crime and deviance chapter seven. copyright © 2004 by nelson, a division of thomson canada outline ...

Crime and DevianceCrime and Deviance

Chapter SevenChapter Seven

Copyright © 2004 by Nelson, a division of Thomson CanadaCopyright © 2004 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada

OutlineOutline

What is Deviance?What is Deviance? Functionalist PerspectivesFunctionalist Perspectives Symbolic Interactionist PerspectivesSymbolic Interactionist Perspectives Critical PerspectivesCritical Perspectives Feminist PerspectivesFeminist Perspectives Postmodern PerspectivesPostmodern Perspectives Crime Classification and StatisticsCrime Classification and Statistics The Criminal Justice SystemThe Criminal Justice System Deviance and Crime in the FutureDeviance and Crime in the Future


What is Deviance?What is Deviance?

Central concepts:Central concepts:– DevianceDeviance: any behaviour, belief, or condition : any behaviour, belief, or condition

that violates cultural norms in the society or that violates cultural norms in the society or group in which it occurs (p. 198)group in which it occurs (p. 198)

– Social controlSocial control: systematic practices developed : systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity and to by social groups to encourage conformity and to discourage deviance (p. 198)discourage deviance (p. 198)



Can be understood to mean not only behaviour Can be understood to mean not only behaviour but also beliefs but also beliefs

Deviance is relativeDeviance is relative: an act becomes deviant : an act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as suchwhen it is socially defined as such

Example: Members of a gang may shun Example: Members of a gang may shun mainstream conformity, yet conform to the group’s mainstream conformity, yet conform to the group’s code of dress, etc. code of dress, etc.



Deviance is AmbiguousDeviance is Ambiguous: Good and bad : Good and bad definitions vary so much that sometimes it is definitions vary so much that sometimes it is difficult to consider what is deviance and difficult to consider what is deviance and what is notwhat is not

Deviance varies with degreesDeviance varies with degrees: It ranges : It ranges from mild transgressions of folkways (sexual from mild transgressions of folkways (sexual overtones) to serious infringements of laws overtones) to serious infringements of laws (rape)(rape)



CrimeCrime: is an act that violates criminal law : is an act that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions (p. 201)other sanctions (p. 201)

Juvenile delinquencyJuvenile delinquency: refers to a violation : refers to a violation of the law by young people under the age of of the law by young people under the age of 18 (in Canada) (p. 201)18 (in Canada) (p. 201)


Functionalist Perspectives to Functionalist Perspectives to Explain Deviance and CrimeExplain Deviance and Crime

Strain TheoryStrain Theory Opportunity TheoryOpportunity Theory Control TheoryControl Theory


Strain TheoryStrain Theory

DefinedDefined: people feel strain when they are : people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals (p. 201 and from R. achieving those goals (p. 201 and from R. Merton)Merton)

ExampleExample: a study of Canadian Mohawks : a study of Canadian Mohawks involvement in the organized crime of involvement in the organized crime of smuggling in the early 1990s.smuggling in the early 1990s.


Opportunity TheoryOpportunity Theory

Defined:Defined: for deviance to occur people must for deviance to occur people must have access to illegitimate opportunity have access to illegitimate opportunity structures—circumstances that provide an structures—circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot get illegitimate activities what they cannot get through legitimate channels (p. 202)through legitimate channels (p. 202)


Opportunity TheoryOpportunity Theory

Three different forms of delinquent Three different forms of delinquent subcultures:subcultures:– CriminalCriminal: Focus on economic gain and includes : Focus on economic gain and includes

theft, extortion, and drug dealingtheft, extortion, and drug dealing– ConflictConflict: groups that fight over territory and : groups that fight over territory and

adopt a value system of toughness, courage, adopt a value system of toughness, courage, and status-enhancing qualitiesand status-enhancing qualities

– RetreatistRetreatist: Those who avoid mainstream : Those who avoid mainstream society and adopt alternative lifestyles: society and adopt alternative lifestyles: example: Destructive cults like the Solar Templeexample: Destructive cults like the Solar Temple


