Crabby GrammyParts of Speech

Parts of SpeechNouns

NounsA noun names:A person: hero, liar, KajalaA place: bedroom, top, MashoesA thing: ah, yes, a thing

Subcategories of ThingsLiving: narwhal, rose, amoebaNonliving: bed, iPod, boatIdeas: liberty, capitalismActions: construction, terrorismConditions: satisfaction, illnessQualities: kindness, intelligence

Common vs. Proper NounsCommon Noun: the name of a general person, place, or thing.man, village, carProper Noun: the name of a particular person, place, or thing.Mozart, Wanchese, AltimaNote: Capitalize proper nouns.

Concrete vs. Abstract NounsConcrete noun: the name of an object that can be detected by any of the five senses.stone, heat, melody, aroma, nutriaAbstract noun: the name of an idea, a quality, or a characteristic.attitude, loyalty, love, temperature

Collective NounCollective noun: A noun that is singular in form but names a group.flock, club, committee, band, herd

Note: Collective nouns take singular verbs when every member acts together, plural nouns when they act separately.

Plural NounsMost nouns form their plurals by adding s or -es:dog, dogsSome nouns have irregular plurals:alumnus, alumnichurch, churcheschild, children

Possessive NounsMost nouns show possession by adding s, even some plural nouns: Singularthe mans junkthe cats headMr. Joness carPluralthe childrens booksthe oxens stallsthe womens hats

Possessive NounsNouns show possession by adding an apostrophe alone only when they: 1) Are plural, and2) End in -sExamples:the narwhals hornsthe chefs knivesthe witches wartsNote: possessive nouns act as adjectives in a sentence.

Compound NounsCompound nouns are made up of more than one word. They can be composed by using: Separate Words:coffee table, bird dogNote: check a dictionary to see if the word is a compound noun, or just a noun with an adjective.Hyphenated Words:daughter-in-lawCombined Words:Dreamland, porthole

GerundsSometimes, a word that looks like a verb actually acts as a noun. These words are called gerunds, and they end in ing:Swimming is great exercise.Ms. Ho loves knitting.The twins constant fighting gets old.

Uses of NounsNouns can serve several functions:Subject: Joe hated his car.Direct Object: He crushed my hopes.Indirect Object: He gave Jill a box.Object of a Preposition: They trusted in her honesty.Predicate Nominative: He is king.Appositive: The killer, a clown, is on the loose.

Labeling DrillsNounsLabel every noun in the following sentences.

Sentence 1Kajala sat on a stool in his kitchen clipping his toenails.The clippings fell into a pot on the floor under his stool.NNNNNNNN

Sentence 2Hunger took Kajalas mind off clipping his nails.Macaroni and cheese with pickles sounded like a winner.NNNNNNNN

Sentence 3Humming a tune, he carried the pot of nails to the sink.He filled the pot with water and set it on the stove until boiling began.NNNNNNNN

Sentence 4He dumped a box of macaroni into the water with a splash.Butter, milk, and cheese powder were the ingredients.NNNNNNNN

Sentence 5With the first bite, morsels of toenail scraped his teeth.The mass of food dropped from his mouth to the floor.NNNNNNNN

Parts of SpeechPronouns

Subject PronounsSubject pronouns act as subjects of verbs or predicate nominatives.

Subject Pronouns

SingPlural1st personIwe2nd personyouyou3rd personhe/she/itthey

Sentence 1He is the worst pitcher.

Why do they laugh at me?Sub.Sub.Subject Pronouns

Sentence 2Bob doesnt think that she can.How do you make cereal?Sub.Sub.Subject Pronouns

Sentence 3Make sure that he eats his bluefish.She is in love with the Goat Man.Sub.Sub.Subject Pronouns

Sentence 4They hope to beat the blue thing.Where did he leave his popsicle?Sub.Sub.Subject Pronouns

Sentence 5We can dance all through the night.It cannot destroy the bases!Sub.Sub.Subject Pronouns

Sentence 6The real winner is he.

The killers are we.Sub.Sub.Subject Pronouns

Object PronounsObject pronouns act as objects of verbs or objects of prepositions.

Object Pronouns

SingPlural1st personmeus2nd personyouyou3rd personhim/her/itthem

Sentence 1Sally gave him a jar of bees.

Why does the Goat Man hate me so?Obj.Obj.Object Pronouns

Sentence 2The platypus was sarcastic to her.Dont poke it with a stick!Obj.Obj.Object Pronouns

Sentence 3The singing cow gave us an idea.The whole team is against you.Obj.Obj.Object Pronouns

Sentence 4Did Tracy give me this pancake?What is the matter with him?Obj.Obj.Object Pronouns

Sentence 5The birds cant tell us how to live.The narwhal mourned her all year long.Obj.Obj.Object Pronouns

Sentence 6Please let the skunks spray you with fluid.The umbrella protected them from the gulls.Obj.Obj.Object Pronouns

Possessive PronounsPossessive pronouns show possession.

Possessive PronounsRemember: these forms of possessive pronouns act as adjectives in a sentence.

SingPlural1st personmyour2nd personyouryour3rd personhis/her/itstheir

Possessive PronounsRemember: these forms of possessive pronouns stand alone and do not describe something else.

SingPlural1st personmineours2nd personyoursyours3rd personhis/hers/itstheirs

Sentence 1Never take your phone out in class.His grill shines and sparkles in the sunlight.Pos.Pos.Possessive Pronouns

Sentence 2What are you doing with my cowbell?Dr. Ho adjusted their restraints.Pos.Pos.Possessive Pronouns

Sentence 3I wonder what happened to our pies.Your skunks are licking the front door.Pos.Pos.Possessive Pronouns

Sentence 4Her mascara is running in the rain.Do you like my orange pants?Pos.Pos.Possessive Pronouns

Sentence 5I cant stand his funny smell.

