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  • 8/11/2019 CR - Assumptions

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    CR - Assumptions: Get your knives out!

    1. Until now, only injectable vaccines against infuenza have been available.

    Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain o injections, but adults, who

    are at risk o serious complications rom infuenza, are commonly vaccinated.

    new infuenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is e!ective or

    children. "owever, since children seldom develop serious complications rom

    infuenza, no signi#cant public health bene#t would result rom widespread

    vaccination o children using the nasal spray. $hich o the ollowing is an

    assumption on which the argument depends%

    . ny person who has received the injectable vaccine can saely receive the

    nasal&spray vaccine as well.

    '. (he new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward o! infuenza as injectable

    vaccines do.

    ). (he injectable vaccine is a!ordable or all adults.

    *. dults do not contract infuenza primarily rom children who have infuenza.

    +. (he nasal spray vaccine is not e!ective when administered to adults.

    -eveal/poiler0

    . 2ast year all reuse collected by /helbyville city services was incinerated. (his

    incineration generated a large 3uantity o residue ash. 4n order to reduce the

    amount o residue ash /helbyville generates this year to hal o last year5s total,

    the city has revamped its collection program. (his year city services will separate

    or recycling enough reuse to reduce the number o truckloads o reuse to be

    incinerated to hal o last year5s number. $hich o the ollowing is re3uired or

    the revamped collection program to achieve its aim%

    . (his year, no materials that city services could separate or recycling will be

    incinerated.

    '. /eparating recyclable materials rom materials to be incinerated will cost

    /helbyville less than hal what it cost last year to dispose o the residue ash.

    ). -euse collected by city services will contain a larger proportion o recyclable

    materials this year than it did last year.

    *. (he reuse incinerated this year will generate no more residue ash per

    truckload incinerated than did the reuse incinerated last year.

    +. (he total 3uantity o reuse collected by /helbyville city services this year will

    be no greater than that collected last year.

    -eveal/poiler0

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    6. 7ewspaper editorial0 4n an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is

    getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher. Part o this

    e!ort has been to deny inmates the access they ormerly had to college&level

    courses. "owever, this action is clearly counter to the governor5s ultimate goal,

    since ater being released rom prison, inmates who had taken such courses

    committed ar ewer crimes overall than other inmates. $hich o the ollowing is

    an assumption on which the argument depends%

    . 7ot being able to take college&level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter

    anyone rom a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.

    '. 8ormer inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members o the

    general population.

    ). (he group o inmates who chose to take college&level courses were not

    already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes ater being released.

    *. (aking high school level courses in prison has less e!ect on an inmate5s

    subse3uent behavior than taking college&level courses does.

    +. (he governor5s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing

    people that something e!ective is being done about crime.

    -eveal/poiler0

    9. (wo centuries ago, (ue Peninsula became separated orm the mainland,

    isolating on the newly ormed (ue 4sland a population o (ur#l sunfowers. (his

    population5s descendants grow to be, on average, 9: centimeters shorter than

    (ur#l sunfowers ound on the mainland. (ue 4sland is signi#cantly drier than (ue

    Peninsula was. /o the current average height o (ue5s (ur#l sunfowers is

    undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in (ue5s environmental

    conditions. $hich o the ollowing is an assumption on which the argument

    depends%

    . (here are no types o vegetation on (ue 4sland that are known to bene#t rom

    dry conditions.

    '. (here were about as many (ur#l sunfowers on (ue Peninsula two centuries

    ago as there are on (ue 4sland today.

    ). (he mainland5s environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in

    (ur#l sunfowers on the mainland growing to be 9: centimeters taller than they

    did two centuries ago.

    *. (he soil on (ue 4sland, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients

    that help (ur#l sunfowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.+. (he 9:&centimeter height di!erence between the (ur#l sunfowers on (ue

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    4sland and those on the mainland is the only di!erence between the two

    populations.

    -eveal/poiler0

    ;. (he average hourly wage o television assemblers in . 4n (eruvia, the 3uantity o rice produced per year is currently just large enoughto satisy domestic demand. (eruvia5s total rice acreage will not be e=panded in

    the oreseeable uture, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably. (eruvia5s

    population, however, will be increasing signi#cantly or years to come. )learly,

    thereore, (eruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.

    $hich o the ollowing is an assumption on which the argument depends%

    . 7o pronounced trend o decreasing per capita demand or rice is imminent in

    (eruvia.

    '. 7ot all o the acreage in (eruvia currently planted with rice is well suited to thecultivation o rice.

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    ). 7one o the strains o rice grown in (eruvia are e=ceptionally high&yielding.