Control TheoryControl Theory

Theme:Theme: deviant behaviour is minimized deviant behaviour is minimized when people have strong bonds that bind when people have strong bonds that bind them to families, peers, religious them to families, peers, religious organizations, and other institutionsorganizations, and other institutions

Thesis:Thesis: that the probability of deviant that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person’s ties to behavior increases when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken (p. 204 and society are weakened or broken (p. 204 and after Hirschi)after Hirschi)


Social Bonding Consists of:

Belief

In the legitimacy of conventional values and

norms

Attachment

Bonds to other people

Commit-ment

To rules and

regulations

Involvement-

In conventional

activities


Symbolic InteractionistSymbolic InteractionistPerspectivesPerspectives

Differential Association TheoryDifferential Association Theory Labelling TheoryLabelling Theory


Differential Association TheoryDifferential Association Theory

DefinedDefined: That individuals have a greater tendency : That individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who favour frequently associate with persons who favour deviance over conformity (p. 205 and Sutherland)deviance over conformity (p. 205 and Sutherland)

VariationsVariations: Likelihood increases to the level a : Likelihood increases to the level a person has frequent, intense, and long-lasting person has frequent, intense, and long-lasting interactions with others who violate the rules.interactions with others who violate the rules.

Example: subcultural groups in schoolsExample: subcultural groups in schools


Labelling TheoryLabelling Theory

Two elements are involved in defining Two elements are involved in defining deviance:deviance:– 1. Some people act in a manner contrary to the 1. Some people act in a manner contrary to the

expectations of othersexpectations of others– 2. Others disapprove of and try to control this 2. Others disapprove of and try to control this

contrary behaviourcontrary behaviour

Part of this control process involves labelling Part of this control process involves labelling people as deviantspeople as deviants



The theory The theory defineddefined: it suggests that deviants are : it suggests that deviants are those people who have been successfully labelled those people who have been successfully labelled as such by others (p. 206)as such by others (p. 206)

ProcessProcess: directly related to the power and status : directly related to the power and status of those persons who do the labellingof those persons who do the labelling

One kind of those with power and status: One kind of those with power and status: Moral Moral entrepreneursentrepreneurs::– Persons who use their own views of right and wrong to Persons who use their own views of right and wrong to

establish rules and label others as deviant (p.208)establish rules and label others as deviant (p.208)



Other terms:Other terms:– Primary deviancePrimary deviance: the initial act of rule : the initial act of rule

breakingbreaking– Secondary devianceSecondary deviance: occurs when a person : occurs when a person

who has been labelled deviant accepts the new who has been labelled deviant accepts the new identity and continues the deviant behaviouridentity and continues the deviant behaviour

ExampleExample: the study of the effects of two : the study of the effects of two different ways of treating blind peopledifferent ways of treating blind people



Moral entrepreneurs often create Moral entrepreneurs often create moral crusadesmoral crusades: public : public and media awareness campaigns that help generate public and media awareness campaigns that help generate public and political support for their causes (p. 208)and political support for their causes (p. 208)

Examples:Examples:– Mothers Against Drunk DrivingMothers Against Drunk Driving– The Women’s Temperance movement of the early 20The Women’s Temperance movement of the early 20 thth century that century that

resulted in Prohibitionresulted in Prohibition– Campaigns against abortion, prostitution, and child abuseCampaigns against abortion, prostitution, and child abuse– 2003 example: Roman Catholic, Evangelical, Muslim, and Sikh 2003 example: Roman Catholic, Evangelical, Muslim, and Sikh

leaders united against same-sex marriagesleaders united against same-sex marriages


Conflict PerspectiveConflict Perspective

Theme: these scholars maintain that Theme: these scholars maintain that lifestyles considered deviant by political and lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites often are defined as illegaleconomic elites often are defined as illegal

Issue: who has the power to define, enforce, Issue: who has the power to define, enforce, and punish crime and deviance?and punish crime and deviance?