I drink your milkshake!Pos.Pos.Possessive Pronouns

Sentence 6She wears her shirt backwards on Mondays.The dog buried its bone.Pos.Pos.Possessive Pronouns

Demonstrative PronounsDemonstrative pronouns demonstrate, or point, at specific nouns.

Demonstrative PronounsRemember: demonstrative pronouns can also act as adjectives in a sentence.

SingPluralHerethistheseTherethatthose

Sentence 1Do you want this or the bowl of jam and cheese?Those were the days, my friend.Dem.Dem.Demonstrative Pronouns

Sentence 2I kind of resent that.

These cannot be my potatoes.Dem.Dem.Demonstrative Pronouns

Sentence 3That is the blue thing.

What is this between my toes?Dem.Dem.Demonstrative Pronouns

Sentence 4I will squash those; you squash the crickets.We need clean diapers, so we cannot possibly accept these.Dem.Dem.Demonstrative Pronouns

Sentence 5Is this the end of Nite Owl?

You cannot ever say that to anybody else.Dem.Dem.Demonstrative Pronouns

Sentence 6I like the friendly monkeys, because those laughed at me.When do these go in the oven?Dem.Dem.Demonstrative Pronouns

Interrogative PronounsInterrogative pronouns interrogate, or ask questions.

Interrogative PronounsRemember: interrogative pronouns can also act as adjectives in a sentence.

who?whom?whose?which?what?

Sentence 1What do you mean by that look?Who is that man with the toilet paper?Interrogative PronounsInter.Inter.

Sentence 2Whose is that over there?

Whatever could have caused this mess?Interrogative PronounsInter.Inter.

Sentence 3To whom are you speaking?

Which of the doors did the skunk lick?Interrogative PronounsInter.Inter.

Sentence 4Who will eat the salty popsicle?What is the reason for the clowns murderous ways?Interrogative PronounsInter.Inter.

Sentence 5Who must now cater to the blue thing?Which of the shoes is large enough for Verberinchulina?Interrogative PronounsInter.Inter.

Sentence 6To whom should we give the dog cheese?Who can kill all the kittens?Interrogative PronounsInter.Inter.

Relative PronounsRelative pronouns begin relative clauses.

Relative PronounsRemember: that is demonstrative when it points, relative when it introduces a relative clause.

base form+everwhowhoeverwhomwhomeverwhosewhichwhicheverwhatwhateverthat

Sentence 1The man who hit Jim ran away.There is the dog that growls.Relative PronounsRel.Rel.

Sentence 2Was that the girl to whom you gave your brush?Do you know whose tweezers these are?Relative PronounsRel.Rel.

Sentence 3This is the the dog that gives the most milk.Kajalas car, which doesnt run, sat in his driveway on blocks.Relative PronounsRel.Rel.

Sentence 4Who is the woman whose door was licked by skunks?Grogan is the man to whom was given the cow hoof.Relative PronounsRel.Rel.

Sentence 5Zebraman is the only one who can save us now.Tell Deebra which possum you love the most.Relative PronounsRel.Rel.

Sentence 6Goat Mans house, which appears vacant, is haunted.Feng Ying, whose hands have been severed, weeps and moans.Relative PronounsRel.Rel.

Reflexive PronounsReflexive pronouns reflect back to the subject of the sentence.

Reflexive Pronouns

SingPlural1st personmyselfourselves2nd personyourselfyourselves3rd personhimselfherselfitselfthemselves

Sentence 1The marmot bit itself accidentally.Beefma secretly adores herself.Reflexive PronounsRef.Ref.

Sentence 2Pete rewards himself whenever he slobbers.We can blame ourselves for the toxic stench.Reflexive PronounsRef.Ref.

Sentence 3You make yourself a bad dog head.The narwhal amused itself by spearing seals.Reflexive PronounsRef.Ref.

Sentence 4Rani tickles herself and giggles for hours.Twing the space baby teleported himself to earth.Reflexive PronounsRef.Ref.

Sentence 5The blue thing spun itself on an axis of its own making.You delude yourself if you believe you can stomp me.Reflexive PronounsRef.Ref.

Sentence 6I hurt myself on the spinning razor toy.We congratulate ourselves on our perspicacity.Reflexive PronounsRef.Ref.

Intensive PronounsIntensive pronouns intensify, or add emphasis to, another noun/pronoun in the sentence.

Intensive Pronouns

SingPlural1st personmyselfourselves2nd personyourselfyourselves3rd personhimselfherselfitselfthemselves

Sentence 1You yourself must drown the weasel.We ourselves have caused this vomiting.Intensive PronounsInt.Int.

Sentence 2It is he himself who must wash the muffins.The door was actually licked by the skunk itself.Int.Int.Intensive Pronouns

Sentence 3Verberinchulina herself baked the file inside the cake.The stench came from the possums themselves.Int.Int.Intensive Pronouns

Sentence 4The champion of the moles was Kajala himself.I myself do not understand why the winter comes.Int.Int.Intensive Pronouns

Sentence 5The true loser of Guitar Hero is you yourself.They themselves must come to the hoedown.Int.Int.Intensive Pronouns

Sentence 6Beefma herself lifted the boulder off the dogs leg.We ourselves must conform to the general consensus.Int.Int.Intensive Pronouns

Indefinite PronounsIndefinite pronouns refer to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a noun does.

Singular Indefinite PronounsSingular indefinite pronouns take singular verbs:Everything is twisting and twirling.Much is still unknown to Zebraman.Each walks in the direction he prefers. Remember: these singular indefinite pronouns can also function as adjectives: another, each, either, little, much, neither, one.

