credit risk assessment report
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Ghanaian financial system comprises several financial institutions, instruments and
operators. At the apex of the financial institutions is the central bank which is the Bank of
Ghana. The bank of Ghana (established on the eve of independence in 1957) ensures that the
financial system is safe and sound. There are other regulatory bodies such as the Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) and the National Insurance Commission (NIC).
The other institutions are Commercial Banks, Merchant Banks, Development Banks, the Rural
Banks and Non-Banking Financial Institutions such as the Discount Houses, the Leasing
Companies, Finance Houses and Forex Bureau. Others include Social Security and National
Insurance Trust (SSNIT), the GET Fund, the Stock Exchange and the various dealers on the
market.
The commercial banks form the nucleus of the financial system and account for the bulk of total
institutionalized savings within the system. Commercial banking in Ghana pre-dates Central
banking and laid the foundation of the Ghanaian Financial System as far back as the late
nineteenth century. Financial companies when dominated the early banks established in the
Gold Coast from 1896. They became local institutions when the Banking Act of 1970 was
passed.
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Commercial Banks are the nations most important financial institutions. Commercial banks are
unique in the performance of services and are distinguished from other forms of financial
institutions or intermediaries because of the functions they perform, which are mobilization of
Deposits from the public at the rectal end, lending as well as money transmission.
While commercial banks have faced difficulties over the years for a multitude of reasons. The
major cause of serious banking problems continues to be directly related to lax credit standards
for borrowers, poor portfolio risk management or a lack of attention to changes in economic or
other circumstances that leads to a deterioration of the bank credit standing.
The Basel Committee Report defines credit risk as the potential that a bank borrower or
counterparty will fail to meet its obligation in accordance with agreed terms. The goal of credit
risk management is to maximize a banks risk adjusted rate of return by maintaining credit risk
exposure within acceptable parameters. Thus banks need to ensure that credit risk inherent in
the entire portfolio as well as the risk in individual credit or transactions is well managed.
It is also imperative for banks to consider the relationship between credit risk and other risks.
The effective management of credit risk is therefore, a critical component of a comprehensive
approach to risk management and essential to the longterm success of any banking
institution.
For most banks, including commercial banks, loans are the largest and most obvious source of
credit risk; however it is worth nothing that banks are increasingly facing credit risk (or
counterparty risk) in various financial instruments other than loans, including acceptance
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interbank transactions, equities and in the extension of commitments guarantees and the
settlement of transactions.
Since exposure to credit risk continues to be the leading source of problem in banks world-
wide, Sound Credit Risk Management System is deemed to be crucial and that spells the focus
of my study. Obviously, the yields of employing sound or effective credit management system
by the financial concerns cannot be over emphasized.
1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Exposure to credit risk continues to be the leading source of problems in financialinstitutions and banks for that matter worldwide. For example banking institutions
would have to as a way of mitigating default risk spend quality time and resources trying
to assess credit worthiness and credibility of borrowers and counterparties.
Further, a situation where banks have a long list of credit defaulters, defaults as regardstrade financing etc tends to negatively impact the liquidity position of the bank and
consequently affects the economy.
However, one can also admit that it has constructively created the awareness of theneed for the financial institutions such as commercial banks for that matter to take a
sectional look at the importance of not just having efficient and effective credit risk
system in place but making it work.
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1.2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
To deal with the problem of credit risk phenomenon in the Ghana Commercial Bank, the focus
of the study therefore is to create awareness among financial banks of the need to identify,
monitor and control credit risk as well as determination of holding adequate capital against the
risk and that they are adequately compensated for risk incurred.
Hence, the purpose of the study is to ascertain the following;
The appropriateness of credit risk environment since the board of directors should havethe responsibility for approving and periodically reviewing the credit risk strategy and
significant credit risk policies of the bank.
The credit granting process. The administration measurement and monitoring process. Controls over credit risk.
1.3. RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY
The study seeks to assess and analyze the credit risk management system of commercial bank
and make available to management findings regarding the operations of the credit risk system
and if there could be the need to appraise the soundness, adequacy and application of the
system.
Although, the study will benefit Ghana Commercial Bank limited as a corporate entity and its
management. Its conceptual basis should be useful to other financial institutions which offer
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credit. In addition, the study hopes to provide additional information for effective credit risk
management. Further, it is a contribution in terms of providing basis for further research into
the area of study and adding to the academic knowledge.
1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Questions worth considering have to do with the following;
How does the appropriate risk environment enhance the safety of credit and the extentof its reliability?
How efficient and pragmatic is the credit granting process in mitigating credit riskexposures?
How effective and reliable is the credit administration measurement and monitoringprocess?
How do the banks ensure adequate controls over credit risk and how do they ensurethat credit risk exposure is maintaining within parameters set?
1.5 LIMITATION
During this research work, I envisaged a number of factors that are likely to hamper my
progress and affect the precision of my finding. The major limiting factors may be:
Limited period within which to complete research work;
Other academic work competing with the time for a research work; Financial constraint;
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Unwillingness on the part of resource persons to provide complete informationneeded for the work;
Unavailability of appropriate resource persons.Despite these limitations, efforts were made to thoroughly collect, analyze and present
a very good research work.
1.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
This section explains basis concepts as used in the research study. Such concepts are
operational in the research and will be very useful. They are credit risk and credit.
Many definitions of risk depend on specific application and situational contexts.
Generally, risk is related to the expected losses which can be caused by a risky event and
to a profitability of this event, the harsher the loss the more likely the event, the greater
the overall risk.
Credit risk is therefore, defined as the potential that a bank borrower or counterparty
will failed to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms.
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF STUDY
The study is organized into five main chapters. The first chapter considers the problem
for the study and comprises the background of the study, statement of the problem,
purpose of the study, relevance of the study, scope of the study, operational definitions
and organization of the study.
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The chapter two is the literature review, which has to do with the theoretical concepts,
practical assertions made by professional on effective management of credit risk in
financial institutions. It outlines the principles governing credit administration and
measurement and monitoring process as well as ensuring adequate controls over credit
risk.
The chapter three examines the methodology employed in the assessment of the credit
risk management system in the financial institutions.
The chapter four deals with the analysis and interpretations of data and the responses
from respondents. The chapter also looks at detail analysis of credit risk management
system and its possible effect on the operations of Ghana Commercial Bank. It also
brings to the core, the findings and discussions of the topic.
The final and last chapter considers the summary of the findings, conclusion and
recommendation.
1.8 HYPOTHESIS
The credit risk faced by Ghana Commercial Bank for that matter may stems from
inadequate credit administration, measurement and monitoring process.
Ghana Commercial Bank also has efficient credit management to determine their reliability.
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CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This looks at the methods that would be employed in order to achieve the objectives of the
research. It primarily examined the sources and techniques used in collection of the data and
its analysis. Case study method was used for the research. Robson (1993) has defined case
study as the development of detailed intensive knowledge about a single case or small number
of related cases.
3.1 SOURCES OF DATA
Both primary and secondary data were collected for the purpose of the research in order to
obtain an understanding of the assessment of credit risk management of Ghana Commercial
Bank, Agona Swedru branch and give factual recommendations thereafter.
3.1.1 Primary Source of Data
In generating the primary data, three methods of data collection were used.
Personal Observation Personal Interview Administration of interview questionnaire
3.1.2 Secondary Source of Data
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Zikmund (1984), defines secondary data as data gathered and recorded by someone prior to
(and for the purpose other than) the current needs of the researcher . For this reason
secondary data is gathered from text books on credit risk management, journals, manuals,
dictionary, and information on the internet.
3.2 POPULATION
3.2 SAMPLE SIZE
It would be practically difficult to cover all the customers of the bank hence sampling
techniques were chosen. The sample size included staff of the credit department and the
management of Ghana Commercial Bank, Swedru branch.
3.3. SAMPLE PROCEDURE
According to Zikmund (1984), sampling involves any procedure that uses a small number of
items or part of a population to make a conclusion regarding the whole population. To make
the exercise more flexible, forty-two (42) questionnaires will be given to credit beneficiaries
and five staff from the credit department of the bank would be interviewed.
3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
To obtain primary data, customers (individuals and corporate bodies) would be identified and
distributed with questionnaires to reflect information. For quicker response, straight forward
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open-ended questions as well as close-ended questions would be asked. Also, data would be
obtained from the banks website and finally from the banks annual financial statements and
reports over the years. These include income statements, cash flow, notes to the accounts and
provisions for bad and doubtful debts, which were used as proxy due to inaccessibility to the
relevant data.
3.5. TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Various statistical methods would be used to analyze the data. They include frequency
distribution tables and graph showing facts and figures and percentages. Descriptive methods
will also be employed.
3.6 ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILE
Since there are a considerable number of financial institutions in the country the research will
concern itself with Ghana Commercial Bank Limited. However, the research reviews the entire
credit system to reflect the focus of the study.
Essentially, I will limit my research to the Swedru Branch for data collection considering the
number of branches it operates throughout the country. Hence, the data machinery covers
areas such as the credit department and also includes credit customers of the banks.
Ghana Commercial Bank Limited (GCB) at a glance
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Ghana Commercial Bank Limited, established in May 1953 for Ghanaian entrepreneurs is the
largest indigenous Bank with 139 branches nationwide. Ghana Commercial Banks objective
among others is to support the private sector and facilitate the nations economic growth.
As part of the banks bid to achieving customer-driven banking, it has developed multiple
products and services that are geared towards making banking easier and convenient for its
cherished customers. There are Personal Banking, Investment Services, Small and Medium
Scale Enterprises, Corporate Services and Money Transfer Services.
The Ghana Commercial Banks Personal Banking includes Savings Account, Current Account,
Kudi Nkosuo Account, Flex Save Account, Save and Prosper Account, Overdrafts and Loans and
Ready Cash ATM.
Investment Services include Call Accounts, Treasury Bills, Fixed Deposit Account and Stock
Market. Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) has to do with Business Advisory Services and
Business Development.
Corporate Services include International Trade Finance and Corporate Accounts.
Money Transfer Services are fast International Money Transfer, International Services.
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UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT
STUDIES
Topic:
ASSESSMENT OF CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT. A study of
Ghana Commercial Bank (Agona Swedru Branch)
NAME: AGNES ABA APPOH
INDEX NO: AC/07-2/DS/1064
BSc. BANKING AND FINANCE
LEVEL 400
Supervisor: Mr. Isaac Arthur
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