1.Professor Anne Fitzgerald Queensland University of Technology Law FacultyCreative Commons AustraliaCreative Commons and the Digital Economy (Lecture 4/4) QUT 16 November 2012 2012 Anne Fitzgerald. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia.

2. Government (Crown) Copyright Vast amounts of government copyright materials Copyright applies to: Informational works Research outputs (reports, papers, databases) Cultural materials Public Sector Information (PSI) in a broad sense includes material that is: created within government by government employees; produced externally by recipients of government funding; or prepared by non-government parties and lodged with governmentunder a statutory obligation or regulatory direction. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 3. Public sector components Government Federal State Local Education Secondary Tertiary Research Publicly-funded research institutes Government agencies e.g. CSIRO 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 4. Copyright in data compilations Copyright applies to data compilations if they aresufficiently original Copyright does not apply to mere facts/information or trivial/obvious/mundane arrangements of data Copyright must apply to original collections of data - this is a requirement under the TRIPs Agreement and WIPO Copyright Treaty For copyright to apply, there must usually be originality provided by some independent intellectual creation/creative spark/application of skill and judgment Most countries (including Australia and US) do not have an additional (sui generis) legal protection for collections of data (cf European Database Directive) 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 5. Creating information flows Complexity of information pathways: within government among departments, agencies, different levelsof government; between government and community: from government to community; from community to government tocommunity; from local to national to global Problem of licence logjams Copyright has been relied on by governments to control access (toprevent flow of information or to preserve commercial rights) Often, there is no licence, so access/use/reuse rights are unknown high transaction cost of negotiating new licences Where licences exist, terms are incomprehensible or inconsistent Promoting the flow of information requires appropriatepolicy frameworks and licensing practices 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 6. Open Access to PSI Creating a commons of public sector materials New conceptualisation of public domain insisting on norights constrains thinking about public domain Public domain is not just a no rights wasteland [or] dump onthe outskirts of respectable culture (Bollier, Viral Spiral) Something of value in its own right open knowledge andcontent that can be accessed, reused and distributed Encompasses materials that are copyright-protected andmade available for access and reuse under open sourcesoftware and open content licences 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 7. Building the commons Openness is not a naturally occurring (or enduring)state Openness must be constructed When dealing with intangible interests in intangibles,openness is achieved using legal tools (Uhlir,Reichmann, Stallman, Lessig) free beer vs free as in speech Stallman the latter, not the former; the free beer approach will not achieve openness for data instead, can lead to lock up/lock out 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 8. Understanding the CreativeCommons licences a standardised system for licensing the use ofcopyright materials a suite of 6 standardised licences available in 3 forms: plain english (summary); legal codeand machine-readable code Each licence grants baseline permissions to users touse copyright material that is, to copy, publish, distribute in digital form,publicly perform whether the whole or a substantial part of it on specified, standardised core conditions 9. Central elements of CC licences Baseline Permissions Core Conditions 10. Baseline Permissions Fundamental baseline rights granted by all CC licences: Reproduce Distribute Publicly perform On condition of Attribution Additional baseline permission granted in four of the sixCC licences to create derivative works and Reproduce Distribute Publicly performthe derivative work 11. Core Conditions Attribution (BY) attribute the author, and no false attribution This applies to all CC licences Non Commercial (NC) no commercial use (as defined) No Derivatives (ND) no changes allowed to original work Share Alike (SA) changes allowed, but new work is to be distributed under the same licence as the original work * ND and SA cannot be used together 12. Licence combinations 13. CC BY Core condition: Attribution (BY) attribute the author, and no false attribution Baseline Rights: Reproduce Distribute Publicly perform Create derivative works (and reproduce, distribute and publicly perform the derivative work) 14. How CC came to be applied to PSIin Australia a chronology 1990s: Cutler, Wainwright digital content strategy proposals 2001: Office of Spatial Data Management (OSDM) access and reuse policy 2004: Launch of Creative Commons in Australia 2004: Launch by Queensland Government of Spatial Information Licensing Project (GILF) 2005: Unlocking the Potential: Digital Content Industry Action Agenda, Strategic Industry Leaders Group report to theAustralian Government 2005 2006: Queensland Governments Government Information Licensing Framework (GILF) proposed useof Creative Commons licensing for PSI 2007 2010: GILF project continues as a Queensland Government-QUT collaboration, developing knowledgeabout and models for use of CC on PSI 2007 on: Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Geoscience Australia (GA), Bureau of Meteorology (BoM)implement open access and adopt CC licensing; National Library of Australia; Australian BroadcastingCorporation; various State and local government initiatives 2008: OECD Ministerial Seoul Declaration on the Future of the Internet Economy - OECD Recommendations onpublicly funded research (2006) and Access to PSI (2008) 2008: Venturous Australia report on National Innovation System (Cutler Report) 2009: Australias Digital Economy, Future Directions (Department of Broadband, Communications and the DigitalEconomy) 2009: Victorian Parliament Economic Development and Infrastructure Committee (EDIC) report (Governmentsresponse 2010) Government 2.0 Taskforce (2009), Engage: Getting on with Government 2.0 (December 2009) 2009: New Zealand (draft) Government Open Access Licensing Framework (NZGOAL); UK Power of Informationreport 2009 2010: Freedom of Information/Right to Information reforms State and Federal legislation 2010: Government response to Government 2.0 Taskforce report, accepting key recommendations andstating that CC BY should be the default licence for PSI; Declaration of Open Government; CommonwealthGovernment IP Principles 2011: Queensland Governments IP Principles CC BY as the default licence 2012: Attorney-Generals revised Intellectual Property Manual - CC BY as the default licence 15. I loveA sunburnt countryA land of sweeping plainsOf ragged mountain rangesOf droughts and flooding rains.My Country, Dorothea McKellar (1904) Uluru at sunset by Richard Fisher, http://www.flickr.com/photos/richardfisher/3114503461/ 16. Cyclone Larry Far NorthQueensland (March 2006) Adoption of open contentlicensing (Creative Commons)as the default position fordistribution of governmentcopyright materials 17. Licence logjams after Cyclone Larry Problem of access to data held by different government departments(State/Federal) and government-owned utility companies (power/gas) Governments traditionally relied on Crown copyright to control access toinformation (to restrict flow of information or to preserve commercialrights) Survey of Queensland government departments found that themajority of government business units did not use any formallicensing For those that did, the legal frameworks varied significantly - standard approaches were outdated - many derivatives of licences Often, there was no licence, so access/use/reuse rights are unknown high transaction cost of negotiating new licences Where licences existed, terms were vague or inconsistent No standard approach towards data access for users Complexity for anyone outside dealing with multiple agencies Potentially more difficult for Gov agencies to deal with each other than to get same information from outside Government 18. Simplifying information licensing How to overcome the George Street shuffle? Strengthening commitment to ensuring that informationwould be accessible and reusable across the public sectorand utilities Crown copyright in informational works should bemanaged so as to enable (not prevent) access and reuse Government Information Licensing Framework (GILF)project (QUT and Queensland Government) proposed theapplication of Creative Commons licences to governmentcopyright materials permission for copying anddistribution From 2007/2008 GILF proposals were taken up by majorfederal government departments with location andgeospatial data: Geoscience Australia, Australian Bureauof Statistics, Bureau of Meterology 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 19. Black Saturday Bushfires Victoria (February 2009) Direct provision of raw data inopen formats suitable forimmediate reuse 20. Burning Trees by Sascha Grant, http://www.flickr.com/photos/oflittleinterest/374255009/ 21. Mother Natures Fury by Valley_Guy (Graeme), http://www.flickr.com/photos/40776356@N00/230021987/ 22. Region of sorrow by Elizabeth Donoghue, http://www.flickr.com/photos/elizabeth_donoghue/3395598681/ 23. Sam the Koala and David TreeVictorian bushfires, February 2009Vale Sam 24. Black Saturday Over 400 individual fires recorded on 7February 2009 Affected 78 townships, destroyed 2,030houses and > 3,500 structures Displaced an estimated 7,562 people 414 people injured 173 deaths Australias highest ever lossof life from a bushfire 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 25. Google Victorian Fire Map 26. Towards the digital economy Emergence of digital online economy since mid-1990sand, introduction of fast broadband onlineinnovation and expansion of commercial activity Surging demand for new (digital) information/contentproducts and services