Singular Indefinite PronounsRemember: the singular indefinite pronouns below can also function as adjectives.

anybodyeverybodynobodysomebodyanyoneeveryoneno onesomeoneanythingeverythingnothingsomething

eithermuchothereachneitherlittleanotherone

Plural Indefinite PronounsPlural indefinite pronouns take plural verbs:Many try, but few succeed.Several lick the door every night.Both wear ugly shoes to church.

Plural Indefinite PronounsRemember: the following plural indefinite pronouns can also function as adjectives: both, few, many, and several.

bothfewmanyothersseveral

Singular or Plural Indefinite PronounsA singular or plural indefinite pronoun takes a singular verb when the object of the preposition following it is singular and a plural verb when the object is plural:Most of the boys hate marmots.Most of the world hates you.All of the powder is on the wall.All of the skunks are at the door.

Singular or Plural Indefinite Pronouns

allanymoremostnonesome

Sentence 1Either of the clowns could have killed the grain dealer.Most of the ducks prefer spaghetti.Indefinite PronounsInd.Ind.

Sentence 2I believe that several have already fallen out.Can somebody please set my leg on fire?Indefinite PronounsInd.Ind.

Sentence 3More than you think have touched the blue thing.Both of the monkeys were flinging poo.Indefinite PronounsInd.Ind.

Sentence 4Grogan didnt eat any of the dog cheese.Ms. Ho felt that much was left unsaid at dinner.Indefinite PronounsInd.Ind.

Sentence 5After the flood, everybody craved McNuggets.Some of the snakes hid under the bed.Indefinite PronounsInd.Ind.

Sentence 6Smething feels velvety in here.In this world, few actually maintain their integrity.Indefinite PronounsInd.Ind.

Parts of SpeechAdjectives

AdjectiveA word that modifies a noun or pronoun.

Functions of AdjectivesAdjectives answer three questions:Which one?What kind of?How much/many?

Functions of AdjectivesAdjectives answer the questionWhich?:That dog bit Kajalas thumb.Which dog bit Kajalas thumb?ThatThese popsicles dont grow on bushes.Which popsicles dont grow on bushes?TheseGoat Man ate those children.Which children did Goat Man eat?those

Functions of AdjectivesAdjectives answer the questionWhat kind of?:Kajala bought a gangrenous monkey.What kind of monkey did Kajala buy?gangrenousHis bloody nose caused Tor to pass out.What kind of nose caused Tor to pass out?bloodyGoat Man gave Cronver a severe beating.What kind of beating did Goat Man give Cronver?severe

Functions of AdjectivesAdjectives answer the questionHow much/many?:Ms. Ho has two daddies.How many daddies does Ms. Ho have?twoFeng Ying wept many tears over his lost hands.How many tears did Feng Ying weep?manyToneeka kept seventeen nutrias as livestock.How many nutrias did Toneeka keep?seventeen

Articles are AdjectivesThe articles a, an, and the are adjectives.A and an are indefinite articles, referring to any of a class of nouns:A trout bit me.The is the definite article, referring to a specific noun:I slaughtered the weasels.

Proper AdjectivesAdjectives formed from proper nouns are proper adjectives, and are also capitalized:The Georgian ambassador objected.The Democratic candidate held a fund-raiser.

Compound AdjectivesAdjectives can be made up of more than one word, hyphenated or combined:Kajala feared a long-term commitment.The basilisk is a cold-blooded animal.

Predicate AdjectivesUsually, adjectives come before the noun or pronoun that they modify. Sometimes, though, they appear after a subject and a linking verb, referring back to the subject:Cronver was extremely unattractive.She seemed rather nauseated.

Nouns as AdjectivesNouns can function as adjectives:Ranis baby daddy wont pay child support.Baby is acting as an adjective, describing daddy.It answers What kind of daddy?Speed Racer drove his race car to Paris.Race is acting as an adjective, describing car.It answers What kind of car?We killed Poleevras kittens yesterday.Poleevras is acting as an adjective, describing kittens.It answers What kind of kittens?

Possessive Pronouns as AdjectivesPossessive Pronouns can function as adjectives:Zebraman polished his Zebracycle.his is acting as an adjective, describing Zebracycle.It answers What kind of Zebracycle?Toneeka put bubble gum in her hair.her is acting as an adjective, describing hair.It answers What kind of hair?Beefma and Karkarala burned their chickens.their is acting as an adjective, describing chickens.It answers What kind of chickens?

Demonstrative Pronouns as AdjectivesDemonstrative Pronouns can function as adjectives:You cannot eat that fish.that is acting as an adjective, describing fish.It answers Which fish?Verberinchulina smashed this cup.this is acting as an adjective, describing cup.It answers Which cup?Cronver washed those snakes.those is acting as an adjective, describing snakes.It answers Which snakes?

Interrogative Pronouns as AdjectivesInterrogative Pronouns can function as adjectives:Which eyeball will you lick?which is acting as an adjective, describing eyeball.What answer did she give you?what is acting as an adjective, describing answer.Whose feet smell like Fritos?whose is acting as an adjective, describing feet.

Indefinite Pronouns as AdjectivesIndefinite Pronouns can function as adjectives:Goat Man begged for another chance.another is acting as an adjective, describing chance.It answers What kind of chance?Birbulas would eat neither kidney.neither is acting as an adjective, describing kidney.It answers Which kidney?Kajala found many ticks on his ankle.many is acting as an adjective, describing ticks.It answers How many ticks?