    *. (here are no populated regions in (eruvia in which the population will not

    increase.

    +. (here are no major crops other than rice or which domestic production and

    domestic demand are currently in balance in (eruvia.

    -eveal/poiler0

    ?. 4n the past the country o /iduria has relied heavily on imported oil. /iduria

    recently implemented a program to convert heating systems rom oil to natural

    gas. /iduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oilproduction in /idurian oil #elds is increasing at a steady pace. 4 these trends in

    uel production and usage continue, thereore, /idurian reliance on oreign

    sources or uel should decline soon. $hich o the ollowing is an assumption on

    which the argument depends%

    . 4n /iduria the rate o uel consumption is rising no more 3uickly than the rate

    o uel production.

    '. *omestic production o natural gas is rising aster than is domestic production

    o oil in /iduria.

    ). 7o uel other than natural gas is e=pected to be used as a replacement or oilin /iduria.

    *. 'uildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.

    +. ll new homes that are being built will have natural&gas&burning heating

    systems.

    -eveal/poiler0

    @. (hree large companies and seven small companies currently manuacture a

    product with potential military applications. 4 the government regulates theindustry, it will institute a single set o manuacturing speci#cations to which all

    ten companies will have to adhere. 4n this case, thereore, since none o the

    seven small companies can a!ord to convert their production lines to a new set

    o manuacturing speci#cations, only the three large companies will be able to

    remain in business. $hich o the ollowing is an assumption on which the

    author5s argument relies%

    . 7one o the three large companies will go out o business i the government

    does not regulate the manuacture o the product.

    '. 4t would cost more to convert the production lines o the small companies to anew set o manuacturing speci#cations than it would to convert the production

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    lines o the large companies.

    ). 4ndustry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government rom regulating

    the industry.

    *. ssembly o the product produced according to government manuacturing

    speci#cations would be more comple= than current assembly procedures.

    +. 7one o the seven small companies currently manuactures the product to a

    set o speci#cations that would match those the government would institute i

    the industry were to be regulated.

    -eveal/poiler0

    A. +=posure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as

    cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. +lementary

    school nurses in -enston report that the proportion o schoolchildren sent to

    them or treatment o allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased

    signi#cantly over the past ten years. (hereore, either -enston5s schoolchildren

    have been e=posed to greater 3uantities o the chemicals, or they are more

    sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago. $hich o the ollowing

    is an assumption on which the argument depends%

    . (he number o school nurses employed by -enston5s elementary schools hasnot decreased over the past ten years.

    '. )hildren who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other

    children to have allergies to other substances.

    ). )hildren who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be

    sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.

    *. (he chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and

    apartment buildings in -enston.

    +. )hildren attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion o

    -enston5s population now than they did ten years ago.

    -eveal/poiler0

    1:. signi#cant number o comple= repair jobs carried out by ce -epairs have

    to be reworked under the company5s warranty. (he reworked jobs are invariably

    satisactory. $hen initial repairs are inade3uate, thereore, it is not because the

    mechanics lack competenceB rather, there is clearly a level o ocused

    concentration that comple= repairs re3uire that is elicited more reliably by

    rework jobs than by #rst&time jobs. (he argument above assumes which o the

    ollowing%

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    . (here is no systematic di!erence in membership between the group o

    mechanics who do #rst&time jobs and the group o those who do rework jobs.

    '. (here is no company that successully competes with ce -epairs or comple=

    repair jobs.

    ). ce -epairs5 warranty is good on #rst&time jobs but does not cover rework

    jobs.

    *. ce -epairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on

    comple= repair jobs that later had to be reworked.

    +. (here is no category o repair jobs in which ce -epairs invariably carries out

    #rst&time jobs satisactorily.

    C

    1. *

    . *

    6. )

    9. )

    ;. )

    >.

    ?.

    @. +

    A. )

    1:.

    Until now, only injectable vaccines against infuenza have been available.

    Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain o injections, but adults, who

    are at risk o serious complications rom infuenza, are commonly vaccinated.

    new infuenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is e!ective or

    children.

    )hildren seldom develop serious complications rom infuenza.

    )onclusion0

    7o signi#cant public health bene#t would result rom widespread vaccination o

    children using the nasal spray.

    ssumption0)hildren are not source o inection to others. 'ec o they are then it

    would bene#t children as well others.

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    $hich o the ollowing is an assumption on which the argument depends%

    D.Adults do not contract infuenza primarily rom children who have

    infuenza.

    >> Correct.

    +.(he nasal spray vaccine is not e!ective when administered to adults.

