1. Credit Appraisal for Term Loan and Working Capital Financing with special reference to Consortium BankingSIP project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PGDM Program By Saket Rathi 2010197 Under the Guidance of: Mr. P.C.Bansal, Chief Manager CD (O), PNB, New Delhi Dr. Gajavelli V S / Prof Anant Ram, IMT - Nagpur Institute of Management Technology, Nagpur 2010 2012

2. AcknowledgementI express my sincere gratitude to Mr. P.C. Bansal, Chief Manager, CD (O), Punjab National Bank,for guiding me through this project, sharing his knowledge and experience and correcting mymistakes. Without his guidance and valuable insights, this project would not have seen the light ofday.I also am very thankful to Mr Somshekharan Nair, Assistant General Manager, CD (O), PunjabNational Bank, for providing valuable insights on the Top Bottom approach and Bottom Topapproach of fund disbursement.I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the library staff for extending their support andresources for completion of this project.A special thanks to my faculty guide, Prof. Dr. Gajavelli V.S. and Prof. Anant Ram who has beenthe chief facilitator of this project and helped me enhance my knowledge in the field of bankingsector.RegardsSaket Rathi2010197IMT - Nagpur 2|Page

3. Certificate of CompletionIt is to certify that Mr. Saket Rathi (2010197) has successfully completed Summer Project Studytitled Credit Appraisal for Term Loan and Working Capital Financing with specialreference to Consortium Banking under my guidance. It is his original work, and is fit forevaluation in partial fulfillment for the requirement of the Two Year Post Graduate Diploma inManagement (Full-time).P.C.BansalChief Manager, CD (O)Punjab National Bank7, Bhikaji Cama Place, New Delhi.Date: June 04, 2011 3|Page

4. 1 Table of Contents1 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 62 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. 83 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 104 Objectives of the study ................................................................................................................. 115 About Banking industry................................................................................................................. 126 About Punjab National Bank ......................................................................................................... 13 6.1 Organizational Structure ....................................................................................................... 14 6.2 Delivery Channels in PNB: ..................................................................................................... 15 6.3 Working of the Credit Administration Department (CD) at PNB .......................................... 157 Bank Lending An Overview ........................................................................................................ 168 Methodology................................................................................................................................. 209 Types of Lending ........................................................................................................................... 2110 Term Loan ................................................................................................................................. 23 10.1 Features of Term Loan .......................................................................................................... 23 10.2 Term Loan Sanction Procedure ............................................................................................. 24 10.3 Pre-Sanction Inspection ........................................................................................................ 2411 Working Capital......................................................................................................................... 26 11.1 Data required for assessment of working capital requirement ............................................ 27 11.1.1 Assessment of Fund Based Working Capital ................................................................. 28 11.1.2 Assessment of Non-Fund Based Working Capital Facility............................................. 3012 Types of Financing..................................................................................................................... 3913 Case Study: Term Loan - XYZ Energy Pvt. Ltd. ........................................................................... 41 13.1. POWER SECTOR SCENARIO IN INDIA: A PERSPECTIVE ...................................................... 41 13.1.1. Power Supply ................................................................................................................ 41 13.1.2. Peak Demand & Deficit Position ................................................................................... 41 13.2. FUTURE OUTLOOK ............................................................................................................ 44 13.3. POWER SCENARIO REGION WISE ................................................................................... 50 13.4. POWER SCENARIO IN UTTARAKHAND .............................................................................. 54 13.5. POWER TRADING IN INDIA................................................................................................ 5414 Conclusion and Recommendations........................................................................................... 9415 Limitations of the study ............................................................................................................ 9616 Scope for future improvements ................................................................................................ 97 4|Page

5. 17 Glossary ................................................................................................................................... 10018 References .............................................................................................................................. 103List of FiguresFigure 1: Operating Cycle ...................................................................................................................... 26Figure 2: Issuing of Credit ..................................................................................................................... 31Figure 3: Process of Negotiation ........................................................................................................... 32Figure 4: Process of Settlement under L/C ........................................................................................... 32Figure 6: Tier System of Approval of Loans at PNB............................................................................... 99List of TablesTable 1: Exposure norms for Commercial Banks in India ...................................................................... 19Table 2: Operating Cycle ........................................................................................................................ 27Table 3: Assessment of Limit of Letter of Credit .................................................................................... 33Table 4: Assessment of Limit of Letter of Guarantee ............................................................................ 34Table 5: The rating and score matrix ..................................................................................................... 37Table 5-1: Region-wise power situation........................................................................................... 42Table 5-2: Existing Installed Capacity (MW) as on 31st March, 2010 .......................................... 44Table 5-3: Long-term Projected Energy Requirement ................................................................... 45Table 5-4: Total Energy & Peak Load Availability Vs Installed Capacity ..................................... 47Table 5-5: Projected Demand & Supply Position at the end of XI Five Year Plan ..................... 48Table 5-6: Projected Demand & Supply Position at the end of XI Five Year Plan ..................... 48Table 5-7: State-wise Demand-Supply Position for the Period 2009-10 ..................................... 52Table 5-8: State-wise Demand Forecast for Northern India ......................................................... 52Table 5-9: Likely capacity Addition During the XI Plan.................................................................. 53Table 5-10: Demand-Supply Forecast for the Northern Region in 2011-12 ............................... 53Table 5-11: Installed Capacity as on 31st March, 2010 ................................................................. 54 5|Page

6. 1 Executive SummaryBanks play a critical role in the economic development of an economy. They are important notonly for economic growth but also financial stability. In an economy banks has three major rolesto play i.e. first, they fulfill the financing needs of the corporate sector. Second, they cater to theneeds of the vast number of household savers, providing assured returns on their surplus fundswhile maintaining liquidity and safeguarding them from financial risks. Third, they act as asupport for development of financial markets and its participants.This project titled Credit Appraisal for Term Loan and Working Capital Financing with specialreference to Consortium Banking studies the credit appraisal methodology at Punjab NationalBank for a proposal received either for term loan or working capital financing or both for Rs. 35crore or more and where the borrower wants to avail the facility from a consortium of banks.Credit appraisal is the process of evaluating a proposals worthiness of being provided with thetype of credit facility the borrower has asked for. This includes the evaluation of current financialstatus, appraisal of projected cash flows, fund flows, P&L and Balance sheets, purpose for whichthe facility is availed, technical and financial feasibility of the project, credit history, managerialcompetence and past experience, etc. in case for a term loan.As part of the appraisal process, credit rating is done for the proposal and is conducted either bythe bank itself or is get done by approves external agencies.The purpose of this project is to explain, in a brief and general way, the manner in which risks areapproached by financiers in a project finance transaction. Such risk minimization lies at the heartof project finance. Efficient management of credit portfolio is of utmost importance as it has atremendous impact on the Banks assets quality & profitability. The ongoing financial reformshave no doubt provided unparallel opportunities to banks for growth, but have simultaneouslyexposed them to various risks, which need to be effectively managed.The concept of Credit Management is undergoing radical changes. Credit Risk in all exposurescalls for precise measuring and monitoring for taking considered credit decisions with suitablerisk mitigants, risk premium, etc. Credit portfolio should be well diversified in various promisingsectors with a cautious approach to be adopted in risky segments.Also, lending continues to be a primary function in banking. In the liberalized Indian economy,clientele have a wide choice. External Commercial Borrowings and the domestic capital markets 6|Page