Verbs as AdjectivesVerbs can function as adjectives; they are called participles, and they end in ing or -ed:Grogan dropped a rock on the swimming dog.swimming is acting as an adjective, describing dog.It answers What kind of dog?The weeping man blew a nose bubble.weeping is acting as an adjective, describing man.It answers What kind of man?Flanarco taunted the exhausted boy.exhausted is acting as an adjective, describing boy.It answers What kind of boy?

Phrases as AdjectivesPrepositional phrases can function as adjectives:The man with the huge tumor kissed me.with the huge tumor is a prepositional phrase.It answers Which man?Weenie gave Tor a penny for his thoughts.for his thoughts is a prepositional phrase.It answers Which penny?Grogans mother is a species of lemur.of lemur is a prepositional phrase.It answers What kind of species?

Clauses as AdjectivesRelative clauses can function as adjectives:The skunk that licked your door stinks.that licked your door is a relative clause.It answers What kind of skunk?A man who has no eels is a poor man indeed.who has no eels is a relative clause.It answers What kind of man?The gloves which I wore were made of squirrel fur.which I wore is a relative clause.It answers What kind of gloves?

Adjective DrillsFor each of the following sentences, identify the adjective and the word that the adjective is modifying.

Sentence 1A wicked spider monkey bit the donkeys eye.Poleevra threw the pretzel in the tingle bucket.AdjectivesNAdjAdjNAdjNAdjAdjAdjAdjNAdj

Sentence 2Feng Ying angrily demands a cheese sandwich.Zebraman wore his cape of delightful flavors.AdjectivesNAdjNAdjAdjAdjN

Sentence 3The Great Tower of Pudding is falling!Why do the groundhogs eat Zero bars?AdjectivesNAdjNAdjAdj(Adjphrase)AdjN

Sentence 4Never make faces at the blue thing.Seven skunks licked my door.AdjectivesNAdjNAdjAdjAdjN

Sentence 5Ms. Ho poked the pumpkin with an oyster knife.Where did my Deebra put the toe scissors?AdjectivesNAdjNAdjAdjAdjNAdjNAdj

Sentence 6Grogan, bring me a new pork chop.The frenzied birds are pecking my eyes!AdjectivesNAdjNAdjNAdjAdjAdj

Sentence 7Im choking on the Chinese rat bone.Zebraman can dissolve some lesser metals with his eyes.AdjectivesNAdjNAdjNAdjAdjAdjAdj

Sentence 8Walking by the Charm Store made Peter feel nauseated.The ten blue crabs crawled up the pole.AdjectivesNAdjNAdjNAdjAdjAdjAdjNAdj

Parts of SpeechVerbs

VerbA word or group of words that shows action, being, or links a subject to a subject complement.

Types of VerbsAction Verb: shows action.Tom walks the dog.Linking Verb: shows being or links a subject with a subject complement.Tom is a strong man.

Action VerbsAction Verbs tell what action someone or something is performing.Often, this action will be obvious.Tor fought Trogdor.Other times, there is very little action in the action verb.Weenie pondered the implications of his comment.

Linking VerbsLinking Verbs connect the subject of a sentence with a word after the linking verb.The word that it connects to the subject can be a noun (predicate nominative).Feng Ying is the first handless president.The word that it connects to the subject can also be an adjective (predicate adjective).Karkarala feels rather sick.

Linking VerbsThe most common linking verb is to be.The most common forms of to be areamareiswaswere

Linking VerbsThe sense verbs are also linking verbs, but they all have action verb forms as well.To lookLinking: You look very nice today.Action: Beefma looks angrily at Verberinchulina.To soundLinking: The kittens sound mournful as they die.Action: Cronver sounds the gong for breakfast.To feelLinking: Ms. Ho. feels terrible about the accident.Action: Su-Lin feels the silky fur of the nutria.

Linking VerbsThe sense verbs can also be linking verbs:To smellTo tasteTo feelTo lookTo sound

Linking VerbsThe sense verbs can be linking verbs, but they all have action verb forms as well.To smellLinking: Ms. Ho smells really funky.Action: Kajala smells the dumpster juice.To tasteLinking: This ice cream tastes salty.Action: Feng Ying tastes the octopus taco.

Linking VerbsOther common linking verbs include:becomeremainseemThese linking verbs also have action forms:appeargrowstayturn

Linking VerbsThese linking verbs have action verb forms as well.To appearLinking: Rani appears upset about the clown killing.Action: Connie appears on Gossip Girls.To growLinking: I grow weary of your whining.Action: Karkarala grows okra in his bedroom.To turnLinking: Beefma turned red after the insult.Action: Turn the car before we drive into the swamp.

Predicate NominativesWhen a linking verb is followed by a noun that refers back to the subject, that noun is called a predicate nominative.Kajala is a good neighbor.Verberinchulina was the leader of our militia.Who will be the next president?

Predicate AdjectivesWhen a linking verb is followed by an adjective that refers back to the subject, that adjective is called a predicate adjective.The skunk seems upset about the door.Does Goat Man become insane in the night?Grogan should have been satisfied with the dog cheese.

Transitive vs. Intransitive VerbsTransitive: an action verb that acts on a direct object. Answers What? or Whom?Tom walked the dog. (walked what? The dog.)Intransitive: an action verb that does not act on a direct object.Tom walked yesterday. (there is no answer to What? or Whom?)When? Where? How? do not count.

Voice: Active vs. Passive VerbsActive Voice: an action verb that shows the subject acting.Johnson discussed the problem.Passive Voice: an action verb that shows the subject being acted upon.The problem was discussed by Johnson.

Generally, using active voice makes your writing stronger.