New online business models emerging Creative Commons (CC) lawful remix and re-use of innovative content and services 27. Towards an information policy From 2005 on reviews of government information access and reuse practices Queensland Government Information Licensing Framework (GILF) report (2006) Cutler review (2008) Victorian Parliament review of access to PSI (2009) Government 2.0 Taskforce (2009) Lawrence (UK Ordnance Survey) reviews of spatial policy and practices (2011) reform of Freedom of Information (FoI) schemes introduction of Right to Information (RTI) proactivedisclosure principles and practices (2009 on) 28. Review of the National InnovationSystem (Cutler review) 2008Information flow is a central part of the innovationagendaThe value of information/content is in its use/re-use 29. Venturous Australia (Cutlerreport, 2008)Australia should establish a National InformationStrategy to optimise the flow of information in theAustralian economy. The fundamental aim of a NationalInformation Strategy should be to: maximise the flow of government generated information, research, and content for the benefit of users (including private sector resellers of information).A specific strategy for ensuring the scientificknowledge produced in Australia is placed inmachine searchable repositories be developed andimplemented using public funding agencies and universitiesas drivers.Information, research and content funded byAustralian governments including nationalcollections should be made freely available overthe internet as part of the global public commons,to the maximum extent possible.Open gate by chelmsfordblue (Nick) 30. Venturous Australia (Cutler report,2008)Recommendation 7.8Australian governments shouldadopt international standardsof open publishing as far aspossible. Material released forpublic information byAustralian governments shouldbe released under a creativecommons licence. 31. Victorian Parliament Economic Development and Infrastructure Committee (EDIC) Improving Access to Victorian Public Sector Information and Data (2009) 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 32. OECD PSI Recommendation the Openness principle states: Maximising the availability of public sector information for use and re-use based upon presumption of openness as the default rule to facilitate access and re-use. Developing a regime of access principles or assuming openness in public sector information as a default rule wherever possible no matter what the model of funding is for the development and maintenance of the information. Defining grounds of refusal or limitations, such as for protection of national security interests, personal privacy, preservation of private interests for example where protected by copyright, or the application of national access legislation and rules. the Access and transparent conditions for re-use principle states: Encouraging broad non-discriminatory competitive access and conditions for re-use of public sector information, eliminating exclusive arrangements, and removing unnecessary restrictions on the ways in which it can be accessed, used, re-used, combined or shared, so that in principle all accessible information would be open to re-use by all. Improving access to information over the Internet and in electronic form. Making available and developing automated on-line licensing systems covering re- use in those cases where licensing is applied, taking into account the copyright principle below. 33. Gov 2.0 Taskforce Engage:getting on with Government 2.0December 2009; http://gov2.net.au Central recommendation: A declaration of open government by the Australian GovernmentRecommendation 6: Make public sector information open, accessible and reusable [chapter 5, p 58]6.1 By default, Public Sector Information (PSI) should be: free based on open standards easily discoverable understandable machine-readable freely reusable and transformable.6.2 PSI should be released as early as practicable and regularly updated to ensure its currency is maintained.6.3 Consistent with the need for free and open reuse and adaptation, PSI released should be licensed under the Creative Commons BY standard as the default. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 34. Governments responseto Gov 2.0 Taskforce reporthttp://www.finance.gov.au/publications/govresponse20report/index.html Generally accepted Gov 2.0 Taskforcesrecommendations (12 out of 13) agreed in principle to Recommendation 6, including: 6.3 Consistent with the need for free and open reuse and adaptation, PSI released should be licensed under the Creative Commons BY standard as the default. Governments response was released under a CreativeCommons Attribution (CC BY) 2.5 Australia licence 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 35. Commonwealth GovernmentsStatement of IP Principles (2010) 11.