    4 the conclusion had been D7o signi#cant public health bene#t would result rom

    widespread vaccination using the nasal spray.D then this would have been a

    correct answer.

    . 2ast year all reuse collected by /helbyville city services was incinerated. (his

    incineration generated a large 3uantity o residue ash.

    4n order to reduce the amount o residue ash /helbyville generates this year to

    hal o last year5s total, the city has revamped its collection program.

    (his year city services will separate or recycling enough reuse to reduce the

    number o truckloads o reuse to be incinerated to hal o last year5s number.

    Assumption: A truckload of refuse will not produce more ash compared to last

    year.

    $hich o the ollowing is re3uired or the revamped collection program to

    achieve its aim%

    D. The reuse incinerated this year will generate no more residue ash

    per truckload incinerated than did the reuse incinerated last year.

    6. 7ewspaper editorial0 4n an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is

    getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher.

    Part o this e!ort has been to deny inmates the access they ormerly had to

    college&level courses.

    "owever, this action is clearly counter to the governor5s ultimate goal, since

    ater being released rom prison, inmates who had taken such courses

    committed ar ewer crimes overall than other inmates.

    X leads to Y. What if instead of X there is Z.Or Y leads to X.

    $hich o the ollowing is an assumption on which the argument depends%

    C. The group o inmates who chose to take college-level courses werenot already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes ater eing

    released.

    >>Correct.

    9. (wo centuries ago, (ue Peninsula became separated orm the mainland,

    isolating on the newly ormed (ue 4sland a population o (ur#l sunfowers.

    (his population5s descendants grow to be, on average, 9: centimeters shorter

    than (ur#l sunfowers ound on the mainland.

    (ue 4sland is signi#cantly drier than (ue Peninsula was. /o the current average

    height o (ue5s (ur#l sunfowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable tochanges in (ue5s environmental conditions.

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    $hich o the ollowing is an assumption on which the argument depends%

    C. The mainland!s environment has not changed in ways that have

    resulted in Tur"l sunfowers on the mainland growing to e #$

    centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago.

    >>Correct

    *. (he soil on (ue 4sland, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients

    that help (ur#l sunfowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.

    EE(his just add on another actor along with dry environment.(ry to chek by

    negating

    ;. (he average hourly wage o television assemblers in

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    /iduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil

    production in /idurian oil #elds is increasing at a steady pace.

    4 these trends in uel production and usage continue, thereore,

    /idurian reliance on oreign sources or uel should decline soon.

    Assumption: &onsumption'demad will not out!row the production.

    $hich o the ollowing is an assumption on which the argument depends%

    A. 'n (iduria the rate o uel consumption is rising no more )uickly than

    the rate o uel production.

    @. (hree large companies and seven small companies currently manuacture a

    product with potential military applications.

    4 the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set o

    manuacturing speci#cations to which all ten companies will have to adhere.

    4n this case, thereore, since none o the seven small companies can a!ord to

    convert their production lines to a new set o manuacturing speci#cations, only

    the three large companies will be able to remain in business.

    Assumption: (mall companies doesnt already adher to the re!ulations.

    $hich o the ollowing is an assumption on which the author5s argument relies%

    *. &one o the seven small companies currently manuactures the

    product to a set o speci"cations that would match those the

    government would institute i the industry were to e regulated.

    A. +=posure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as

    cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children.

    +lementary school nurses in -enston report that the proportion o schoolchildren

    sent to them or treatment o allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased

    signi#cantly over the past ten years.

    (hereore, either -enston5s schoolchildren have been e=posed to greater

    3uantities o the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than

    schoolchildren were ten years ago.

    Assumption:eople are not more aware or conscious to send the students to

    hospital than they used to $e earlier.$hich o the ollowing is an assumption on which the argument depends%

    C. Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more

    likely to e sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.

    1:. signi#cant number o comple= repair jobs carried out by ce -epairs have

    to be reworked under the company5s warranty. (he reworked jobs are invariably

    satisactory.

    $hen initial repairs are inade3uate, thereore, it is not because the mechanics

    lack competenceB rather, there is clearly a level o ocused concentration that

    comple= repairs re3uire that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by #rst&time jobs.

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    Assumption: *here is no other factor+ which in,uences mechanics to perform the

    -o$ as they do.

    (he argument above assumes which o the ollowing%

    A. There is no systematic di+erence in memership etween the group

    o mechanics who do "rst-time ,os and the group o those who do

    rework ,os.

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    F:.?;G1:H>F?;G1:H@I/F?:@G1:H@IyF?@:G1:H@.(he correct answer is D

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