Four Principal Parts of the VerbInfinitive: to do, to go, to think, to dreamPresent Participle: doing, going, thinking, dreamingPast: did, went, thought, dreamedPast Participle: done, gone, thought, dreamed

Regular and Irregular VerbsRegular Verbs: begin with the infinitive, add ing to make the present participle, and add d or ed to make the past and past participle.

Regular and Irregular VerbsIrregular Verbs: do not follow the regular pattern. They have parts that are unique.

Six Principal Tenses of VerbsPresent: I walk.Past: I walked.Future: I will walk.Present Perfect: I have walked.Past Perfect: I had walked.Future Perfect: I will have walked.

Progressive Forms of VerbsPresent Progressive: I am walking.Past Progressive: I was walking.Future Progressive : I will be walking.Present Perfect Progressive : I have been walking.Past Perfect Progressive : I had been walking.Future Perfect Progressive : I will have been walking.

Mood of VerbsIndicative: statements or questionsTom walked to the store.Imperative: commands or requestsTake out the trash.Subjunctive: situations contrary to factI wish I were a millionaire.If I were only younger, I could run faster.

Verb PhrasesThe verb in a sentence may consist of more than one word.Hani will have been walking three hours by then.The verb that shows the actual action is the main verb.Hani will have been walking three hours by then.The words that accompany the main verb are called helping verbs or auxiliary verbs.Hani will have been walking three hours by then.

Verb Drills 1For each of the following sentences, underline the complete verb and identify it as an action verb or a linking verb.

Sentence 1Poleevra can wait for her bologna milk shake.Flanarco will be a friend to all the cows.Action/Linking VerbsAVLV

Sentence 2Feng Ying has seemed depressed about his hands.Two skunks just licked my front door.Action/Linking VerbsLVAV

Sentence 3Is Grogan picking his nose in the car?Ms. Ho can never wash my nutria.Action/Linking VerbsAVAVAVAV

Sentence 4Karsten could have won the Asparagus Cup.Every day Verberinchulina grows more angry.Action/Linking VerbsAVLV

Sentence 5Tor feels sick, like he might throw up in his mouth.Weenie feels the silky fur of the giant nutria.Action/Linking VerbsLVAV

Sentence 6On Tuesday, the blue thing will become invincible.The skunks should remain at the front door.Action/Linking VerbsLVLV

Verb Drills 2For each of the following sentences, underline the action verb and identify it as a transitive verb or an intransitive verb.

Sentence 1Cronver can walk the dog later.Ms. Ho will walk after work.Transitive/Intransitive VerbsTransIntrans

Sentence 2Did Karsten fail completely?

Will Karkarala fail the struggling students?Transitive/Intransitive VerbsIntransTransIntransTrans

Sentence 3Kajala sits on a pork chop.

Twing sits before he is forced to do so.Transitive/Intransitive VerbsIntransIntrans

Sentence 4Feng Ying lost his hands in a factory accident.The Mashoes Marmots lost in the final seconds of the game.Transitive/Intransitive VerbsTransIntrans

Sentence 5Zebraman cant fly his Zebrajet anymore.Goat Man could never fly in the first place.Transitive/Intransitive VerbsTransIntransTransIntrans

Sentence 6Deebra fights the idea that she must eat dirt.Poleevra fights her cat for total dominance.Transitive/Intransitive VerbsTransTrans

Verb Drills 3For each of the following sentences, underline the linking verb and identify the predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives.

Sentence 1Flanarco is the enemy of party clowns everywhere.Kimane is president of the Garglers Club International.Linking Verbs & PN/PAsPNPN

Sentence 2Verberinchulina will smell funny after work.Beefma has smelled beefy in the past.Linking Verbs & PN/PAsPAPA

Sentence 3The blue thing will be our leader in future years.The nutria could have been wise without trying.Linking Verbs & PN/PAsPNPA

Sentence 4Without rain, our turnips could be bitter.Before the storm, your car was beautiful.Linking Verbs & PN/PAsPAPA

Sentence 5Feng Ying remains depressed about his hands.The possums became humans in the machine.Linking Verbs & PN/PAsPAPA

Sentence 6You seem disgusting to me.

Beefma grows increasingly irritated at the clowns.Linking Verbs & PN/PAsPAPA

Parts of SpeechAdverbs

AdverbA word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

Functions of AdverbsAdverbs answer four questions:When?Where?How?To what extent?

Functions of AdverbsWhen adverbs modify verbs, they may answer any of the four questions:When?Where?How?To what extent?

Functions of AdverbsWhen adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs, they act as intensifiers.They increase or decrease the intensity of the adjective or adverb.In this case, they answer only one question:To what extent?

Functions of AdverbsAdverbs answer the questionWhen?:John ran in the marathon yesterday.When did John run?YesterdayGrogan likes to get up early.When does Grogan get up?EarlyKajala will soon be decapitated.When will Kajala be decapitated?Soon

Functions of AdverbsAdverbs answer the questionWhere?:Cronver sent the message here.Where did Cronver send the message?HereThe blue thing sent me away.Where did the blue thing send me?AwayMs. Ho holds her secrets close.Where does Ms. Ho hold her secrets?Close

Functions of AdverbsAdverbs answer the questionHow?:The skunks viciously licked my door.How did the skunks lick my door?ViciouslyThe weasels cautiously sniffed the popsicle.How did the weasels sniff the popsicle?CautiouslyGrogan gently bit her thumb.How did Grogan bite her thumb?Gently

Functions of AdverbsAdverbs answer the questionTo what extent?:Kajala very quickly denied his involvement.To what extent did Kajala quickly deny?VeryYour perfume is rather stinky.To what extent is your perfume stinky?RatherPoleevra spoke incredibly slowly.To what extent did Poleevra speak slowly?Incredibly

Words Modified by AdverbsAdverbs can modify verbs:Birbulas skillfully assembled the model balloon.Zebraman heroically saved the possum.Give me those grapes now!

