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OBJECTIVE

TLW: define asexual reproduction and distinguish between the various forms with 100% participation

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Warm-Up How do prokaryotic cells replicate?

a. Binary Fission c. Meiosis

b. Mitosis d. Fertilization

In a budding organism, a child starts out as ?

a. an egg c. a growth

b. a sperm d. a zygote

Which is not a form of asexual reproduction?

a. Mitosis c. regeneration

b. Binary fission d. None of the above

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Asexual ReproductionDefinition: a type of reproduction in which a new organism is

produced from one parent and has DNA identical to the parent organism. (genetically identical; clones)

Examples:• Budding: a new organism starts as a growth on the parent and

eventually separates from the body of the parent becoming an independent organism. (i.e. yeast, potato, hydra)

• Binary Fission: only occurs in prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria; occurs when one cell divides into two independent daughter cells.

• Regeneration: a new organism grows from a piece of the parent organism as the parent produces new growth at the site of a wound or lost limb.(i.e. starfish, worms)

• Mitosis: many single-celled eukaryotic organisms utilize this form of cell division to reproduce. (i.e. amoeba, paramecium, yeast, and algae)

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Comparing Asexual & Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Cell Division Cell Division and other processes

One parent organism Two parent organisms

Rate of reproduction is rapid Rate of reproduction is slower in comparison to asexual reproduction

Offspring Identical to Parent Offspring have genetic information from each parent

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OBJECTIVE

TLW: distinguish between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction with 100% participation

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Types of Reproduction

• Please take out your graphic organizer for the EduSmart lesson. Be sure to keep your eyes and ears OPEN! Pay attention.

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OBJECTIVE

TLW: examine how genes are passed from parent to offspring with 100% participation.

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Genes & Heredity

• Please take out your Note-taking Study Guide for the EduSmart lesson. Be sure to keep your eyes and ears OPEN! Pay attention.

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OBJECTIVE 3/5/2012

TLW: understand that traits can be inherited or acquired and that inherited traits can be dominant or recessive with 100% participation.

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Quickwrite (G/T)

In your own words, explain the process of parthenogenesis and alternation of generation during reproduction.

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Warm Up:Comparing Asexual & Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

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PARENTS AND OFFSPRING ARE SIMILAR

Traits are characteristic of an individual

Many traits are inherited

Ex. of inherited traits are eye color, hair color, & blood type

Some traits are acquired (learned)

Ex. of acquired traits are reading, writing, walking, etc.

Traits

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Key Terms• Sexual reproduction: type of reproduction

in which the genetic material from the father and the genetic material from the mother combine to form a completely new cell, the offspring.

• Gene: unit of heredity that occupies a specific location on an chromosome and codes for a particular product.

• Heredity: the passing of genes from parent to offspring.

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Genes

Passed from parent to offspring located on a homolog

Located on a chromosome homologs are same size & shape

Unit of heredity homologs are chromosomes in a pair

** “Homo” means same **

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Alleles

Alternate forms of genes can be dominant or recessive

Many for a particular gene on a homolog

Represent traits have 2 alleles of each gene

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Chromosomes

A A

B B

C C

D D

E E

F F

G G

H h

• Come in pairs; each member in the pair is called a homolog (same size & shape)

A gene occupies a specific location on both chromosomes.

Alleles are alternate forms of the same gene.

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Chromosomes

• Each species have a characteristic # of chromosomes.

• Humans have 23 pairs = 46 chromosomes.

• Numbered 1-23• 23rd pair are sex

chromosomes • (X and Y)• Females have two X

chromosomes (XX)• Males have a X and Y

(XY)

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Alleles

• Can determine your phenotype (physical appearance) and genotype (genetic makeup)

• Based on coding for the genes, an allele can be– homozygous dominant [AA] (will be visible in

phenotype; represented with a capital letter)– homozygous recessive [aa](is ONLY visible when 2

copies of the allele are present; represented by a lowercase letter)

– Heterozygous [Aa] (dominant trait is visible; but offspring contains one of each allele)

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OBJECTIVE 3/6/2012

TLW: examine the scientific contributions of Gregor Mendel in the field of genetics and heredity with 100% participation 

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Inherited or Acquired?