Conflict PerspectiveConflict Perspective

Elements:Elements:– The marginalized commit crime in order to The marginalized commit crime in order to

survive, not to become richsurvive, not to become rich– Frequently, in the struggle for survival, Frequently, in the struggle for survival,

marginalized persons victimize other marginalized persons victimize other marginalized personsmarginalized persons

– Law protects the interests of the affluent and the Law protects the interests of the affluent and the powerful and not, as is claimed, the “common powerful and not, as is claimed, the “common good”good”


Feminist PerspectiveFeminist Perspective

FocusFocus: to examine the relationship between : to examine the relationship between gender, deviance, and crimegender, deviance, and crime

Various nuances of Feminist theory:Various nuances of Feminist theory:– Liberal FeminismLiberal Feminism: Women’s deviance and : Women’s deviance and

crime as a rational response to oppression and crime as a rational response to oppression and discriminationdiscrimination

– Radical FeminismRadical Feminism: Patriarchy keeps women : Patriarchy keeps women tied to family and home. Example: prostitution—tied to family and home. Example: prostitution—women are more likely to be charged than the women are more likely to be charged than the “Johns”“Johns”


Feminist PerspectiveFeminist Perspective

Various nuances of Feminist theory:Various nuances of Feminist theory:– Socialist Feminism: Authors contend that women are Socialist Feminism: Authors contend that women are

exploited by capitalism and patriarchy. Because exploited by capitalism and patriarchy. Because women, more than men, have low-paying jobs they may women, more than men, have low-paying jobs they may become involved in prostitution and shoplifting become involved in prostitution and shoplifting

Add: Nuanced by class, race, and ethnicity. Add: Nuanced by class, race, and ethnicity. Example:Example:– Female victims of child abuse are more likely to become Female victims of child abuse are more likely to become

involved in crime than those who have not been abusedinvolved in crime than those who have not been abused


Postmodern PerspectivesPostmodern Perspectives

From the work of Michel FoucaultFrom the work of Michel Foucault His thesisHis thesis: Prisons control the inmates not : Prisons control the inmates not

by physical punishment but by constant by physical punishment but by constant surveillancesurveillance

The The PanopticanPanoptican: a structure that gives : a structure that gives prison officials the possibility of complete prison officials the possibility of complete observation of criminals at all timesobservation of criminals at all times


Crime Classification and Crime Classification and StatisticsStatistics

How the Law Classifies CrimeHow the Law Classifies Crime How Sociologists Classify CrimeHow Sociologists Classify Crime Crime StatisticsCrime Statistics Street Crime and CriminalsStreet Crime and Criminals


How the Law Classifies CrimeHow the Law Classifies Crime

Indictable OffensesIndictable Offenses Includes serious crimes Includes serious crimes

such as homicide, sexual such as homicide, sexual assault, robbery, and assault, robbery, and break and entrybreak and entry

Summary Conviction Summary Conviction OffensesOffenses

Relatively minor Relatively minor offences including offences including fraudulently obtaining fraudulently obtaining food from a restaurant, food from a restaurant, causing a disturbance, causing a disturbance, or committing an or committing an indecent actindecent act


How Sociologists Classify CrimeHow Sociologists Classify Crime

Street CrimeStreet Crime Occupational and Corporate CrimeOccupational and Corporate Crime Organized CrimeOrganized Crime Political CrimePolitical Crime


Street CrimeStreet Crime

Defined: that which includes all violent Defined: that which includes all violent crime, certain property crime, and certain crime, certain property crime, and certain moral crimes (p. 213)moral crimes (p. 213)

Examples: robbery, assault, break and enterExamples: robbery, assault, break and enter Several types: Several types:

– ViolentViolent– PropertyProperty– MoralMoral


Types of Street CrimeTypes of Street Crime

Moral

Illegal action voluntarily

engaged in by individuals

Kinds: prostitution,

gambling, illegal drugs,

illegal pornography

Violent

Force against others

Produces most anxiety

Victims are physically

injured

Victimizers: intimate persons

Property

Break and Entry

Theft

Arson

Vehicle theft


Occupational and Corporate Occupational and Corporate CrimeCrime

Occupational or white-collar crimeOccupational or white-collar crime consists of illegal activities committed by consists of illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or people in the course of their employment or in dealing with their financial affairsin dealing with their financial affairs

