case the climate wt!i"~~"tions so require, the top and the sides of theblocks may only be slightly moistened so as toprevent absorption of water from the mortarand ensure the development of the required

. bond with the mortar.1

7.14.8 Laying

Blocks shall be laid in mortar, as indicated andthoroughly bedded in mortar, spread over theentire top surface of the previous course ofblocks to a uniform layerofnotless than 1(hTlmand not more than 12mm in thickD.ess.

All courses shall be'laid truly'horizontal and allvertical joints made truly vertical. Blocks shallbreak joints with those above and below fornotless than quarter of their length. Precast halflength closers (and not cut from full size blocks)shall be used. For battered faces, bedding shallbe at rightangles to the face unless otherwisedirected. Care shall be taken during construc­tion to see that edges of blocks are not dam­aged.

7.14.9 Provisions for door and windowframes

A course of solid concrete block masonry shallbe provided under door and window openings(or a 10em thick precast concrete sill blockunder windows). The solid course shall extendfor at least 20cm beyond the opening on either'side. For jambs of very large doors and win­dows either solid units are used, or the hollow'sshall be filled in with concrete of mix 1:3:6

using 12.5 mm nominal size aggregates.

7.14.10 Provisions for Roof

The course immediately below the roof slabshall be built with solid blocks: The top of the

193

roof course shall be finished smooth with alayer of cement and coarse sand mortar 1:3,lOmm thick and covered with a thick coat ofwhite wash or crude oil, to ensure free move­ment of slab.

7.14.11 Intersecting walls

When two walls meet or intersect and the

courses are to be laid up at me same time, a truemasonry bond between at least 50% of the unitsat the intersection is necessary. When suchinrersecting walls are laid up separately, pock­e~s\¥ith 20mm maximum vertical spacing shallbe left in the first wall laid. The correspondingc.Gcrse of the 'second wall shall be built intothese pockets.

7.14.12 Ki~~'§;

The top course ofbioc!dn the pier shall be builtin solid blocks. Hollow ~oncrete block shallnot be usoo for isolated piers, unless theirhollows are specified to be filled with cementconcrete.

7.14.13 Fixtures, fittings, etc. shall be builtinto the masonry in cement and coarse sandmortar 1:3 while laying the blocks where pos­sible. Hold fasts shall be built into the joints ofthe masonry durIng laying.

Holes, chases, sleeves, openin,gs, etc of therequired size and shape shall be formed in themasonry with special blocks while laying, forfixing pipes, service lines, passage of water etc.After service lines, pipes etc are fixed, voidsleft, if any, shall be filled up with cementconcrete 1:3:6(1 cement 3 coarse sand: 6 stoneaggregate 20mm nominal size) and neatly fin­ished.

7.14.14 Finishes

Rendering shall not be done to the walls whenwalls are wet. Joints for plastering or pointingas specifieo shall be raked to a depth of 12 mm.

Joints on internal faces, unless otl1erwise indi­cated, shall be raked for plastering, If theinternal faces of masonry are not to be plasteredthe joints shall be finished flush as the workproceeds or pointed flush where so indicated.

STONE· WORKCHAPTER -STONE WORKCLAUSE - 7.02FIG.1

OOWEL JOINT

COPING

JOC.Cl (

"""1>0" filLL

©

JOGGLE JOIN'! SECTION OF ASHLARWITH BRICK 8ACKING

194

STONE WORKTERMINOLOGY

CHAPTER -S TONE WORK

CL AUSE - 7, 02F I GU R E -' 2 TO 7.

o

FIG.S PUNCHED STONE FACE SURFACE(Chisel drafted)

'.~.-:~'~'-;:-'.~.\".:~-..~,:..'.0••• I •••• 1 " , ••• "" ('.," .' ••.•• ,

i~]~~{:{~)tt~iI~

oo

FIG.3 ROCK FACED STONE SURFACE

o-1----·--.-10

===== I-\

==-=====-- -==--=. -=========-= J

FIG.2 HAMMER DRESSED 'STONE SURFACE

FIG. l. ROUGH TOOLED S TONE SURFACE FIG.6 CLO SED PICKED S TONE SURFACE

F\G.7 FI N E TOOLED STONE, 5 URFACE

195

RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRYCHAPTER - 5 TONE WaR K

CLAUSE - 7.1

FIGURE - 8.

SECT ION ELEVATION

Drawing not to scale.All dimensions are in mm. 1196

RUBBLE STONE MASONRY'~ COURSEDCHAPTER - STONE WORK,f" tl!.' iI<:E - 7"') 0 7 3\.. ",~~~ _ ,.c:. a. .

FIG.9

--

FIRST SORT SECOND SORT

ELEVAT! ON

\'<'".:t!. .lvINr.5 1'0 'OENOY,"'ORE "VI-;} AN 2.0,

/ C,HIP:; "-'OT , •• 1LC;ISO-' 10 i. OF .".., !1IVAM'TI'T~

OF STONF'. M"S.OMAy

EVEN COURSE

14:-4/CPWDIND/92197

,...80"ID OR THROUGH STONItS, '500 .TO ,~OO "PI\RT(C.LI':A.':t )

EVEN COURSE

·ASHLAR

PlAIN

MASONRY,

CHAPTER - STONE WORK

CLAU5E - 7·4 &7· 5FIGURE - 10.

PUNCHED ( OR DINARY )

• A

. ~".-" ..-

'.:.:'::-::,'.'!.', ':111:: ,', :':,~ 11J:~.:lIh'i,' :,\:.'lit:!,III'." ,

ELEVATION '-Face joints tobe not mor ethan 5mm thick

ELEVATION -

{Bond cr through stene1500 to 18CD apart clearBond-or through stone."1500 t01800 apart clear

ODD COURSE ODD COURSE

.'

EVEN COURSE

Drawing not to scale,All dimensions are in mm.

198

EVEN COURSE

ASHLAR, STONE"

(WI TH 8 Ri CK BACKiNG \I CHAPTER - 5 TOlolE WOf!(K

F!GUHE - 11.

ELEVA liON

EVEN COURSE

SEC nON

/- mar tar

5 t on e

~--

ODD

Drawing not to scale./~.II dim ~nsions or e in mm.

COUR S E

199

MOULDEDJSUNK1CARVED-STONE WORKCHAPT ER - STONE WORKCLAUSE - 7,6'FIGURE :t 12.

DOME COLUMN

PI ain ashlarstone work incol u m n

Ston e work "ashl a r plain,moulded &,

carved column

Stone workin ashl ar

specia IIymoulded 8.carved

Stone workin do me

Expose d faces........,.and sid ~ j?ints "

Q mm from face!shall be 'f inetooled

EL EVA T ION PF DOME WITH FINIAL

Sunk or .moulded

5 too e w.o.rk .ciircular pillar s In(columns) .

yELEVATION OF A COLUMN

-Backing

B

~ L

SECTIONAL PLAN OF

Pia in ashlar

¥A WALL WITH A PROJECTION .

MOULDED

~ B 0.-•SECTION 'OF A WA L L

.....1/ Plohi ashlar

Sunk work

B SUNK

-+-~'SECTION AL PLAN OF

A PORCH PILLAR

Note:- Sunk or moulded stone worksh ow n sha d ed I to b,e measur.das Ixbxh

Dr~wing not to seal e .

200( .~..,

STONE WORK IN ARCHES & CHAJJA-

CHAPTER -S TONE WORK

CLAUSE- 7·S .&7·8FIGURE -13.

SPAN

FLAT ARCH

SPAN

CIRCULAR ARCH

'\\\ ~~x-I>-~/Y \

, ~iangular~ ~.~. washerStonec h a jja

-. 6I;PJ~IN~S -¥OO_f-.-_600

---Springing

--- Skewback

Anchoring bolt12 mm ~

~

reave depth1 & courses

- Brick warkPlaster

GHAJJA

OrQwi ng . not to seal e.All dimensions are in mm.

201

STONE VENEERJN G

J

I- J

.~

I-1\

C

~,

/, 1" r-J'L rL 1,-, .. . ,.. -..

':r.C)\.JMETAL,.~" ·"t..-IP (400

I_O/'iG I-lOT..,ORE.

··'~P.N GOO'\PART- ~

AI~I.. . '

. " .... -, ~T6t-1O:''''UUaf!: '50""t<1TI!1_C,kI:Ca~f'

.SEC110NAL PLAN

"-ER pi!'!