Directions: identify each of the following traits as inherited or learned.

1. Young lion cubs learn hunting skills from adult lions.

2. Sally has blue eyes.3. A cougar kills a zebra in the wild.4. A dog can swim without being taught.5. A baby kitten is black.

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“The Father of Genetics”

• In the 1860s, an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel was the first to study heredity.

• He was a botanist (studied plants)

• Examine traits in pea plants

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Experiments

• Performed two types:1. True-breeding: plants

ALWAYS produce same traits

2. Cross-breeding: plants produce new traits for offspring

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Experiments

• Examined several traits in the pea plants– Height: Regular & Dwarf– Color: Yellow or Green– Shape: Round or Wrinkled

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Conclusions

Based on information he gathered, Mendel proposed two laws

1. Law of Segregation

2. Law of Independent Assortment a.k.a. “Inheritance Law”

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LAW OF SEGREGATION

• when an individual produces gametes, the copies of the genes separate so the gamete receives one copy

(We get an allele from each parent; 1 from mom & 1 from dad)

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Law of Independent Assortment

• states genes are inherited in random patterns; shows all possible outcomes an offspring may have. (Ex. Siblings w/ different hair, skin, & eye color)

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Punnett Squares

To show the total possible outcomes for an offspring produced, geneticists use Punnett Squares.

Dominant genes are CAPITALIZED

Recessive genes are LOWERCASED

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Punnett Squares

• Created by Reginald Punnett, an English geneticist

• Can depict the number and variety of genetic combinations

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Punnett Squares

• Used to show – Probability: the likelihood, or chance, of a

specific outcome in relation to the total number of possible outcomes.

– Ratio: comparison or relationship between two quantities.

• Can be written as– #:# (1:4), fraction (1/4), or # to # (1 to 4)

– Percentage: a ratio that compares a number to 100.

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Using the Punnett Square

Parents: BB x bb B B

Bb Bb

Bb Bb

b

b

Parent 2

Parent 1Phenotype

B = brown skin

b = white skin

Genotype

BB = homozygous dominant

Bb = heterozygous

bb = homozygous recessive

* Dominant genes always go in front of recessive genes

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OBJECTIVE

TLW: demonstrate how punnett squares are used to predict patterns of heredity with ratios and percentage with 100% participation

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Warm UpMatch key terms with correct definitions

1. Phenotype2. Genotype3. Punnett Square4. Ratio5. Percentage6. Probability

A. Likelihood of a specific outcome

B. The genetic makeup of an organism

C. A ratio comparing a number to 100

D. A table used to show the possible outcomes of offspring

E. The observable characteristics of an organism

F. A comparison between two quantities

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Using Punnett Squares

In dogs, wire hair (S) is dominant to smooth (s). In a cross of a homozygous wire-haired dog with a smooth-haired dog, what is the possible offspring produced?

Genotype Ratio % Phenotype ratio %

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Using Punnett Squares

Solution: In dogs, wire hair (S) is dominant to smooth (s). In a cross of a homozygous wire-haired dog with a smooth-haired dog, what is the possible offspring produced?

Genotype Ratio % Phenotype ratio %

SS 0:4 0 wire 4:4 100

Ss 4:4 100

ss 0:4 0 smooth 0:4 0

Ss Ss

Ss Ss

S S

s

s

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PROBLEM 2

Woodrats are medium sized rodents with lots of interesting behaviors. You may know of them as packrats. Let's assume that the trait of bringing home shiny objects (H) is controlled by a single locus gene and is dominant to the trait of carrying home only dull objects (h). Suppose two heterozygous individuals are crossed. What are the phenotypes & genotypes of the resulting offspring?

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PROBLEM 3

• The ability to curl your tongue up on the sides (T, tongue rolling) is dominant to not being able to roll your tongue. A woman who is heterozygous for tongue rolling marries a man who cannot. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring?

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PROBLEM 4

• In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b)*. A heterozygous brown-eyed man marries a homozygous dominant brown-eyed woman. What are the possible genotypes & phenotypes of the offspring?

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PROBLEM 5

• In summer squash, white fruit color (W) is dominant over yellow fruit color (w).  If a squash plant homozygous for white is crossed with a plant homozygous for yellow, what is the result?

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OBJECTIVE3/26/2012-3/28/2012

TLW: examine organisms or their structures such as insects or leaves and use dichotomous keys for identification with 100% participation

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OBJECTIVE3/29/2012

TLW: explain variation within a population or species by comparing external features, behaviors, or physiology of organisms that enhance their survival such as migration, hibernation, or storage of food in a bulb with 100% participation .

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Anticipation Guide1.What might happen to animals if they didn’t have camouflage?

a. They would die quickerb. They would lead longer livesc. They would have access to more food.d. They would be preyed on less often.

2.What does disruptive coloration do?a. Make animals difficult to see at nightb. Make animals’distances difficult to judgec. Make animals’ outlines difficult to judged. Make animals blend in with the plants

3.A bug that has the same coloration as the leaves it lives on is said to have:

a. Disruptive colorationb. Protective colorationc. Countershadingd. chromatophores

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OBJECTIVE3/30/2012

TLW: demonstrate comprehension of genetic variation by mastering an assessment with 85% accuracy.

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Directions

• Remain quiet and clear your desk of everything with the EXCEPTION of a PENCIL for scantron

• You will receive a cover sheet to be used AT ALL TIMES.

• When completed, take test, cover sheet, and scantron to table and make 3 separate piles.

• Pick up handout entitled “Variability and Survival”- this is due MONDAY, APRIL 2, 2012

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OBJECTIVE04/02/2012

TLW: identify some changes in genetic traits that have occurred over several generations through natural selection and selective breeding such as the Galapagos Medium Ground Finch (Geospiza fortis) or domestic animals with 100% participation.

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Key Terms: Words to Know

• Hybridization: a type of selective breeding in which two different breeds or species mate to produce offspring. (i.e. horse + donkey = mule)

• Selective breeding: the process of breeding organisms with specific traits to influence those traits in following generations.

• Variation: any difference between organisms of the same species

• Adaptation: a change in a population that allows them to survive in a particular environment.

• Inbreeding: a type of selective breeding in which two closely related organisms are bred.

(i.e. ram + ewe [sheep] = lamb)

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EduSmart

• Please take out your handout and place your name, date, and period in the top right corner. Be sure to keep your eyes and ears OPEN.

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OBJECTIVE04/03/2012-04/04/12

TLW: model evolution by natural selection of the gene frequency of two alleles in a population of organisms, calculate the gene frequency of the alleles for each generation, and graph the frequency of the two alleles over 5 generations.

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Anticipation Guide1.What might happen to animals if they didn’t have camouflage?

a. They would die quickerb. They would lead longer livesc. They would have access to more food.d. They would be preyed on less often.

2.What does disruptive coloration do?a. Make animals difficult to see at nightb. Make animals’distances difficult to judgec. Make animals’ outlines difficult to judged. Make animals blend in with the plants

3.A bug that has the same coloration as the leaves it lives on is said to have:

a. Disruptive colorationb. Protective colorationc. Countershadingd. chromatophores

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OBJECTIVE04/05/2012

TLW: observe how protective coloration helps some animals to survive in nature through modeling predatory behavior by feeding on toothpick prey items in an outdoor area with 100% participation.

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Mimicry

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Mimicry

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OBJECTIVE04/10/2012

TLW: observe how protective coloration helps some animals to survive in nature through modeling predatory behavior by feeding on toothpick prey items in an outdoor area with 100% participation (Day 2)

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Anticipation Guide1.Who is considered the Father of Evolution?

a. Charles Darwinb. Gregor Mendelc. Robert Hooked. Francis Crick

2.What was the name of Darwin’s boat?a. Santa Mariab. H. M. S. Beaglec. The Voyagerd. Serendipity

3.What is an inherited trait?a. A characteristic determined by an organism’s genesb. A skill that is developed through practicec. An organism’s place in the food webd. An organism’s relationship to its parent.

4.Which of the following statements is true?a. Human beings evolved from chimpanzeesb. Chimpanzees evolved from humansc. Humans and chimpanzees evolved from a common ancestord. Chimpanzees and humans are not closely related, biologically.