Key ElementKey Element: a violation of a position of : a violation of a position of trust in business or governmenttrust in business or government



ExamplesExamples: employee theft, soliciting bribes : employee theft, soliciting bribes or kickbacks, embezzlingor kickbacks, embezzling

The computer has enhanced this possibility The computer has enhanced this possibility even moreeven more

Corporate CrimeCorporate Crime: illegal acts committed by : illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.corporation and with its support.

ExampleExample: Enron Corporation in Houston: Enron Corporation in Houston



Costs:Costs:– Exceeds that of street crimeExceeds that of street crime– Tax evasion: costs about $30 billion a year in Tax evasion: costs about $30 billion a year in

CanadaCanada– Calgary Bre-X gold mining company lost around Calgary Bre-X gold mining company lost around

$5 billion of share holders investment--a $5 billion of share holders investment--a geologist had “salted” core samples with goldgeologist had “salted” core samples with gold



Costs:Costs:– Occupational accidents and illnesses were the Occupational accidents and illnesses were the

third leading cause of death in Canada: some of third leading cause of death in Canada: some of the causes are unsafe working environmentsthe causes are unsafe working environments

Problems:Problems:– More stigma attached to street crimeMore stigma attached to street crime– Hard to convictHard to convict


Organized CrimeOrganized Crime

Defined: is a business operation that Defined: is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit supplies illegal goods and services for profit (p. 215)(p. 215)

Examples: drug trafficking, prostitution, Examples: drug trafficking, prostitution, liquor and cigarette smuggling, loan-liquor and cigarette smuggling, loan-sharking, money laundering, and large-scale sharking, money laundering, and large-scale theft like truck hijackingtheft like truck hijacking


Organized CrimeOrganized Crime

Elements:Elements:– Not a centrally controlled organizationNot a centrally controlled organization– Public demand for cheap goods encourages the Public demand for cheap goods encourages the

crimecrime– Deadly nature: biker gangs in Montreal result in Deadly nature: biker gangs in Montreal result in

many deathsmany deaths– Linked to legitimate enterprises. Example: Linked to legitimate enterprises. Example:

Some terrorist groups use Muslim charities to Some terrorist groups use Muslim charities to gather illicit funds for nefarious endsgather illicit funds for nefarious ends


Political CrimesPolitical Crimes

DefinedDefined: refers to illegal or unethical acts : refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the misuse of power by involving the misuse of power by government officials, or illegal or unethical government officials, or illegal or unethical acts perpetrated against the government by acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders to make a political statement, outsiders to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it undermine the government, or overthrow it (p. 215)(p. 215)


Political CrimesPolitical Crimes

State officials may use their position to State officials may use their position to engage in graft through bribery, kickbacks, engage in graft through bribery, kickbacks, or “insider” dealsor “insider” deals

Costly to tax payersCostly to tax payers Some use these methods to hang onto Some use these methods to hang onto

powerpower


Four Types of Political Four Types of Political DevianceDeviance

Official Violence

Police brutality

Secrecy and Deception

To manipulate

public opinion

Abuse of power

Prosecution of individuals due to their

political activities

Canadian Example: During the 1960s, The Front de Liberation du Quebec

(FLQ) tried to bring about an independent Quebec using terrorism


Crime StatisticsCrime Statistics

Official Statistics:Official Statistics:– Most of our crime statistics come from the Most of our crime statistics come from the

Canadian Uniform Crime Reports (CUCR)Canadian Uniform Crime Reports (CUCR)– From the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics From the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics

of Statistics Canadaof Statistics Canada– Figures 7.3 and 7.4 show that, contrary to public Figures 7.3 and 7.4 show that, contrary to public

opinion, crime rates have decreasedopinion, crime rates have decreased



Weakness of these official statistics:Weakness of these official statistics:– Police statistics always underreport the actual Police statistics always underreport the actual

amount of crimeamount of crime– Reporting of crime is inconsistent from place to Reporting of crime is inconsistent from place to

place and from time to timeplace and from time to time– Example: Why such an increase of domestic Example: Why such an increase of domestic

violence in Winnipeg from 1444 in 1990 to 3387 violence in Winnipeg from 1444 in 1990 to 3387 in 1996? Not that there was actually more in 1996? Not that there was actually more violence in 1996, but that there was more violence in 1996, but that there was more violence violence reported.reported.



Weakness of these official statistics:Weakness of these official statistics:– Many crimes reported by persons of highest Many crimes reported by persons of highest

SES status are routinely handled by the SES status are routinely handled by the administrative or quasi-judicial bodies or by civil administrative or quasi-judicial bodies or by civil courtscourts

Victimization Surveys:Victimization Surveys:– Many surveys (some from Statistics Canada) Many surveys (some from Statistics Canada)

have attempted to fill the gap have attempted to fill the gap



Victimization Surveys:Victimization Surveys:– One survey found that less than 42% of the One survey found that less than 42% of the

victimizations reported by respondents had victimizations reported by respondents had been reported to the policebeen reported to the police

– Value:Value: Additional informationAdditional information With both kinds of statistics, a truer picture of the With both kinds of statistics, a truer picture of the

reality of crime is possiblereality of crime is possible


Street Crime and CriminalsStreet Crime and Criminals

Who is more likely to commit street crime?Who is more likely to commit street crime? What are the correlates of street crime?What are the correlates of street crime? Significant correlates:Significant correlates:

– AgeAge– GenderGender– ClassClass– RaceRace



AgeAge– One of the most significant factorsOne of the most significant factors– Pattern: arrests increase from early adolescence, peak Pattern: arrests increase from early adolescence, peak

in young adulthood, and steadily decline with agein young adulthood, and steadily decline with age– This pattern reveals that crime is a young person’s This pattern reveals that crime is a young person’s

gamegame– Common in all societies where data is availableCommon in all societies where data is available– Why? Adulthood is a time of expected conformity. Also, Why? Adulthood is a time of expected conformity. Also,

simple maturation processes seem relevantsimple maturation processes seem relevant



GenderGender– Another one of the most significant factorsAnother one of the most significant factors– Pattern: most crime is committed by malesPattern: most crime is committed by males– Some statistics:Some statistics:

Men make up over 80% of those charged with crimeMen make up over 80% of those charged with crime They are more involved in violent crime and major They are more involved in violent crime and major

property offencesproperty offences However, there is a narrowing of the gapHowever, there is a narrowing of the gap From 1968-1992, the percentage of offences From 1968-1992, the percentage of offences

committed by women increased from 9 % to 18%committed by women increased from 9 % to 18%


Increase of Female Crime In Canada (from Increase of Female Crime In Canada (from data on page 220)data on page 220)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Percentage

1968 1992

Years

Serious Theft

Fraud

Minor Theft

homocide

All



GenderGender– Why has there been this increase?Why has there been this increase?

Cross cultural data reveals that where men are Cross cultural data reveals that where men are dominant, women are less likely to commit crime; dominant, women are less likely to commit crime; however, where there is more equality between men however, where there is more equality between men and women, crime rates are higher.and women, crime rates are higher.

Another theory, the feminization of poverty as an Another theory, the feminization of poverty as an impetus to commit crimeimpetus to commit crime



Social ClassSocial Class– Some possible correlates:Some possible correlates:

Does crime increase with times of unemployment? Does crime increase with times of unemployment? NoNo

Do poorer cities, provinces, and countries have Do poorer cities, provinces, and countries have higher rates? Nohigher rates? No

In Canada, the poorer provinces (Newfoundland and In Canada, the poorer provinces (Newfoundland and New Brunswick) have lower crime rates than the rich New Brunswick) have lower crime rates than the rich provinces of Alberta and British Columbia.provinces of Alberta and British Columbia.

See Map 7.2.See Map 7.2.