7. compete with banks. In another dimension, retail lending- both personal advances and SMEadvances- competes with corporate lending for funds and for human resources. But lending bynature cannot be an aggressive selling activity, disregarding the risks involved. Bank has to becompetitive without compromising on the basic integrity of lending. The quality of the Bankscredit portfolio has a direct and deep impact on the Banks profitability.The study has been conducted with the purpose of getting in-depth knowledge about the creditappraisal and credit risk management procedure in the organization for the above said first twopurposes. 7|Page

8. 2 AbbreviationsAGM Assistant General ManagerBG Bank GuaranteeCC Cash CreditCMD Chairman and Managing DirectorCO Circle OfficeCRMD Circle Risk Management DepartmentCCA Core Current AssetsCD Credit Administration DepartmentCARD Credit Audit Review DivisionCASA Current Account/Savings AccountCRMC Credit Risk Management CommitteeDSCR Debt Service Coverage RatioDER Debt-Equity RatioDTL Deferred Tax LiabilityDPG Deferred Payment GuaranteeDTA Deferred Tax LiabilityBD Discount of BillsED Executive DirectorFACR Fixed Asset Coverage RatioFB Fund BasedGM General ManagerHO Head OfficeIRMD Integrated Risk Management DivisionLCB Large Corporate BranchLC Letter of Credit 8|Page

9. LOC Letter of CreditMC Management CommitteeMPBF Maximum permissible Bank FinanceMCB Mid Corporate BranchNWC Net Working CapitalNFB Non Fund BasedPMS Preventive Monitoring SystemPF Provident FundPNB Punjab National BankRBI Reserve Bank of IndiaRMC Risk Management CommitteeRMD Risk Management DivisionTEV Techno-Economic ValuationTL Term LoanWC Working CapitalCO Circle Office 9|Page

10. 3 IntroductionBanks are an important cog in the wheel of economic development. One of their main functions isto make available funds, to enterprises / persons which are short of funds, at reasonable cost. Themajor source of income for banks is interest earned on loans and advances disbursed. To disbursethese loans and advances, funds are mobilized by bank through various sources like small savingsfrom numerous account holders, capital contribution etc. (stake holders) and credit creation.Banks stand in a very delicate situation where it has to maximize returns on these funds but at thesame time maintain quality of their advances. A bank is approached by many for funds for varioususes and it may approach many for availing funds from it. The bank ascertains credit worthinessof project and borrower in order to find eligible borrowers to whom it would like to disbursefunds.To ascertain credit worthiness of project and borrower a comprehensive evaluation is done onvarious parameters for example: past financials, techno economic viability of the project,management competence, future cash and fund flows, actual requirements, etc. This evaluationprocess is known as credit appraisal. Credit appraisal is one of the steps through which bankssafeguard interest of its stake holders.Funds are required for various purposes, at various intervals and thus there are different ways ofdisbursing funds. The broad objective of credit appraisal is to ascertain the worthiness of theborrower but various methodologies are used for appraising different methods of funddisbursement.The current project is divided in three parts. First part explains about the credit appraisal processfor term loan requirements for setting up a project. Second part deals with the credit requirementsarising after completion of the project (working capital requirements). The third part deals indifferent banking arrangements under which a borrower can avail credit facilities and acomparative analysis of the same is done. 10 | P a g e

11. 4 Objectives of the studyThe primary objective of this study is to ascertain in depth, the process used by PNB for appraisalof Term Loan and / or of Working capital requirements of the borrowers and various criterias onwhich such appraisal is done before sanctioning of loans. The study intends to look into theintricacies of term loan including risk mitigation for different inherent risks in extending workingcapital advances to diversified industries.The study involves understanding of usage of various projections and financial techniques forterm loan like fund flow / cash flow, profitability schedules, DSCR, sensitivity analysis, Break Even Analysis, rate of return on the basis of various calculation techniques, etc., in arriving at adecision.The study also looks into various ways of ascertaining Working Capital Requirements of aborrower and various ways of disbursing it.Another objective of this project is to study different arrangements under which a borrower canavail funds from PNB and present a comparative analysis of the same. 11 | P a g e

12. 5 About Banking industryThe roots of the modern banking industry can be traced from the fourteenth century in medievalEurope. Banking in India originated in the last deCDes of the 18th century.Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, payingcheques drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers currentaccounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as telegraphictransfer, EFT, POS, and automated teller machine (ATM).Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting termdeposits, and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money bymaking advances to customers on current accounts, by making installment loans, and by investingin marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending.A bank can generate revenue in a variety of different ways including interest, transaction fees andfinancial advice. The main method is via charging interest on the capital it lends out to customers.The bank profits from the differential between the level of interest it pays for deposits and othersources of funds, and the level of interest it charges in its lending activities. Profitability fromlending activities has been cyclical and dependent on the needs and strengths of loan customersand the stage of the economic cycle. Fees and financial advice constitute a more stable revenuestream and banks have therefore placed more emphasis on these revenue lines to smooth theirfinancial performance. Banks have expanded the use of risk-based pricing from business lendingto consumer lending, which means charging higher interest rates to those customers that areconsidered to be a higher credit risk and thus increased chance of default on loans. This helps tooffset the losses from bad loans, lowers the price of loans to those who have better credit histories,and offers credit products to high risk customers who would otherwise be denied credit. 12 | P a g e

13. 6 About Punjab National BankThe idea of a swadeshi bank with Indian capital and Indian management representing all sectionsof the Indian community gave birth to Punjab National Bank on May 23, 1894. It was formed withan authorized capital of Rs 2 Lac and started its commercial operations with working capital of Rs20 thousand on April 12, 1895 in Lahore, Punjab province, now in Pakistan.The bank withstood turbulent economic times of 1913, when 78 other banks failed. Due to itsgood governance it sailed through various economic crisis during 1926 to 1936 and partition ofIndia and Pakistan.The registered office of the bank was transferred from Lahore to Delhi on June 20, 1947. Duringpartition The Bank was forced to close 92 offices in West Pakistan constituting 33 percent of thetotal number and having 40% of the total deposits. The Bank, however, continued to maintain afew caretaker branches.The Bank then embarked on its task of rehabilitating the displaced account holders. The migrantsfrom Pakistan were repaid their deposits based upon whatever evidence they could produce. Suchgestures cemented their trusts in the bank and PNB became a symbol of Trust and a name you canbank upon. It is ranked as one of Indias top service brands. PNB has remained fully committed toits guiding principles of sound and prudent banking. Apart from offering banking products, thebank has also entered the credit card, debit card; bullion business; life and non-life insurance;Gold coins & asset management business, etc.Financial Performance (2010-2011)Total business of the bank crossed Rs.5.55 lakh crore.Net Interest Income (NII) increased by39.3% while Net Interest Margin (NIM) improved to 3.96%. Net Profit increased by 13.5% toreach Rs.4433 crore. Operating Profit was Rs.9056 crore, 23.6% up from last year. PNB continuesto be among leading banks amongst nationalized banks in net profit, operating margins, totalbusiness, deposits, advances, CASA deposits and customer base.PNB has always looked at technology as a key facilitator to provide better customer service andensured that its IT strategy follows the Business strategy so as to arrive at Best Fit. The Bankhas made rapid strides in this direction. All branches of the Bank are under Core Banking Solution(CBS) since Dec08, thus covering 100% of its business and providing Anytime Anywherebanking facility to all customers including customers of more than 3000 rural & semi urban 13 | P a g e