AdvVVAdvVAdv

Words Modified by AdverbsAdverbs can modify adjectives:The very salty popsicle melted in the driveway.Kajala called the rather timid Zebraman.Goat Man is highly suspicious.

AdvAdjAdjAdvAdjAdv

Words Modified by AdverbsAdverbs can modify other adverbs:Kajala quite gladly knelt to the blue thing.Mikey rather easily pinned his opponent.Poleevra walked suspiciously slowly.

AdvAdvAdvAdvAdvAdv

Negatives as AdverbsNegatives, including the contraction nt are adverbs.You cannot eat leeches.Dejuana never loses at marbles.Tor wont give me the butter.Weenie is nowhere to be seen.

Nouns as AdverbshomeyesterdaytodaytomorrowmorningsafternoonseveningsnightsweekmonthyearA few words that are usually nouns can function as adverbs that answer the questions Where? or When?:

Nouns as AdverbsA few words that are usually nouns can function as adverbs that answer the questions Where? or When?:Verberinchulina crawled home.home is a noun acting as an adverb.It answers Where? Verberinchulina crawled.Feng Ying defeated the clown yesterday.yesterday is a noun acting as an adverb.It answers When? Feng Ying defeated the clown.Akira hunts marmots most evenings.evenings is a noun acting as an adverb.It answered When? Akira hunts marmots.

Infinitive as AdverbsInfinitives look like verbs, but they function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.They have the form to + verbInfinitive phrases can function as adverbs:Mashoes is a sight that is beautiful to see.to see is an infinitive.It modifies the predicate adjective beautiful.

Phrases as AdverbsPrepositional phrases can function as adverbs:The skunk crept to the door.to the door is a prepositional phrase.It answers Where? the skunk crept.Grogan barfed before the test.before the test is a prepositional phrase.It answers When? Grogan barfed.Kitty buzzed like a bee.like a bee is a prepositional phrase.It answered How? Kitty buzzed.

Subordinate Clauses as AdverbsSubordinate clauses can function as adverbs:Beefma left before the pig fight began.before the pig fight began is a subordinate clause.It answers When? Beefma left.The blue thing buzzed until we screamed.until we screamed is a subordinate clause.It answers When? the blue thing buzzed.Flanarco spreads joy wherever he goes.wherever he goes is a subordinate clause.It answered Where? Flanarco spreads joy.

Adverb DrillsFor each of the following sentences, identify the adverb and the part of speech of the word that the adverb is modifying.

Sentence 1The truck sank slowly into the Mashoes swamp.Kajala never eats bologna and jam.AdverbsAdvVAdvV

Sentence 2The horrendously ugly woman belched.Why is Grogan softly humming?AdverbsAdvAdjAdvVV

Sentence 3Poleevra savagely bit the head off the shrimp.Deebra abruptly stuck a pebble in her nose.AdverbsAdvVVAdvAdvAdv

Sentence 4Cronver is secretly in love with Ms. Ho.The snake will soon slither into your sock.AdverbsAdvVVAdvAdvAdvV

Sentence 5Ms. Ho feels flushed when she is near Zebraman.The skunk licked the door where the paint was thickest.AdverbsAdvVAdvAdvV

Sentence 6Flanarco will never cut the eyes off the crabs.Kajala didnt throw the rock at Grogans head.AdverbsAdvVAdvAdvVVAdvV

Sentence 7Karsten looked slightly bored during the speech.The monks always polished the blue thing on Saturdays.AdverbsAdvAdjAdvAdvVAdvV

Sentence 8The squirrels joyfully danced the Marshmallow Dance.The pretty girl rather rudely burped.AdverbsAdvAdvVAdvV

Sentence 9Kajala hotly blushed after picking his nose.Kimane carefully put the sauerkraut into the clowns scary red mouth.AdverbsAdvAdvVAdvVAdv

Parts of SpeechPrepositions

PrepositionA word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun (its object) and another word in the sentence.

Preposition(alternate definition)Any where or when a squirrel can go (or a mouse, depending on whom your fifth grade teacher was).

Prepositional Phrases:Prepositions are always part of a group of words called a prepositional phrase.A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.The noun or pronoun is the object of the preposition, and will always be object case.A prepositional phrase may have more than one object.

Prepositional Phrases:Examples:Poleevra walked through the store.Grogan told the secret to her.The skunk touched its tongue to your beautiful new front door.Beefma went out with Ms. Ho and him.

Some Common Prepositions

aboutbehindfromoutsideupabovebelowinoveruponacrossbeneathinsidepastwithafterbesideintosincewithinagainstbetweenlikethroughwithoutalongbyneartoamongdownoftowardaroundduringoffunderatexceptonunderneathbeforeforontountil

Compound Prepositions:A compound preposition is a preposition that is made up of more than one word.

Prepositions show relationship:All three of these sentences show the relationship between ran and the yard:The dog ran across the yard.The dog ran inside the yard.The dog ran around the yard.In each case, the relationship of the word yard to the word ran is different.The preposition used in each case determines that relationship.

Types of Relationships:Prepositions show four types of relationships:Temporal: before, during, afterSpatial: in, on, beside, aroundDirectional: to, from, towardOddballs: of, for, like, as

Temporal Prepositions:A temporal preposition shows how its object is related to another word in the sentence in time:

The party is after the prom.

The preposition after shows how the party and prom are related to each other in time.

Spatial Prepositions:A spatial preposition shows how its object is related to another word in the sentence in space:

Deebra is inside the possum cave.