Social ClassSocial Class– Some verified correlates:Some verified correlates:

Lower class are overrepresented in arrest and prison Lower class are overrepresented in arrest and prison admissionadmission

Why? Is it because they commit more crime or are Why? Is it because they commit more crime or are they more likely to be targeted?they more likely to be targeted?

Suicide, alcoholism, mental illness, and drug Suicide, alcoholism, mental illness, and drug addiction are more common in lower classesaddiction are more common in lower classes

On the other hand, occupational or white collar crime On the other hand, occupational or white collar crime (costing Canadians more than street crime) is higher (costing Canadians more than street crime) is higher among the middle and upper classesamong the middle and upper classes



Race and EthnicityRace and Ethnicity– US statistics: African American and Hispanic US statistics: African American and Hispanic

peoples are more likely to commit street crime peoples are more likely to commit street crime than othersthan others

– In Canada, non-Aboriginal visible ethnic In Canada, non-Aboriginal visible ethnic minorities were underrepresented in the federal minorities were underrepresented in the federal correctional institutionscorrectional institutions

– Aboriginals: Many studies have shown that they Aboriginals: Many studies have shown that they are overrepresented in prison after committing are overrepresented in prison after committing crimecrime



Race and EthnicityRace and Ethnicity– Why are Aboriginals overrepresented in prison Why are Aboriginals overrepresented in prison

after committing crime?after committing crime? More likely to be discriminated against than other More likely to be discriminated against than other

visible minoritiesvisible minorities They have much less power and fewer resourcesThey have much less power and fewer resources Strong social bonds are less likely (see control Strong social bonds are less likely (see control

theory)theory)



Region and CrimeRegion and Crime– Difficult to get international figures as each Difficult to get international figures as each

country varies in how they report crimecountry varies in how they report crime– Best to consider the homicide rate as it is Best to consider the homicide rate as it is

measured the same in most countries which measured the same in most countries which keep crime statisticskeep crime statistics

– See graph on next slide:See graph on next slide:


Some International Homicide Rates Some International Homicide Rates (from data on page 224)(from data on page 224)

1.8

5.4

1.2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Per 100,000 Population

Canada US UK

Countries

Rates


The Criminal Justice SystemThe Criminal Justice System

Defined: the criminal justice system includes Defined: the criminal justice system includes the police, the courts, and the prisonsthe police, the courts, and the prisons

However, it is not a large, complete, and However, it is not a large, complete, and unified system. Rather, it is a collection of unified system. Rather, it is a collection of “somewhat interrelated, semi-autonomous “somewhat interrelated, semi-autonomous bureaucracies”.bureaucracies”.

Each part has significant discretionary Each part has significant discretionary jurisdiction apart from the others.jurisdiction apart from the others.


The Criminal Justice System

Police Courts Prisons

The Criminal Justice SystemThe Criminal Justice System


The PoliceThe Police

FunctionFunction: They are the concrete extension : They are the concrete extension of the State to provide for social orderof the State to provide for social order

This is extended to maintain peace in the This is extended to maintain peace in the communitycommunity

Broad range: finding lost children, Broad range: finding lost children, counseling crime victims, notifying next of counseling crime victims, notifying next of kin in fatal accidentskin in fatal accidents

Why?Why?


Why So Many Functions?Why So Many Functions?

1. The police are one 1. The police are one of the few public of the few public agencies open 24 agencies open 24 hours a dayhours a day

2. They service clients 2. They service clients that other agencies that other agencies may not be interested may not be interested inin

3. The police may not 3. The police may not know about or may not know about or may not have access to other have access to other agenciesagencies

4. Historically, the role 4. Historically, the role of the police has been of the police has been to keep the peaceto keep the peace


The PoliceThe Police

What ties these diverse functions together?What ties these diverse functions together?– 1. They have authority1. They have authority– 2. Authority is backed by non-negotiable force2. Authority is backed by non-negotiable force– 3. Have high degrees of discretion3. Have high degrees of discretion

Two kinds of Discretion:Two kinds of Discretion:– A. AdministrativeA. Administrative– B. IndividualB. Individual


The CourtsThe Courts

FunctionFunction: they decide the guilt or innocence : they decide the guilt or innocence of those accused of committing a crimeof those accused of committing a crime

Process: adversarial:Process: adversarial:– ProsecutorProsecutor: A lawyer who represents the State: A lawyer who represents the State– Defense lawyerDefense lawyer: asserts that the accused (the : asserts that the accused (the

defendant) is innocentdefendant) is innocent– Judge (or jury):Judge (or jury): Final decision as to the guilt or Final decision as to the guilt or

innocence of the defendantinnocence of the defendant


PunishmentPunishment

DefinedDefined: any action designed to deprive a : any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offence the person is because of some offence the person is thought to have committed (p. 228)thought to have committed (p. 228)


Functions of Prisons

Social Protection

In prison, he or she cannot commit crime anymore

Retribution

Imposes a penalty on the offender

Deterrence

Seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment

Rehabilitation

Seeks to return offenders to the community as law abiding citizens


Incarceration Rates in Various Incarceration Rates in Various Countries (p. 232)Countries (p. 232)

0100200300400500600700800

Per 100,000 Population Rates


Restorative JusticeRestorative Justice

Defined: to seek to return the focus of the justice Defined: to seek to return the focus of the justice system to repairing the harm that has been done system to repairing the harm that has been done to the victim and the community (p. 230)to the victim and the community (p. 230)

Elements:Elements:– The involvement of the victim and other members of the The involvement of the victim and other members of the

community as active members in the processcommunity as active members in the process– To reconcile offenders with those they have harmedTo reconcile offenders with those they have harmed– Roots in traditional societies Roots in traditional societies


Restorative JusticeRestorative Justice

Elements:Elements:– Some aboriginal communities use what is called Some aboriginal communities use what is called

circle sentencing: bringing the offender, the circle sentencing: bringing the offender, the victim, and the community togethervictim, and the community together

– Some current attempts:Some current attempts: Victim-offender reconciliationVictim-offender reconciliation Family Group Conferencing: for young people linked Family Group Conferencing: for young people linked

to the victim and the family membersto the victim and the family members


Community CorrectionsCommunity Corrections

DefinedDefined: shifts responsibility for corrections : shifts responsibility for corrections back to the community and minimizes the back to the community and minimizes the separation of the offender from society at a separation of the offender from society at a number of different stages in the number of different stages in the correctional processcorrectional process


Deviance and Crime in the Deviance and Crime in the FutureFuture

The present system cannon solve the The present system cannon solve the problem of crimeproblem of crime

More structural solutions like:More structural solutions like:– Better education and jobsBetter education and jobs– Affordable housingAffordable housing– More equalityMore equality– Less discriminationLess discrimination– Socially productive activitiesSocially productive activities


Key termsKey terms Corporate crimeCorporate crime CrimeCrime DevianceDeviance Differential association theoryDifferential association theory Illegitimate opportunity Illegitimate opportunity

structuresstructures Juvenile delinquencyJuvenile delinquency Labelling theoryLabelling theory Moral crusadesMoral crusades Moral entrepreneursMoral entrepreneurs Occupational or white-collar Occupational or white-collar

crimecrime

Organized crimeOrganized crime Political crimePolitical crime Primary deviancePrimary deviance punishmentpunishment Secondary devianceSecondary deviance Social bond theorySocial bond theory Social controlSocial control Strain theoryStrain theory Street crimeStreet crime


Review QuestionsReview QuestionsChapter 7 Crime and DevianceChapter 7 Crime and Deviance

1.1. What is deviance?What is deviance?

2.2. What is the strain theory of deviance?What is the strain theory of deviance?

3.3. How does social control theory explain crime?How does social control theory explain crime?

4.4. What are the major types of crime?What are the major types of crime?

5.5. What are the main sources of crime statistics?What are the main sources of crime statistics?

6.6. How are age, sex, and social class related to How are age, sex, and social class related to crime?crime?

crime and deviance chapter seven. copyright © 2004 by nelson, a division of thomson canada outline ...

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