14. branches. Towards developing a cost effective alternative channels of delivery, the Bank withmore than 3700 ATMs has the largest ATM network amongst Nationalized Banks. Bankcontinues its selective foray in international markets with presence in 9 countries, with 2 branchesat Hongkong, 1 each at Kabul and Dubai; representative offices at Almaty, Dubai, Shanghai andOslo; a wholly owned subsidiary in UK; a joint venture with Everest Bank Ltd. Nepal and a JVbanking subsidiary DRUK PNB Bank Ltd. in Bhutan. Bank is pursuing upgradation of itsrepresentative offices in China & Norway and is in the process of setting up a representativeoffice in Sydney, Australia and taking controlling stake in JSC Dana Bank in Kazakhastan.6.1 Organizational StructureThe bank has its corporate office at New Delhi and 58 circle office and 4267 branches. Thedelegation of power is decentralized up to the branch level for quick decision making. The top-down approach at PNB can be classified as follows:- Board of directors CMD ED GM ( NPA GM GM GM GM GM GM (Credit) & Weak (Retail & (Treasury (IRMD) (Deposits) (Audit) ....... Account) lending) ) DGM DGM DGM ...... AGM AGM AGM ...... Funtional HeadFigure 1 Organizational Structure at PNB 14 | P a g e

15. Delivery Channels in PNB: Corporate Office (HO) Circle Office Circle Office Circle office (CO) (CO) (CO) Large Mid Specialized Branch Corporate Corporate Retail Hub branches e.g. Office (BO) Agriculture Branches BranchesFigure 2 Delivery channels in PNB6.2 Working of the Credit Division (CD) at PNBCD looks after all proposals for all types of loans which fall within the purview of GMs-HO/ED/CMD/MC/Board. A credit appraisal goes through different level of sanctioning to enforceinternal controls and other practices to ensure that exceptions to policies, procedures and limits arereported in a timely manner to the appropriate level of management for action.The bank has introduced committee system in credit sanction process where in every loanproposal falling within vested power is discussed in credit sanction committee. Such committeeshave been formed both at head office and Zonal levels.The CD is assisted by the Risk Management Department (RMD), Technical Department and theIndustry desk for risk analysis and technical feasibility of credit proposals.Credit Risk Management structure at PNB involves: Risk Management division Zonal Risk Management department (ZRMD) Regional Risk Management Department (RRMD) Risk Management committee (RMC) Credit risk management committee (CRMC) Credit Audit Review Division (CARD) 15 | P a g e

16. 7 Bank Lending An OverviewBanks have different ways of extending credit to different types of borrowers for a wide variety ofpurposes. Lending can be for long term or short term. Long termPrinciples of Lending and Loan PolicyPrinciples of LendingBanks lend from the funds mobilized as deposits from public. A bank acts in the capacity of acustodian of these funds and is responsible for its safety, security but at the same time is alsorequired to deliver justified and assured returns over these borrowings. A bank looks intofollowing aspects before lending:Safety: the first rule of lending is to ascertain the safety of the advances made. This meansassessment of the repaying capacity of the borrower and purpose of borrowing. It also includesassessment of contingencies and a fallback plan for the same. This is ensured by taking adequatesecurity (readily marketable and free of encumbrances) by way of guarantee, collateral, chargeson property, etc.Liquidity: The second rule of lending is to ascertain how and when the repayment of theadvances made would happen and that the repayment is timely. This is to ascertain availability offunds in future and make sure that the funds are not locked up for a long period. This helps inmaintaining balance between deposits and advances and to meet depositors obligation.Profitability: The third rule of lending is to lend at higher rate of interest than borrowing rate.This is called as interest spread / margin. One has to strike a balance between profitability andsafety of funds. Interest rates must be charged competitively but at the same time spread should beadequate.Risk diversion: An old saying says never put all your eggs in one basket. A lender must lend toa diversified customer base. Diversification must be made in terms of geographical locations,borrowers, industry, sector etc. It is done so as to mitigate adverse financial effects of a businesscycle, catastrophe, chain effect etc.Loan Policy 16 | P a g e

17. Banks are basically a lending institution. Its major chunk of revenue is earned from interest onadvances. Each bank has its own credit policy, based on the principles of lending, which outlineslending guidelines and establishes operating procedures in all aspects of credit management. Thepolicy is drafted by the Credit Policy Committee and is approved by the banks board of directors.The credit policy sets standards for presentation of credit proposals, financial covenants, ratingstandards and benchmarks, delegation of credit approving powers, prudential limits on large creditexposures, asset concentrations, portfolio management, loan review mechanism, risk monitoringand evaluation, pricing of loans, provisioning for bad debts, regulatory/ legal compliance etc. Thelending guidelines reflect the specific banks lending strategy (both at the macro level andindividual borrower level) and have to be in conformity with RBI guidelines. The loan policytypically lays down lending guidelines in the following areas:Credit-deposit ratio: Banks are under an obligation to maintain certain statutory reserves likecash reserve ratio (CRR to be kept as cash or cash equivalents), statutory liquidity ratio (SLR to be kept in cash or cash equivalents and prescribed securities), etc. These reserves aremaintained for asset liability management (ALM) and are calculated on the basis of demand andtime liabilities (DTL). Banks may further invest in non prescribed securities for the matter ofrisk diversion. Funds left after providing for these reserves are available for lending. The CPCdecides upon the quantum of credit that can be granted by the bank as a percentage of deposits.Targeted portfolio mix: CPC has to strike balance between risk and return. It sets the guidingprinciples in choosing preferred areas of lending and sectors to avoid. It also takes into accountgovernment policies of lending to preferred / avoidable sectors. The bank assesses sectors forfuture growth and profitability and accordingly decides its exposure limits.Hurdle ratings: A borrower is assessed on various risk aspects to find out its suitability forextending credit to it. Banks uses a comprehensive risk rating system on which each borrower getsa score depending upon its strength and weaknesses. This acts as a single point reference and usesa standardized approach for variety of borrowers. Ratings reveal the overall risk of lending. Fornew borrowers, a bank usually lays down guidelines regarding minimum rating to be achieved bythe borrower to become eligible for the loan. This is also known as the hurdle rating criterion tobe achieved by a new borrower.Loan pricing: Risk-return trade-off is a fundamental aspect of risk management. Borrowers withweak financial position and, hence, placed in higher risk category are provided credit facilities at a 17 | P a g e

18. higher price (that is, at higher interest). The higher the credit risk of a borrower the higher wouldbe his cost of borrowing. To price credit risks, bank devises appropriate systems, which usuallyallow flexibility for revising the price (risk premium) due to changes in rating. In other words, ifthe risk rating of a borrower deteriorates, his cost of borrowing should rise and vice versa.At the macro level, loan pricing for a bank is dependent upon a number of its cost factors such ascost of raising resources, cost of administration and overheads, cost of reserve assets like CRRand SLR, cost of maintaining capital, percentage of bad debt, etc. Loan pricing is also dependentupon competition.Collateral security: As part of a prudent lending policy, bank usually advances loans againstsome security. The loan policy provides guidelines for this. In the case of term loans and workingcapital assets, bank takes as primary security the property or goods against which loans aregranted. In addition to this, banks often ask for additional security or collateral security in theform of both physical and financial assets to further bind the borrower. This reduces the risk forthe bank. Sometimes, loans are extended as clean loans for which only personal guarantee of theborrower is takenRole of RBIThe credit policy of a bank should be conformant with RBI guidelines; some of the importantguidelines of the RBI relating to bank credit are discussed below.Directed credit stipulationsThe RBI lays down guidelines regarding minimum advances to be made for priority sectoradvances, export credit finance, etc. These guidelines need to be kept in mind while formulatingcredit policies for the Bank.Capital adequacyIf a bank creates assets-loans or investment-they are required to be backed up by bank capital; theamount of capital they have to be backed up by depends on the risk of individual assets that thebank acquires. The riskier the asset, the larger would be the capital it has to be backed up by. Thisis so, because bank capital provides a cushion against unexpected losses of banks and riskierassets would require larger amounts of capital to act as cushion.Credit Exposure Limits 18 | P a g e

19. As a prudential measure aimed at better risk management and avoidance of concentration of creditrisks, the Reserve Bank has fixed limits on bank exposure to the capital market as well as toindividual and group borrowers with reference to a banks capital. Limits on inter-bank exposureshave also been placed. Banks are further encouraged to place internal caps on their sectoralexposures, their exposure to commercial real estate and to unsecured exposures.Table 1: Exposure norms for Commercial Banks in IndiaExposure to Limit 1. Single Borrower 15% of capital fund (Additional 5% on infrastructure exposure) 2. Group Borrower 40% of capital fund (Additional 10% on infrastructure exposure) 3. NBFC 10% of capital fund 4. NBFC AFC 15% of capital fund 5. Indian Joint Venture/ Wholly owned 20% of capital fund subsidiaries abroad/ Overseas step down subsidiaries of Indian corporate 6. Capital Market Exposure (a) Banks holding of shares in any company The lesser of 30% of paid-up share capital of the company or 30% of the paid-up capital of the banks (b) Banks aggregate exposure to capital market 40% of its net worth (solo basis) (c) Banks aggregate exposure to capital market 40% of its consolidated net worth (group basis) (d) Banks direct exposure to capital market (solo 20% of its net worth basis) (e) Banks direct exposure to capital market (group 20% of its consolidated net worth basis) 7. Gross holding of capital among banks/ FIs 10% of capital fundSource: Financial Stability Report, RBI, March 2010Review of OperationsRBI has a policy of reviewing operations of the bank. It conducts inspection every 3 years inBranch Offices and every year at Head office of a Bank.Credit controlRBI through its various mechanisms like policy rates, etc. controls the availability of credit in theeconomy. It intervenes in the market by changing key policy rates when it finds that there is shortage /excess credit availability. 19 | P a g e

20. 8 MethodologyIn order to learn and observe the practical applicability and feasibility of various theories andconcepts, the following sources are being used: Discussions with the project guide and staff members. Research papers and documents prepared by the bank and its related officials. Banks Credit policy and related circulars and guidelines issued by the bank. Study of proposals and manuals. Website of Punjab national bank and other net sources. 20 | P a g e

21. 9 Types of LendingLending is broadly classified into two broad categories: fund based lending and non-fund basedlending. Fund Based Lending: This is a direct form of lending in which a loan with an actual cash outflow is given to the borrower by the Bank. In most cases, such a loan is backed by primary and/or collateral security. The loan can be to provide for financing capital goods and/or working capital requirements. Non-fund Based Lending: In this type of facility, the Bank makes no funds outlay. However, such arrangements may be converted to fund-based advances if the client fails to fulfill the terms of his contract with the counterparty. Such facilities are known as contingent liabilities of the bank. Facilities such as letters of credit and guarantees fall under the category of non- fund based credit. Let us explain with an example how guarantees work. A company takes a term loan from Bank A and obtains a guarantee from Bank B for its loan from Bank A, for which he pays a fee. By issuing a bank guarantee, the guarantor bank (Bank B) undertakes to repay Bank A, if the company fails to meet its primary responsibility of repaying Bank A.Banks carry out a detailed analysis of borrowers working capital requirements. Credit limits areestablished in accordance with the process approved by the board of directors. The limits onworking capital facilities are primarily secured by inventories and receivables (chargeable currentassets).Working capital finance consists mainly of cash credit facilities, short term loan and billdiscounting. Under the cash credit facility, a line of credit is provided up to a pre-establishedamount based on the borrowers projected level of sales inventories, receivables and cash deficits.Up to this pre-established amount, disbursements are made based on the actual level of inventoriesand receivables. Here the borrower is expected to buy inventory on payments and, thereafter, seekreimbursement from the Bank. In reality, this may not happen. The facility is generally given for aperiod of up to 12 months and is extended after a review of the credit limit. For clients facingdifficulties, the review may be made after a shorter period.One problem faced by banks while extending cash credit facilities, is that customers can draw upto a maximum level or the approved credit limit, but may decide not to. Because of this, liquiditymanagement becomes difficult for a bank in the case of cash credit facility. RBI has been trying tomitigate this problem by encouraging the Indian corporate sector to avail of working capitalfinance in two ways: a short-term loan component and a cash credit component. The loancomponent would be fully drawn, while the cash credit component would vary depending uponthe borrowers requirements.According to RBI guidelines, in the case of borrowers enjoying working capital credit limits ofRs. 10 crores and above from the banking system, the loan component should normally be 80% 21 | P a g e

22. and cash credit component 20 %. Banks, however, have the freedom to change the composition ofworking capital finance by increasing the cash credit component beyond 20% or reducing it below20 %, as the case may be, if they so desire.Bill discounting facility involves the financing of short-term trade receivables through negotiableinstruments. These negotiable instruments can then be discounted with other banks, if required,providing financing banks with liquidity. 22 | P a g e

23. 10 Term LoanTerm loans also referred as term finance; represent a source of debt finance which is utilized forestablishing or expanding a manufacturing unit by the acquisition of fixed assets. These aregenerally repayable in more than one year but less than 10 years. Such loans are raised forexpansion, diversification and modernization of the enterprise. The primary sources of such loansare financial institutions. These are repayable in fixed monthly, quarterly or half yearlyinstallments and secured by term loan agreements between the borrower and the bank.Term loans are generally granted to finance capital expenditure, i.e. acquisition of land, buildingand plant & machinery, required for setting up a new industrial undertaking or expansion/diversification of an existing one and also for acquisition of movable fixed assets. Term loans arealso given for modernization, renovation etc. to improve the product quality or increase theproductivity and profitability.Term loans are normally granted for periods varying from 3-7 years and in exceptional casesbeyond 7 years. The exact period for which particular loan is sanctioned depends on thecircumstances of the case.The basic difference between short term facilities and tem loans is that short term facilities aregranted to meet the gap in the working capital and are intended to be liquidated by realization ofassets, whereas term loans are given for acquisition of fixed assets and have to be liquidated fromthe surplus cash generated out of earning. There are not intended to be paid out of the sale of thefixed assets given as security for the loan. This makes it necessary to adopt a different approach inexamining the application of the borrowers for term credit.10.1 Features of Term LoanFollowing are the different features of term loans: Currency: Financial institutions give rupee term loans as well as foreign currency term loans. Security: All loans provided by financial institutions, along with interest, liquidated damages, commitment charges, expenses etc. are secured by way of: (a) First equitable mortgage of all immovable properties of the borrower, both present and future; and (b) Hypothecation of all movable properties of the borrower , both present and future, subject to prior charges in favor of commercial banks for obtaining working capital advance in the normal course of business 23 | P a g e

24. Interest payment and principal repayment: These are definite obligations which are payable irrespective of the financial situation of the firm. Restrictive Covenants: FIs impose restrictive conditions on the borrowers depending upon the nature of the project and financial situation of the borrower.10.2 Term Loan Sanction ProcedureThe procedure associated with a term loan sanction involves the following steps: Submission of loan application: The borrower submits an application form which seeks comprehensive information about the project such as: (a) Promoters background (b) Particulars of industrial concern (c) Cost of project (d) Means of financing (e) Marketing and selling arrangements (f) Economic considerations Initial processing of loan application: The loan application is reviewed to ascertain whether it is complete for processing, if it is incomplete then it is sent back to the borrower for resubmission with all relevant information. Appraisal of the proposed project: The detailed appraisal of the project covers the marketing, technical, managerial, and economic aspects. Issue of letter of sanction: If the project is accepted, a financial letter of sanction is approved to the borrower. Acceptance of terms and conditions by the borrowing unit: On receiving the letter of sanction the borrowing unit convenes its board meeting at which the terms and conditions associated with the letter of sanction are accepted and appropriate resolution is passed to the effect. Execution of loan Agreement: After receiving the letter of acceptance from the borrowers. The FI sends the draft of the agreement to the borrower to be executed by the authorized person Creation of Security: The term loans and the DPG assistance provided by the financial institutions are secured through the first mortgage, by way of deposit of title deeds, of immovable properties and hypothecation of movable properties. Disbursement of loan: Periodically, the borrower is required to submit the information on the physical progress of the projects, financial status of the projects, arrangements made for financing the projects, contribution made by the promoters, projected fund flow statement, compliance with various statutory requirements and fulfillment of disbursement conditions. Monitoring: Monitoring of the project is done at the implementation stage as well at the operational stage.10.3 Pre-Sanction Inspection Once the incumbent is satisfied with the information furnished by the borrower that the proposal for the term loan is worth consideration, he should inspect the factory or place of business to check the authenticity of the information supplied. Inspection can bring into 24 | P a g e

25. light certain factors which are not revealed by mere study of financial statements. Even in case of new unit, inspection of factory site is necessary. The assets of the concern which are proposed to be charged should be verified physically and the title of the borrowers on the same should be examined. The books of the accounts and other relevant papers should be verified to see if all liabilities, claims, contingencies, disputes have been admitted by the concern. Such an inspection can focus on the unfavorable aspects or weaknesses of the unit and can help to a large extent in making an assessment of the proposal. 25 | P a g e

26. 11 Working CapitalWorking capital is defined as the total amount of funds required for day to day operation of aunit. It can also be referred as the current asset holding of an enterprise. It is often classified asgross working capital (GWC) and net working capital (NWC). Working capital finance is utilizedfor operating purposes, resulting in creation of current assets (such as inventories and receivables).This is in contrast to term loans which are utilized for establishing or expanding a manufacturingunit by the acquisition of fixed assets.Gross Working Capital refers to the fund required for financing total current assets of a businessunit. Net working capital no other hand is the difference between current assets and currentliabilities (including bank borrowings) that is nothing but the surplus of long term sources overlong term uses as such it is known as the liquid surplus available in a unit that can be eitherpositive or negative. A positive NWC is always desirable because of the fact that it provides notonly margin for the working capital requirement but also improves ability of the borrower to meetits short term liabilities.Operating Cycle MethodEvery business unit has an operating cycle which indicates that a unit procures raw materialfrom its funds, convert into stock in process which again is converted into finished goodswhich can be sold for cash and thus transformed into fund. Alternatively it can be sold on creditand on realization thereof gets converted into fund.Thus every rupee invested in current assets at the beginning of the cycle comes back to thepromoter with the profit element added, after the lapse of a specific period of time. This length oftime is known as operating cycle or working capital cycle.Figure 3: Operating Cycle AR converted Cash to cash Cash Account Sales Recievabl Order e Cash Goods and Services convertedconverted to Account Deliver Produce to Prepaid Receivables Goods Goods Expenses or or nd Service Service Inventory 26 | P a g e

27. In order to keep the operating cycle going on, certain level of current assets are always required,the total of which gives the amount of total working capital required. Thus total working capitalcan be obtained by assessing the level of various components of current assets.The operating cycle is therefore measured in terms of days of average inventory held for everymajor category of working capital components.Table 2: Operating Cycle Stages Time Value I Raw Material Holding Period Value of RM consumed during the period II Stock in Process Time taken in RM + Manufacturing converting RM into expenses during the FG period (cost of production) III Finished Goods Holding period of FG RM + mfg. exp. + before being sold adm. Overheads for the period (cost of sales) IV Receivables Credit allowed to RM + mfg. exp .+ buyer adm. Exp. + profit for the period (Sales)11.1 Data required for assessment of working capital requirementFor assessing the working capital needs of an organization, bank follows CMA (CreditMonitoring Arrangement). It is required by banks and other financial institutions, to introspect orstudy the minutes of balance sheet and other financial statements of a body corporate for financingtheir projects. In other words it is the detailed explanation of the balance sheet and other financialratios of the firm or any other corporate.The CMA includes analysis of following six documents: i) Existing and proposed banking arrangements ii) Operating statement iii) Analysis of Balance Sheet iv) Buildup of current assets and current liabilities v) Calculation of MPBF (Maximum Permissible Bank Finance) vi) Fund Flow Statement 27 | P a g e

28. 11.1.1 Assessment of Fund Based Working CapitalWhile public sector banks in India are nominally independent entities they are subject to intenseregulation by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). This includes rules about how much the bankshould lend to individual borrowersthe so-called maximum permissible bank finance. Thereare multiple methods as suggested by different committees from time to time. We have discussedfollowing recommendations by three committees: 1. Simplified Turnover Method (Nayak Committee)This method of assessing working capital requirement of a firm is given by Nayak Committee.The committee headed by Mr. P.R. Nayak examined the adequacy of institutional credit to SSIsector and gave its recommendations which are as under: a. Under this method, bank credit for working capital purposes for borrowers requiring fund based limits up to Rs. 5 crore for SSI borrowers and Rs. 2 crore in case of other borrowers, may be assessed at minimum of 25% of the projected annual turnover of which should be provided by the borrower (i.e. minimum margin of 5% of the annual turnover to be provided by the borrower) and balance 4/5th (i.e. 20% of the annual turnover) can be extended by way of working capital finance. b. The projected turnover or output value may be interpreted as projected gross sales which will include excise duty also. c. Since the bank finance is only intended to support the need based requirement of a borrower, if the available NWC (net long term surplus funds) is more than 5%of the turnover the former should be reckoned for assessing the extent of bank finance. 2. Maximum Permissible Banking Finance Method (Tandon Committee )A committee headed by Mr. P.L. Tandon, ex-chairman of PNB, was constituted with view tosuggest improvement in the existing ash credit system. It submitted its report on guidelines forfollow up of credit in August 1974, suggesting three methods of lending. These are as follows: 1st Method of Lending: 75% of the working capital gap (WCG = Total current assets Total current liabilities other than bank borrowings) is financed by the bank and the balance 25% of the WCG considered as margin is to come out of long term source i.e. owned funds and term borrowings. This will give rise to a minimum current ratio of 1.17:1. The difference of 0.17 (= 1.17 1) represents the borrowers margin which is known as Net Working Capital (NWC). 2nd Method of Lending: Bank will finance maximum up to 75% of total current assets (TCA) and borrower has to provide a minimum of 25% of total current assets as the margin out of long term sources. This will give a minimum current ratio of 1.33:1. 3rd Method of Lending: This is same as 2nd method of lending, but excluding core current assets from total assets and the core current assets are financed out of long term funds of the company. The term core current assets refers to the absolute minimum level of 28 | P a g e

29. investment in current assets, which is required at all times to carry out minimum level of business activity. The current ratio is further improved to 1.79:1.Examples: Current Liabilities Current AssetsCreditors for purchase 100 Raw material 200Other current liability 50 Stock in process 20Bank Borrowings 200 Finished Goods 90 Receivables 50 Other current assets 10 350 370 1st Method 2nd Method 3rd MethodTotal CA 370 Total CA 370 Total CA 370Less Total CL - Less Core CA from longBank Borrowing 150 Less 25% of CA 92 term sources 95WCG 220 278 27525% of WCG from Less Total CL - Less 25% from longlong term sources 55 Bank Borrowings 150 term sources 69 Less Total CL - Bank Borrowings 150MPBF 165 MPBF 128 MPBF 56Current Ratio 1.17:1 Current Ratio 1.33:1 Current Ratio 1.79:1 3. Chore CommitteeThe R.B.I constituted, in April 1979, a working group under the chairmanship of Sri K.B Chore,to review the system of cash credit with the particular reference to the gap between sanctionedlimit and the extent of their utilization. It was also asked to suggest alternative type of creditfacilities which would ensure greater credit discipline and enable the banks to relate the creditlimits to increase in output or other productive activities.The committee recommended assessment of working capital requirements have to be mandatorilyassessed based on 2nd method of lending suggested by Tandon Committee except for sick/Unitsunder rehabilitation.As such, the banks are presently assessing need based WC financing under 2nd Method of lending. 4. CASH BUDGET SYSTEMIn case of tea, sugar, construction companies, film industries and service sector requirement offinance may be at the peak during certain months while the sale proceeds may be realisedthroughout the year to repay the outstanding in the account. Therefore, credit limits are fixed onthe basis of projected monthly cash budgets to be received before beginning of the season. 29 | P a g e

30. Branches should follow the procedure/guidelines issued from time to time through variousCirculars for financing tea, sugar, construction companies, film industries and service sector.11.1.2 Assessment of Non-Fund Based Working Capital FacilityThe credit facilities given by the banks where actual bank funds are not involved are termed asnon-fund based facilities. These facilities are divided in three broad categories as under: Letters of credit Guarantees Co-acceptance of-bills/deferred payment guarantees.Units for the above facilities are also simultaneously sanctioned by banks while sanctioning otherfund based credit limits.Facilities for co-acceptance of bills/deferred payment guarantees are generally required foracquiring plant and machinery and may, technically be taken as a substitute for term loan whichwould require detailed appraisal of the borrowers needs and financial position in the same manneras in case of any other term loan proposal. Letter of Credit: Letter of credit (LC) is a method of settlement of payment of a trade transaction and is widely used to finance purchase of raw material, machinery etc. It contains a written undertaking by the bank on behalf of the purchaser to the seller to make payment of a stated amount on presentation of stipulated documents and fulfillment of all the terms and conditions incorporated therein. Letters of credit thus offers both parties to a trade transaction a degree of security. The seller can look forward to the issuing bank for payment instead of relying on the ability and willingness of the buyer to pay. Parties to a Letter of Credit 1. Applicant/Opener: It is generally the buyer of the goods who gets the letter of credit issued by his banker in favour of the seller. The person on whose behalf and under whose instructions the letter of credit is issued is known as applicant/ opener of the credit. 2. Opening bank/issuing bank: The bank issuing the letter of credit. 3. Beneficiary: The seller of goods in whose favour the letter of credit is issued. 4. Advising Bank: Notification regarding issuing of letter of credit may be directly sent to the beneficiary by the opening bank. It is, however, customary to advise the letter of credit through sane other bank operating at the place/country of seller. The bank which advises the letter of credit to the beneficiary is known as advising bank. 5. Confirming Bank: A letter of credit substitutes the credit worthiness of the buyer with that of the issuing bank. It may sometimes happen especially in import trade that the issuing 30 | P a g e

31. bank itself is not widely known in the exporters country and exporter is not prepared to rely on the L/C opened by that bank. In such cases the opening bank may request other bank usually in the country of exporter to add its confirmation which amounts to an additional undertaking being given by that bank to the beneficiary. The bank adding its confirmation is known as confirming bank. The confirming bank has the same liabilities towards the beneficiary as that of opening bank. 6. Negotiating Bank: The bank that negotiates the documents drawn under letter of credit and makes payment to beneficiary. The function of advising bank, confirming bank and negotiating bank may be undertaken by a single bank only. Letter of Credit Mechanism Any business/industrial venture will involve purchase transactions relating to machine/other capital goods and raw material etc., and also sale transactions relating to its products. The customer may be an applicant for a letter of credit for his purchases while be the beneficiary under other letter of credit for his sale transaction. The complete mechanism of a letter of credit may be divided in three parts as under: 1. Issuing of Credit: Letter of credit is always issued by the buyers bank (issuing bank) at the request and on behalf and in accordance with the instructions of the applicant. The letter of credit may either be advised directly or through some other bank. The advising bank is responsible for transmission of credit and verifying the authenticity of signature of issuing bank and is under no commitment to pay the seller. The advising bank may also be required to add confirmation and in that case will assume all the liabilities of issuing bank in relation to the beneficiary as stated already. Refer to diagram given below for complete process of issuance of credit.Figure 4: Issuing of Credit Buyer Seller Sales Contract Applicant Beneficiary (1) (2) (4) Buyers Advising Issuance of Letter of Bank Bank Credit Issuing Confirming (3) Bank Bank 31 | P a g e

32. 2. Negotiation of Documents by beneficiary: On receipt of letter of credit, the beneficiary shall arrange to supply the goods as per the terms of L/C and draw necessary documents as required under L/C. The documents will then be presented to the negotiating bank for payment/acceptance as the case may be. The negotiating bank will make the payment to the beneficiary and obtain reimbursement from the opening bank in terms of credit. The entire process of negotiation is diagrammatically represented as under: Buyer Supply of Goods (5) Seller Applicant BeneficiaryPayment to Beneficiary (7) Documents for Negotiation (6) Buyers Documents (8) Advising/ Confirming Bank Bank Issuing Reimbursement (9) Negotiating Bank Bank Payment to Beneficiary (7) Figure 5: Process of Negotiation 3. Settlement of Bills Drawn under Letter of Credit by the opener: The last step involved in letter of credit mechanism is retirement of documents received under L/C by the opener. On receipt of documents drawn under L/C, the opening bank is required to closely examine the documents to ensure compliance of the terms and conditions of credit and present the same to the opener for his scrutiny. The opener should then make payment to the opening bank and take delivery of documents so that delivery of goods can be obtained by him. This aspect of L/C transaction is represented as under: Figure 6: Process of Settlement under L/C Buyer Delivery of Goods (12) Applicant Payment (11) Documents (10) Buyers Bank 32 | P a g e

33. Issuing BankTypes of Letter of Credit: Letter of credit may be divided in two broad categories as under: (i) Revocable letter of credit. This may be amended or cancelled without prior warning or notification to the beneficiary. Such letter of credit will not offer any protection and should not be accepted as beneficiary of credit. (ii) Irrevocable letter of credit. This cannot be amended or cancelled without the agreement of all parties thereto. This type of letter of credit is mainly in use and offers complete protection to the seller against subsequent development against his interest.Letter of credit may provide drawing of documents on following two bases: (i) Delivery against payment (DP) Sight: In this case documents are delivered against payment. The beneficiary is paid as soon as the paying bank or borrowers bank has determined that all necessary documents are in order. (ii) Delivery against acceptance (DA) Usance (time): In this case documents are delivered against acceptance. The borrower pays after certain due date of payment specified.Assessment of Limit of Letter of Credit:Table 3: Assessment of Limit of Letter of Credit Assessment of Limit of Letter of CreditAnnual Raw Material Consumption AAnnual Raw Material Procurement through ILC/ FLC BMonthly Consumption CUsance DLead Time ETotal Time F=D+ELC Time Required G=F*C Bank Guarantee A contract of guarantee can be defined as a contract to perform the promise, or discharge the liability of a third person in case of his default. The contract of guarantee has three principal parties as under: o Principal debtor: The person who has to perform or discharge the liability and for whose default the guarantee is given. o Principal creditor: The person to whom the guarantee for due fulfilment of contract by principal debtor. Principal creditor is also sometimes referred to as beneficiary. 33 | P a g e

34. o Guarantor or Surety: The person who gives the guarantee.Bank provides guarantee facilities to its customers who may require these facilities for variouspurposes. The guarantees may broadly be divided in two categories as under: o Financial guarantees: Guarantees to discharge financial obligations to the customers. o Performance guarantees: Guarantees for due performance of a contract by customers.Table 4: Assessment of Limit of Letter of Guarantee Assessment of Limit of Letter of GuaranteeOutstanding Bank Guarantee as per audited balance sheet AAdd bank guarantee required during the period BLess estimated maturity or cancellation of bank guarantee Cduring the periodRequirement of bank guarantee D=A+B-C Bills Co-Acceptance: It is same as letter of credit. The difference is that the letter of credit is accepted by buyer as well by co-accepting bank. Deferred Payment Guarantee (DPG): A deferred payment guarantee is a contract under which a bank promises to pay the supplier the price of machinery supplied by him on deferred terms, in agreed installments with stipulated interest in the respective due dates, in case of default in payment thereof by the buyer. As far as the buyer of the plant and machinery is concerned, it serves the same purpose as term loan. The advantage to the buyer is that he is benefited to the extent of savings in interest charges accruing on account of opting equipment financing under installment payment system less the guarantee.Risk ManagementRisk management is the identification, assessment and prioritization of risks followed byco-ordinate and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor and control theprobability or impact of unfortunate events.The risk that a borrower might fail to meet its obligations towards the bank in accordance with theagreed terms and conditions, is the credit risk contracted during sanctioning of loan. It is the riskof default of on the part of borrower, which could be due to either inability or unwillingness torepay his debts.Factors determining credit risk: State of Economy Wide swing in commodity prices Trade restrictions Fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and interest rates Economic sanctions Government policiesSome company specific factors are: 34 | P a g e

35. Management Expertise Company Policies Labour RelationsThe internal factors within the bank, influencing credit risk for a bank are: Deficiencies in loan policies/ administration Absence of prudential concentration limits Inadequate defined lending limits for loan officers or credit committees Deficiencies and appraisal of borrowers financial position Excessive dependence on collateral without ascertaining its quality/ reliability Absence of loan review mechanismThe risk management philosophy & policy of the Bank is an embodiment of the Banks approachto understand measure and manage risk and aims at ensuring sustained growth of healthy assetportfolio. This would entail in reducing exposure in high risk areas, emphasizing more on thepromising industries, optimizing the return by striking a balance between the risk and the returnon assets and striving towards improving market share to maximize shareholders value.Following procedure is followed at PNB, HO for risk rating: The head office of the bank at Bhikaiji Cama place receives the proposals of various organizations demanding loans. They receive a copy of the companys financial results. The branches also send their rating after some initial screening to the head office for vetting. These branches obtain the data from the proposal and the discussions with other banks in the consortium. They can also contact the company for further clarifications The auditors report and notes to accounts serve as a useful guide. The past records of companys transactions with the bank (if any) are also considered. The officials at the HO study and check the financials and the subjective parameters. Then the final rating is done after making suitable amendments.The credit risk rating tool has been developed with a view to provide a standard system forassigning a credit risk rating to the borrowers of the bank according to their risk profile. Thisrating tool is applicable to all large corporate borrower accounts availing total limits (fund basedand non-fund based) of more than Rs. 12 crore or having total sales/ income of more than Rs. 100crore.The Bank has robust credit risk framework and has already placed credit risk rating models oncentral server based system PNB TRAC, which provides a scientific method for assessing creditrisk rating of a client. Taking a step further during the year, the Bank has developed and placedon central server score based rating models in respect of retail banking. These processes havehelped the Bank to achieve fast & accurate delivery of credit; bring uniformity in the system andfacilitate storage of data & analysis thereof. The analysis also involves analyzing the projectionsfor the future years.This credit risk rating captures risk factors under four areas: 35 | P a g e