CH-APTE R STONE WORKClAUSE- 7.7&7.1.4.2FIG.14

\:!IRICKBACKIWG

SECTIONAL PLAN

STOIJEDowEL

Gut-! METAL

, CRAMp

STONEDOWEL

ENlARGED DETAIL! AT it'

"

SECTIONAL ELEV~'ON AT·R.S:STOWE. t;>OW~L

-. , ,. " ,., .• " 2''.' ','r.' , ',is,, .' ',12.••.•.•• ~.'. '.' " STO" •' . ,. , ,. . ,. . ,.'" . " .. '..•

• '.',' , " . ," ',',',',',','" 'iENEER

PART SECTIONAL PLAN AT'C'~ ' s.•-K6, IPSI 10/11••

PART SEC. ELEVATfON AT'C'/

c

100, ,/

. "'-x's ../"'",/~ ~ y2$

~IS 2TK

1< G ,r.15 ~

165 ~ONG GUN METAL s0'iCRAMP

FIXING ARRANGEMENT

.------~----._- - . " ,SEC. ELEYATfON AT A

~ZS~/~2S r

SECT10N AT 'X,v."

~cTioNAL ELEVATION AT 'P.Q',t

P* RtTlONAlPlAN AT'A~ ... :-,s ~•....

PART

-Ld2S

T300 LONG GUN METAL

CRAM P

'GENERAL

C ••.•N ME-TA\..CRAM P

STOIJE .•••E.NE.ER50 THICK

. Gl'N METAL

~RAMP

202

STONE VENEERINGTYPICAL FIXING ARRANGEMENT

CHAPTER - STONE WORK

CLAUSE -7.7.4-,2 & 7.7.ltr. 5FIG.15

~lr:iPLAN

(i;

ti •• , -1>+

V:VAR\ABlE r- A<;;PE.R SITE 0P,E~\.)I REM"",.r-

SAS~t)()'" ,nHCI(-l~COI'<IM •

t'II::SSOF"\lEt-IEE.R SCi,UARE.

USED. ---' :t"i ~"'I~ALl_LH~- - 4-

FRONT EL EVATION SIDE ELEVATIONFIG.15A. CRAMP FORBR!:CK 8ACK~NG FIG.IS 8 CRAMP FOR R.C.C.

WORK BAC,KING

E LEVATrONloC'I

h

,__ ' J.-

. _-,-,~-Oj i~PLAJil~--

L - II S M!-II rOM HAl.l" SRI C.K BACKINGL - \'50 M'"'I ,,"oR ~ULL BRI.::k I~AC.K"JG

Lllr----:I I

:' :'rr ..~

....... __ .~-+-~./ !tomm Ot'd'.S~Ct"£O 'SECTION1~ , FRONT ELEVATION

FIG.15C TYPICAL DETAILS OF CRAMPS FOR R_CGBACKrNG

.'.- '"

,,"Act JOINTSNOT 1'0 Ql.EMORE

THA>-I Eo MM

'v-.

MOR1'ARAS SPEc" FIEI.)

STONE 'H:NEERINC;

CORROSIV,\'. DASH I'"ASTENER, ••.I.H WAS~;;'R It-\CLUD'>-IG

,.' ~ 0 L," 0 F' M I \-I. !'. I Z I:-

5'5)(."7 MM __ '

,~

, [ -

•. - ~, -' ;.-

rt.c:.~.WA~L:;" 6. _ '."~ - •• #

,- ,( '"~

(:> ,

t'>' ,

"!OATA" to I' •MMTHIC;K.

/'

2tJ3.

GENERALARRANGEMENSOF CRAMPSCHAPTER - STONE WORK.

CLAU 5E - 7.7.4.3FIGURE - 16.

,.

.;:,

D

G

B

E

H

C

F

NOTE:- CRAMPS ARRAGEMENT IS SHOWN ABOVE FOR VENEERINGS

WITH LONGER SIDES VERTICAL .• FOR' VENEERINGS HAVI1'JGTHE LONGER SIDES HORIZONTAL, CRAMPS WOUlD_ BEARRANGED TO SUIT THE ALTERED POSITIONS. -

DR AWING NOT TO SCALE.

.. NOTES .

205

NOT ES

206

I

"

·NOTES

207

NOTES

20B