The preposition inside shows how Deebra and the cave are related to each other in space.

Directional Prepositions:A directional preposition shows how its object is related to another word in the sentence in direction:

Grogan walks toward the blue thing.

The preposition toward shows where Grogan walkstowards the blue thing. This shows a directional relationship.

Oddball Prepositions:A few prepositions dont fit into the above categories, but they do show how their objects are related to another word in the sentence:

Ms. Ho is Queen of Wanchese.

The preposition of shows a possessive relationship between the words Queen and Wanchese.

Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives:Prepositional phrases can function as adjectives, answering the questions Which?, What kind of?, or How much/many?:

Kajala is the man of the hour.

The prepositional phrase of the hour answers the question Which man? and functions therefore as an adjective.

Prepositional Phrases as Adverbs:Prepositional phrases can function as adverbs, answering the questions When?, Where?, How?, or To what extent?:

Ms. Ho poked Kajala in the eye before the game.

The prepositional phrase before the game answers the question When did she poke? and functions therefore as an adverb.

Prepositional PlacementBecause a preposition always needs an object, dont end a sentence with a preposition.

Not: Who are you going with?Instead: With whom are you going?

Prepositional vs. AdverbSometimes the same word can function as both a preposition and an adverb.Examples would be: around, down, in, off, on, out, over, and up.If the word is followed by a noun or pronoun that acts as its object, it is a preposition.If it is not followed by a noun or pronoun that acts as its object, it is an adverb.

Prepositional vs. AdverbExamples:Grogans car rolled down the hill.There is an object, so down is a preposition.Beefma pushed me down.There is no object, so down is an adverb.

Feng Ying wept over his hands.There is an object, so over is a preposition.The clown came over to kill me.There is no object, so over is an adverb.

Preposition DrillsFor each of the following sentences, identify the preposition, its object, and whether it is used as an adjective, and adverb, or neither.

Sentence 1Rani took her fish to the desert to freak them out.Zebraman took the mask from his face, revealing a huge white zit.PrepositionsAdverbAdverb

Sentence 2My cat Huckleberry is choking on the congealed salad.Karsten sprinkled his yellow toenail clippings onto the hot fudge sundae.PrepositionsAdverbAdverb

Sentence 3Dr. Ho removed the eye from the dog and bit the round orb.The skunk is walking toward the door slowly and suspiciously.PrepositionsAdverbAdverb

Sentence 4Zebraman felt very cool as he wrote MHB on the notebook.Tor aimed the speargun at the evil clown and laughed.PrepositionsAdverbAdverb

Sentence 5Goat Man sat angrily in the public bathroom without toilet paper.Weenie merrily ran over the squirrel with her Hummer.PrepositionsAdverbAdverbAdverbAdverb

Sentence 6Feng Ying bought three cans of Spaghetti-Os for the chipmunks.Grogan and Ms. Ho coaxed the cats with weeping eyes into the cement mixer.PrepositionsAdjectiveAdjectiveAdverbAdverb

Sentence 7Poleevra stuck a vienna sausage up her nose.Kajala gallantly helped Ms. Ho aboard the Nutria Tooth, an orange sailboat.PrepositionsAdverbAdverb

Sentence 8Zebraman stood between the villains and the blue thing.Command the man with the moustache and the cane to kick the marmot.PrepositionsAdverbAdjectiveAdverb

Sentence 9Toneeka ran frantically down the hill, chased by water moccasins.Kajalas back is covered with thick hair, combed into a swirl.PrepositionsAdverbAdverbAdverbAdverbAdverb

Sentence 10The clown in the death box frightens me.Taggart carefully and joyfully trimmed his nose hair over the kitchen sink.PrepositionsAdjectiveAdverbAdverb

Parts of SpeechConjunctions

ConjunctionA word that joins words or groups of words.

Types of Conjunctions:There are three types of Conjunctions:Coordinating ConjunctionsCorrelative ConjunctionsSubordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions:Coordinating conjunctions join equals; they coordinate two words or groups of words of similar grammatical importance. They should be memorized:andbutornorforsoyet

Coordinating Conjunctions:Coordinating conjunctions can join different parts of speech:Nouns/Pronouns:Birbulas and he touched the blue thing.Verbs:Beefma roared and snorted around the room.Adjectives:The skunks tongue is pink, shiny, and wet.Adverbs:We killed the kittens quickly but humanely.

Coordinating Conjunctions:Coordinating conjunctions can join different parts of sentences:Prepositional Phrases:Karkarala gave MRSA to his friends and to his enemies.Dependent Clauses:Ms. Ho felt that she was beautiful but that she smelled funny.Independent Clauses:Poleevra was afraid of the clowns, for they loved to kill randomly.

Correlative Conjunctions:Correlative conjunctions join words or groups of words of equal grammatical weight. They are multiple-word conjunctions, with other words coming between them:either . . . orneither . . . norboth . . . andjust as . . . sonot only . . . but (also)whether . . . or

Correlative Conjunctions:Correlative conjunctions can join different parts of speech:Nouns/Pronouns:Neither Verberinchulina nor she will be allowed to eat the whole turkey.Adjectives:Goat Man is not only vicious but also malicious.

Correlative Conjunctions :Correlative conjunctions can join different parts of sentences:Prepositional Phrases:Zebraman was graceful both in the air and in the water.Independent Clauses:Either Karsten will drown the kittens or Ms. Ho will be forced to put them in the cement mixer.

Subordinating Conjunctions:Subordinating conjunctions join unequals; they join something of lesser importance to something of greater importance:

Subordinating Conjunctions :Subordinating conjunctions always begin subordinate clauses:Narwhals will rule the earth now that they have machine guns.They do not always come between the clauses they are connecting, however:Unless you get your toes out of my face, I will vomit.When the subordinate clause comes first, it is usually followed by a comma.When the subordinate clause comes last, it is usually NOT preceded by a comma.

Conjunctive Adverbs :A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that acts like a conjunction.It is used to connect independent clauses and to show relationships between them.They are usually better at showing these relationships than are coordinating conjunctions.Because it is an adverb, it still answers the questions: When? Where? How? To What Extent?

Conjunctive Adverbs :Some common Conjunctive Adverbs:

Conjunctive Adverbs :When a conjunctive adverb is used between two independent clauses, it is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma:This fish is smelly; furthermore, it tastes like mold.If it is not placed between independent clauses, it is still set off by punctuation, usually a comma before and after:The clown is menacing you; you should, therefore, take defensive action.

Conjunctions, Prepositions, AdverbsDont confuse subordinating conjunctions, prepositions, and adverbs:I have not felt good since my hair caught fire. (subordinating conjunction)My hair has been burning since Tuesday. (preposition)

Before Tor met Weenie, he was alone. (subordinating conjunction)Goat Man ate a kitten before the movie. (preposition)You never belched at the table before. (adverb)

Joining SentencesRemember, when joining two independent clauses, you must use both a comma and a coordinating conjunction. If either are missing the sentence becomes a run-on sentence:Kajala is nice and Grogan is mean. WRONGKajala is nice, Grogan is mean. WRONGKajala is nice, and Grogan is mean. RIGHT

Conjunction DrillsFor each of the following sentences, identify the conjunction, then identify which of the three types it is.

Sentence 1The clown sharpened his razor and chuckled deep in his throat.Neither Zebraman nor Aquaman could control the giant mauve squid.ConjunctionsCoordinatingCorrelativeConjConjConj

Sentence 2Toneeka wondered whether she should feed the snake or squash it. Because Taggart loved Ms. Ho, he could not destroy her oboe.

ConjunctionsCorrelativeSubordinatingConjConjConj

Sentence 3The skunks licked the front door, but the possums sang outside the window.Kajala hates to pass gas while he is eating dinner.

ConjunctionsCoordinatingSubordinatingConjConj

Sentence 4Since Goat Man cannot find children to eat, he relies on small rodents to satisfy his hunger.Tor will either ask Deebra or Poleevra to the Lunch Meat Ball.

ConjunctionsSubordinatingCorrelativeConjConjConj

Sentence 5As Karkarala shaved his back, outside the snow began to fall.Kajala may not own a cat, for he always feeds them firecrackers.ConjunctionsSubordinatingCoordinatingConjConj

Sentence 6Feng Yeng lost his hands, so he has to drink through a straw.Just as the blue thing demands respect, so does Goat Man demand flesh.ConjunctionsCoordinatingCorrelativeConjConjConj

Sentence 7Although Tor won the vienna sausage eating contest, Weenie would not go out with him.The popsicle tasted salty, yet Verberinchulina ate it anyway.ConjunctionsSubordinatingCoordinatingConjConj

Sentence 8The tingle bucket was full, but Grogan continued to throw pretzels into it.Either Kajala will put the kittens in the cement mixer, or he will be put in himself.ConjunctionsCoordinatingCorrelativeConjConjConj

Sentence 9Rani, Tani, and Connie went to the drag races.Whenever Grogan lit Ms. Hos hair on fire, she screamed.ConjunctionsCoordinatingSubordinatingConjConj

Sentence 10After the prom, the kids went home and went to bed early.My finger smells funny, but I cant figure out why.ConjunctionsSubordinatingCoordinatingConjConj

Parts of SpeechInterjections

InterjectionA word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function.

Function of Interjections:Interjections have only one function:To show emotion

Interjections do not:Name (like nouns)Show Action (like verbs)Replace (like pronouns)Modify (like adjectives and adverbs)Show Relationships (like prepositions)Join (like conjunctions)

Examples of Interjections:ow, oh, ugh, oof, yes, no, oopsYes, I will eat the cat hair.Wow, your cooking is bad!Oops, you wet the bed.Oof, I fell onto a pit full of snakes.Dang, why do I have to die?

Interjection DrillsFor each of the following sentences, identify the interjection.

Sentence 1Yow, my finger is fizzing and smoking.Yarrrr, batten the hatches, me matey.InterjectionsInt.Int

Sentence 2Egads, my monacle popped out when I heard the news!Yo, Deebra is now in the house.InterjectionsInt.Int

Sentence 3Grogan bit Poleevras thumb, right?Hey, Verberinchulina ate my popsicle.InterjectionsInt.Int

Sentence 4Man, Toneekas socks smell like Fritos.These squirrel brains are good, word.InterjectionsInt.Int

Sentence 5Wow, Beefma ate a whole TL Burger!No, you may not eat that seagull egg.InterjectionsInt.Int

Sentence 6Ms. Ho is fond of pickled eggs, no?Fooey, my lamb died a bloody death.InterjectionsInt.Int

Sentence 7Eek, the clowns have gotten into the house!Whoopee, Karkarala won the Tingle Prize.InterjectionsInt.Int

Sentence 8Ouch, Kajala dropped an anchor on Grogans toe.Awww, Feng Ying is clapping with no hands.InterjectionsInt.Int

Sentence 9Pshaw, Zebraman could never date Ms. Ho.My goodness, the skunks are at the door!InterjectionsInt.Int

Sentence 10Oh, Speed Racer just released the robot dove.Shazam, Karsten and Poleevra had a fight!InterjectionsInt.Int

Crabby GrammyPhrases

InterjectionA word that shows emotion but has no grammatical function.