36. 1. Financial evaluation (40%) 2. Business or industry evaluation (30%) 3. Management evaluation (20%) 4. Conduct of account (10%) Financial evaluation Under this, various parameters are taken and based on the financial data scores are assigned during the risk rating process. The financial evaluation involves past financials classified based on industry comparison and absolute comparison. Following are some of the parameters, which have been explained in detail: A. Liquidity Parameter a. Current Ratio b. Debt Service Coverage Ratio B. Profitability Parameter a. Return on Investment C. Operating Efficiency Parameter D. Other Parameters a. Future risk expectations b. Cash flow adequacy c. Transparency in financial statements of the company d. Quality of the inventory e. Reliability of the debtors f. Quality of investment / loans and advances to other companies g. Trends in the financial performance over the past few years Business evaluation It involves the evaluation of the operating efficiency of the concerned company under which various factors are considered which is extremely important for risk rating purposes. These could be raw material/ cost of production or it could be credit period availed and allowed. All these factors help in judging the efficiency in operating the business. Market Position Evaluating the market position for the purpose of risk rating is extremely important to judge the competitive position of the company and analyzing the input related risk, product related risk, price competitiveness and other market factors and then giving scores for the purpose of calculating the aggregate market position. Management evaluation 36 | P a g e

37. It is done by comparing the targets set with the targets achieved by the management during the year. Subjective assessment is also done based on the factors risk like track record or sincerity of the management. Conduct of Account Evaluation This evaluation involves PMS rating. PMS is a macro level monitoring tool. In other words, it is a close actions oriented follow up of the health of borrower. It aims to minimize the loan losses by capturing early warning signals of deterioration and taking preventive action. It has a memory of one year and reporting frequently is linked to credit rating.How to rateThe ratios of the company are compared with the benchmark ratios and rating is given to thecompany up to 2 decimal points based on its position within the benchmark values.Procedure for evaluation at PNB is as follows: 1. Each industry has its own risk and depending on it, a suitable risk factor is chosen and industry risk is adjusted into the score of rating. 2. These areas cover different parameters based on which the past and the future performance of the company are evaluated. 3. The combined scores of these areas are calculated. 4. Then based on the weight age assigned (given in brackets above) the overall score is calculated. 5. This overall score is used to determine the ratings as illustrated in following table:Table 5: The rating and score matrixRating Category Description Score obtained Grade AAA Minimum risk Above 80.00 AAA Between 77.50 - 80.00 AA+ AA Marginal risk Between 72.50 77.50 AA Between 70.00 72.50 AA- Between 67.50 70.00 A+ A Modest risk Between 62.50 67.50 A Between 60.00 62.50 A- Between 57.50 60.00 BB+ BB Average risk Between 52.50 57.50 BB Between 50.00 52.50 BB- Between 47.50 50.00 B+ Marginally B Between 42.50 47.50 B acceptable risk Between 40.00 42.50 B- 37 | P a g e

38. C High risk Between 30.00 40.00 C D Caution risk Below 30.00 DBased on the above table rating is done. Once the rating is done, the rate of interest at which thebank will be lending the money is determined. Normally, a company with higher rating is givenloan at a lower interest as compared to company with lower ratings. This is because the riskinvolved with higher rated company is lower. 38 | P a g e

39. 12 Types of FinancingConsortium FinancingWhere the entire credit needs of the borrower is financed by a group of banks by forming aconsortium. It promotes collective application of banking resources.Merits: To bank: 1. A single bank carries a disproportionate credit risk when it finances single handedly a huge sum to a large borrower. Consortium financing helps to spread this risk among a number of banks who are members of the consortium. 2. Consortium financing leads to a better credit appraisal in as much as the expertise of all the member banks can be contributed for appraising the proposal. 3. Smaller banks which cannot alone finance huge limits to the large borrowers can still join in financing by becoming the member of consortium. Financing large borrowers being a profitable proposition helps in increasing their profitability. 4. It stops unhealthy practices of snatching good large borrowal accounts by one bank from other by offering unwanted counter offers with respect to interest and service charges. 5. All banks lend on same terms and conditions regarding the security, rate on interest, margin, etc. i.ee no one has superior rights or more favorable propositions.To borrower: 1. A borrower availing credit from a consortium does not suffer from scarcity of credit due to credit squeeze of its sole banker. 2. Internal competition among the participating banks to have larger share in the consortia enables a borrower having good fundamentals to enjoy lower interest and service charges 3. Borrower enjoys same interest and service charges from all the banks normally set at a level below prevailing rates.Demerits: To Bank 1. Bank is under an obligation to share information with other lending institutions. 2. Bank does not have superior rights in case of a default. 3. Bank has to fall in line w.r.t. terms and conditions set out by the lead bank although adequate propositions are made for its reservations. 39 | P a g e

40. 4. Bank cannot move out of consortia within first 2 years without approval of other members of the consortia and existing/new member is willing to take its share. 5. In case of a dispute Lead Bank or the bank having 2nd highest share in the consortium will be the final authorities in cases of differences of opinion and their views will prevail in all cases of disputes among the members relating to terms and conditions.To Borrower 1. Borrower cannot negotiate terms and conditions with individual banks depending upon the size of business it is providing to them. 2. All members of the consortium have superior rights than other lenders which affects it borrowing capacity in the open market.Multiple BankingWhere the credit requirements of a borrower are met by more than one bank and each bank lendsindependently on its own terms and conditions, regarding the security, rate of interest, margin etc.,this system of financing is called Multiple Banking Arrangements.Advantages: To bank: 1. Bank lends under its own terms and conditions regarding the security, rate of interest, margin, etc. and may ask for superior rights. 2. The bank is independent of other lending institution. 3. The bank is under no obligation to share proprietary data with other lending institution.To Borrower 1. Borrower can decide the level of business it wants to give to a particular bank depending upon the services provided. 2. Borrower has the possibility of getting surplus credit facility from the banks collectively. 3. Borrower can negotiate for terms and condition.Demerits: To Bank 1. There is a possibility of over financing to the borrower. 2. More vigilant and robust monitoring mechanism has to be