(b) Consistent with the need for free and open re-use and adaptation,public sector information should be licensed by agencies under theCreative Commons BY standard as the default. An agencys starting position when determining how to license its public sectorinformation should be to consider Creative Commons licences(http://creativecommons.org.au/) or other open content licences. Agencies should license their public sector information under a CreativeCommons licence or other open content licence following a process of duediligence and on a case-by-case basis. Before releasing public sector information, for which the Commonwealth is notthe sole copyright owner, under a Creative Commons BY standard or anotheropen content licence, an agency may need to negotiate with any othercopyright owners of the material. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 36. Office of Australian Information Commissioner -Principles on open public sector information(2011)Principle 1: Open access to information - a default position Information held by Australian Government agencies is a valuable nationalresource. If there is no legal need to protect the information it should be opento public access. Information publication enhances public access. Agenciesshould use information technology to disseminate public sector information,applying a presumption of openness and adopting a proactive publicationstance.Principle 6: Clear reuse rights The economic and social value of public sector information is enhanced whenit is made available for reuse on open licensing terms. The Guidelines onLicensing Public Sector Information for Australian Government Agenciesrequire agencies to decide licensing conditions when publishing informationonline. The default condition should be the Creative Commons BYstandard, as recommended in the Intellectual Property Principles forAustralian Government Agencies, that apply to agencies subject to the Financialand Management Accountability Act 1997. Additional guidance on selecting anappropriate licence is given in the Australian Government Open Access andLicensing Framework (AUSGOAL). http://oaic.gov.au/publications/agency_resources/principles_on_psi_short.html 37. Australian Government Attorney GeneralsIP Guidelines and IP Manual (2012) In 2012, the Australian Government released two documents whichimplement the Statement of IP Principles for Australian GovernmentAgencies: Guidelines on Licensing Public Sector Information for Australian Government Agencies; Australian Government Intellectual Property Manual (IP Manual). Both documents are available on the Attorney-Generals Departmentwebsite under the CC BY 3.0 Australian licence. Attorney Generals IP Manual makes it clear that PSI should be released by default free of charge under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) Australian licence by default. (Chapter 9 - Sharing and Granting Public Access to IP) Agencies are now required to make licensing decisions about whether to use Creative Commons licences (or other open content licences) when publicly releasing their PSI. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 38. Chapter 9 IP Manual - Sharing andGranting Public Access to IP (2012) Part of the Commonwealths response [to the Government 2.0 Taskforces report Engage: Getting on with Government 2.0 (2009)] is to make PSI available under the default Creative Commons BY licence (otherwise known as an attribution licence) which allows the greatest access to potential users.Agencies are now required to make licensing decisions about whether to use Creative Commons licences (or other open content licences) when publicly releasing their PSI. Australian Government agencies subject to the FMA Act are expected to comply with this default, with CAC Act agencies asked to consider this position as an expression of good practice. [emphasis added] (at p 183) 39. Chapter 9 IP Manual - Sharing and GrantingPublic Access to IP (2012) There is detailed information on the CreativeCommons Australia website about Government useof Creative Commons licences:http://creativecommons.org.au/sectors/government .The international Creative Commons website alsoincludes a simple tool to help select an appropriateCreative Commons licence:http://creativecommons.org/choose/ - note howeverthat you must specify Australia as the relevantjurisdiction in order to generate an Australianversion of the license in question. [emphasis added](at p 187) 40. Queensland IP Principles (2011) Queensland Government IP Principles (revised 2011) endorse the use ofCC licences and specify that the CC BY licence is the default licence,to be applied as a first choice unless there are clear indicators thatthe default licence is inappropriate in the circumstances: Clause 1.3: Creative Commons licensing of government copyright information In assessing the appropriate licence to apply to public information, the Government Information Licensing Framework (GILF) mandates that: (a) agencies license their public sector copyright information using the Creative Commons least restrictive licence (i.e. the Attribution BY licence) as the default licence of preference following a process of due diligence assessment on a case-by-case basis. However this least restrictive licence may not always be the appropriate licence to use. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 41. Examples of Government use of CC Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2007/2008 Geoscience Australia (GA) - 2008 Federal Treasury Budget Papers, 2010, 2011, 2012 ComLaw Australian Parliament Emergency response report and wiki Note adoption of CC pre-dated the Gov 2.0 Taskforcein 2009 and acceptance of its recommendations in2010Credits: Background photo by Matthew Knott, Tasmania 2012 Anne Fitzgerald..CC-BY-NC-SA, http://www.flickr.com/photos/mknott/606575243/ 42. AUSTRALIA 43. Geoscience Australia - Landsat 8data New Landsat 8 satellite to be launched in early 2013 Upon full implementation, which involves the deployment of major infrastructureupgrades by GA, data will be beamed from Landsat 8 on a daily basis to GA-operatedground stations in Alice Springs and Darwin. As soon as possible after receipt andprocessing, GA will make the satellite images publicly available free of charge. GA will make Landsat 8 satellite images available under a Creative Commons Attribution3.0 Austalia licence (CC BY) to facilitate legal reuse of the images GA already involved in projects with Indonesian government and is applying CC BY todata Jeff Kingwell, Section Leader of GAs National Earth Observation Group :Our experience is that using the Creative Commons Attribution Licence which isthe default licence for GA information makes the data more useful and easier toapply. For example, to help the Indonesian government to monitor forest management, GAsupplies Landsat data from a number of foreign data archives. Since we can apply the samelicence conditions to each data source, the information is much more useful and easier toshare and reuse. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 44. AUSTRALIA 45. 2010 Federal BudgetPapers licensed under CCAttribution 2.5Australia 2011 and 2012 FederalBudget Papers under CCAttribution 3.0 Australia 46. http://pool.abc.net.au/ 47. http://pool.abc.net.au/content/pool-special-conditions-use 48. ABC 80 Days that Changed our Lives To celebrate ABCs 80th anniversary , ABC released 22 files capturinghistoric moments on Wikimedia under CC BY-SA first collection of broadcast packaged footage released to WikimediaCommons under a free license 49. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet 50. NZGOAL NZ Government Open Access and Licensing framework (NZGOAL) approved by Cabinet in 2010 standardises the licensing of government copyrightworks for reuse under CC licences (CC BY as thedefault) and recommends the use of a no-knownrights statement for material not protected bycopyright. provides a Review and Release Process online tool toassess whether PSI can be released for re-use and underwhat conditions 51. NZGOAL Policy Principles Open access to copyright works with CreativeCommons Attribution (BY) licence as default [Unless a restriction applies] State Services agencies shouldmake their copyright works which are or may be of interest oruse to people available for re-use on the most open oflicensing terms available within NZGOAL (the OpenLicensing Principle). To the greatest extent practicable, such works should be madeavailable online. The most open of licensing terms availablewithin NZGOAL is the Creative Commons Attribution (BY)licence. http://nzgoal.info/ 52. NZGOAL and CC Application of CC to geographical information bygovernment agencies At the national level,: Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) licences information on the Ocean Survey 20/20 web portal (which covers New Zealands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Continental Shelf and the Ross Sea Region) under a CC BY licence. Minister for the Environment has released its Land Cover Database and Land Environments NZ classification under CC BY through web portal Koordinates. Local government bodies have also released geographicaldatasets on Koordinates under a CC BY licence (coveringsubject matter from flood hazards to passenger transportinformation). http://www.os2020.org.nz/copyright-attributing/. Wellington City Council, Northland Regional Council; and Auckland Regional Council 53. Christchurch Earthquake 2011 Through the standardised review and release process, governmentagencies rapidly released CC-licensed information eg LINZs aerialphotographs of the citys damage. Post-quake imagery of Christchurch carries CC licence, CC NZ News, 2 April 2011, available at http://www.creativecommons.org.nz/news_and_events/news/post_quake_ imagery_of_christchurch_carries_cc_licence. A non-government project, the Christchurch Recovery Map, an openad crowd-sourced map application recording the damage and reliefreports through the city, was licensed under CC BY. http://eq.org.nz/ (note that the map is no longer available). Various projects documenting the devastation and recovery efforts (byorganizations such as the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority,the Defence Force, and the Ministry of Civil Defence and EmergencyManagement) have been released under CC licences. See Ross Becker Photos at http://cera.govt.nz/ross-becker-photos and on Picasa at https://picasaweb.google.com/RossBeckerNZ/. See Flickr Collection: Christchurch Earthquake February 2011, available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/nzdefenceforce/collections/721576261436107 31/. See VIDEO: Central Christchurch, two weeks after the quake, National Business Review, 19 March 2011, available at http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/video-central-christchurch-two-weeks-after- quake-ck-88665. 54. Vocational training materials vocational training packages (modules) on training.gov.au previously licensed under AEShareNet licences 1n 2011 shifted to CC BY ND licence see http://training.gov.au/Home/Copyright 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 55. Adapt project: teachingadaptations 2012 pilot project - Bridging the Gap: teaching adaptations acrossthe disciplines and sharing content for curriculum renewal. led by the University of Tasmania, with support from theAustralian Governments Office of Learning and Teaching (OLT) aims to enhance the teaching of adaptations (the study of theadaptation of an original novel, play, film, poem, video game orother form of narrative to a different medium) in an Australiancontext through the creation of a community of practice ofscholars. will develop a repository of OER relevant to learning andteaching adaptations. See http://www.teaching-learning.utas.edu.au/designing/open- educational-resources/open-education-resources. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 56. USQ OpenCourseWare University of Southern Queensland (USQ), based inregional areas (Toowomba, Hervey Bay andSpringfield) provides distance education programs 75% of USQs students study by distance education USQs OpenCourseWare (OCW) portal makes 10courses available under a CC BY-NC-SA licence. http://ocw.usq.edu.au/. See the OCW FAQs on how to cite USQs materials:http://ocw.usq.edu.au/mod/resource/view.php?id=105#12. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 57. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 58. National Health and Medical ResearchCouncil (NHMRC) policy on access toresearch publications and data Revised policy, effective 1 July 2012, mandates that: any publications arising from an NHMRC supported research project must be deposited into an open access institutional repository within a twelve month period from the date of publication. http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/media/notices/2012/revised-policy-dissemination-research-findings 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 59. Joint Statement on Data Sharing ofPublic Health Research NHMRC is a signatory to the Joint Statement on DataSharing of Public Health Research issued by the WellcomeTrust Joint Statement expresses a commitment to the timely andresponsible sharing of public health data: Much of the data collection that could improve public healthresearch is expensive and time-consuming. As public andcharitable funders of this research, we believe that makingresearch data sets available to investigators beyond theoriginal research team in a timely and responsiblemanner, subject to appropriate safeguards, will generatethree key benefits: faster progress in improving health better value for money higher quality science. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 60. Collaborative data sharing Atlas of Living Australia - www.ala.org.au funded by the Australian Government to develop anauthoritative, freely accessible, distributed andfederated biodiversity data management system encourages contributors to upload their materialsunder a CC licence via the systems contributionform. See ALA Data Licensing FAQs athttp://www.ala.org.au/faq/data-licensing/. 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 61. Reef and Rainforest Research Centre 62. Advantages of using CC Discoverability and retrieval of CC materials by search engines (CCmachine readable code) Explicit statement of re-use rights: information provided upfront tousers about what they CAN do with the material Standard, internationally recognised icons depict the licenceconditions surmounts language barriers Facilitates legal re-mix and re-use of CC-licensed materials Identification and attribution of the creator/owner of the licensedmaterial Licences have been held to be valid and enforceable by courts 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 63. Advantages of CC in the publicsector mirrors the fundamental purpose for recognisingcopyright in government materials supports governments open access policy objectives contributes to the body of publicly funded contentavailable for innovative reuse clear statement about the source of the data(attribution/provenance) increased user confidence avoids financial and technical lock-up of taxpayer-fundedmaterials 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. 64. CC & Government Guide CC & Government Guide: Using Creative Commons 3.0 Australia Licences on Government Copyright Materials Anne Fitzgerald, Neale Hooper & Cheryl Foong (2011) Townsville Tripping by Rob and Stephanie Levy 2012 Anne Fitzgerald.. http://www.flickr.com/photos/robandstephanielevy/1557428475/ 65. Thank you Professor Anne Fitzgerald QUT Law School CC Australia Publications(http://eprints.qut.edu.au/view/person/Fitzgerald,_Anne.html) Access to Public Sector Information(http://www.aupsi.org) Creative Commons Australia(http://creativecommons.org.au/) 2012 Anne Fitzgerald. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia.