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African Journal of Law and Criminology, Volume 1 Number 2 (2011), pp. 39-49 39 CRIME TRENDS AMONG YOUTH (15-29) IN GUJRAT, PAKISTAN Muhammad Wajid Tahir 1 , Rubina Kauser 2 , Shanza Tousif 3 , Muhammad Awais Nazir 3 , Arslan Arshad 3 , and Aneeqa Butt 3 1 Center for Population, Urban & Environment Studies, University of Gujrat 2 Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat 3 Department of Population Sciences, University of Gujrat ABSTRACT This study was launched to explore crime trends among youth in one of the districts of Pakistan (Gujrat) with the collaboration of District Police Department. The purpose of this study was to find out the crime trends among youth (15-29) with respect to age, caste, gender, religion, residential area and professions in the district Gujrat. Quantitative research method was used in this study, criminal record of offenders (last 12 months) was obtained from Crime Scene Cell, Gujrat to analyze crime trends among youth ages (15-29)on aforementioned selected variables. About 14500 criminals were sent to prison during January 2010 to February 2011 in the district Gujrat. Criminal biography of 3 percent offenders was separated from the record and reviewed randomly. Analysis of selected crime cases determines that 59.2 percent criminals were belonged to age group of 15- 29years and crime incidents were significantly higher among young people aged (25-29). Most common crimes committed by youth (15-29) were Theft, Murder, Abortion, Robbery, Offences relating to Intoxicants, Offences related to Weapons and Firing with Criminal Intent. Crime trends among youth (15-29) were higher in rural areas. The majority of young criminals (15-29) was belonged to Juttcaste and “Laborer / Worker professions (blue collar)”. Keywords: Crimes, Trends, Youth, Intoxicants, Caste INTRODUCTION Incidents of crime are increasing among youth (15-29) throughout the world. They are committing different crimes with respect to nature and brutality. The probability of behavioural deviation among adults is high in the absence of proper guidance during personality building process. However, other socio-cultural factors are also responsible for behavioural deviation in early ages. It is observed that property and violent crimes increase with age during adolescence and reach to peak at late teenage years (Lochner, 2004). Rapid increase in crimes is becoming utmost challenge for civilized societies. Different studies infer that crime trends have been increasing for many decades and majority of criminals are young people (International Crisis Group, 2004). Inclination of youth (15-29) towards crimes is deteriorating the peace of societies and promoting injustice, unrest and anarchy among communities. Young people are prime assets of the society; they have energy, passion and enthusiasm to gather a lot of success in life. But the socio-economic marginality and lack of autonomy have placed a hostile environment for young

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Page 1: CRIME TRENDS AMONG YOUTH 002 - Sacha International Academic Journals

African Journal of Law and Criminology, Volume 1 Number 2 (2011), pp. 39-49

39

CRIME TRENDS AMONG YOUTH (15-29) IN GUJRAT, PAKISTAN

Muhammad Wajid Tahir1, Rubina Kauser2, Shanza Tousif3, Muhammad Awais Nazir3, Arslan Arshad3, and Aneeqa Butt3

1Center for Population, Urban & Environment Studies, University of Gujrat 2Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat

3Department of Population Sciences, University of Gujrat

ABSTRACT

This study was launched to explore crime trends among youth in one of the districts of Pakistan (Gujrat) with the collaboration of District Police Department. The purpose of this study was to find out the crime trends among youth (15-29) with respect to age, caste, gender, religion, residential area and professions in the district Gujrat. Quantitative research method was used in this study, criminal record of offenders (last 12 months) was obtained from Crime Scene Cell, Gujrat to analyze crime trends among youth ages (15-29)on aforementioned selected variables. About 14500 criminals were sent to prison during January 2010 to February 2011 in the district Gujrat. Criminal biography of 3 percent offenders was separated from the record and reviewed randomly. Analysis of selected crime cases determines that 59.2 percent criminals were belonged to age group of 15-29years and crime incidents were significantly higher among young people aged (25-29). Most common crimes committed by youth (15-29) were Theft, Murder, Abortion, Robbery, Offences relating to Intoxicants, Offences related to Weapons and Firing with Criminal Intent. Crime trends among youth (15-29) were higher in rural areas. The majority of young criminals (15-29) was belonged to “Jutt” caste and “Laborer / Worker professions (blue collar)”.

Keywords: Crimes, Trends, Youth, Intoxicants, Caste

INTRODUCTION

Incidents of crime are increasing among youth (15-29) throughout the world. They are committing different crimes with respect to nature and brutality. The probability of behavioural deviation among adults is high in the absence of proper guidance during personality building process. However, other socio-cultural factors are also responsible for behavioural deviation in early ages.

It is observed that property and violent crimes increase with age during adolescence and reach to peak at late teenage years (Lochner, 2004). Rapid increase in crimes is becoming utmost challenge for civilized societies. Different studies infer that crime trends have been increasing for many decades and majority of criminals are young people (International Crisis Group, 2004).

Inclination of youth (15-29) towards crimes is deteriorating the peace of societies and promoting injustice, unrest and anarchy among communities. Young people are prime assets of the society; they have energy, passion and enthusiasm to gather a lot of success in life. But the socio-economic marginality and lack of autonomy have placed a hostile environment for young

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people (15-29),hence many of them are not confident to achieve the desired goals of life (Wilson, 1997). By reaching at this stage, they leave hope and join the criminal world without realizing adverse consequences of criminal acts in their lives. Unfortunately, socioeconomic deprivations and certain gaps in personality building process bring them in a position to commit crimes. For many, crimes become the primary route of success which ensures material gains (Anderson, 1990; Macleod, 1987; Padilla, 1992; Williams, 1989).

Rapid population growth, meager resources for subsistence and increased poverty are persuading young people (15-29) to commit crimes. The majority of youth is under or unemployed, often lacks of permanent residence and their lives are characterized by poverty, hunger and other conditions of excessive deprivations (Hagan and McCarthy, 1997; Kufeldt and Nimmo, 1987a; 1987b; Palenski, 1984; Webber, 1991). In addition, personal grudges, desire for luxurious lifestyle and socio-political disputes are also increasing criminal incidents among youth (15-29).

There are many factors e.g., Joblessness, high inflation, illiteracy, backwardness, local disputes, political rivalry, urban density, cultural variations and religious intolerance which is compelling young people (15-29) to commit crimes. Continuous failure in education, longer unemployment and disgrace by family members put the youth in conditions where they develop a strong desire for immediate success. Sensing failure and contempt, they develop criminal behavior by rejecting meritocratic ideology (Cloward and Ohlin, 1960).

The criminal behaviour or act is not associated with specific group; caste, race or gender but risk of becoming involved in antisocial behaviour varies with personality and social conditions (Stevenson, Tufts, Hendrick and Kowalski, 1999). Educational attainment level and employment status are core determinants of crime trends among youth (15-29). Most importantly, unemployment produces bored or frustrated actors in society. These subjects engage themselves in different criminal activities to alleviate the frustration (Farrington et al., 1986). The whole world is facing international terrorism. The evidence shows that most of the criminals / terrorists belong to young ages. CRIMES SITUATION IN PAKISTAN

According to Population Reference Bureau (2010) Pakistan is the 6th populous country in the world with 58% of youth population. It is projected that Pakistan will have 80 million of its youth by 2025, a boom of young people, which will remain active by another 25 years. Existing number of young people (15-29) is 36 million (UNDP, 2011), applying projection formula, this number will increase in coming years at a remarkable level.

At present, demographers are arguing that there is need to utilize this natural gift “Demographic Dividend” optimally by providing them education and employment. If this chunk will be educated and skilled during this era then they will contribute in socioeconomic development of the country in the future. Otherwise there will be an acute shortage of skilled professionals to sustain the developmental pace of the country due to aging society in future. Unfortunately, the youth is deprived of education and employment thus many youngsters (15-29) are involved in non-acceptable activities which are not only spoiling individuals but also negating peace promotion and development activities of the nation.

Historically, the crime rate in Pakistan has been quite high since independence. The statistics reveal that total 73105 crime cases were registered in 1947, which doubled to 129,679 in 1971. There was a tragic increase in crimes after 1980 and the total reported crimes during the next decade (1980-90) were almost 403,078. This number reached to 438044 in 2007 (Gillani, Rehman and Gill, 2009). The annual growth rate of crimes is also increasing since

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1951. The above mentioned figures are reveling reported crimes but the real picture cannot be drawn without inclusion of non-reported crimes in the country. The situation becomes more drastic if unreported crimes become part of crime statistics. About 30-50% crimes remain unreported in Pakistan generally (Gilanniet al., 2009).

Pakistan being a front line alien of the war against terrorism is experiencing adverse effects of global terrorism. Still majority of the population is illiterate. The unemployment rate is also high. Small scale enterprises are going to close due to terrible load shedding. Strong rooted religious extremism has created anarchy in society. Socio-political disputes are routine matters in rural and urban areas.

Foreign debts are increasing and the value of the Rupee is declining rapidly. In view of above, the huge proportion of illiterate youth population has no clear guidelines about present and future career. Marginalized youth is becoming puppets in the hands of vested interest holders and they are using them as terrorists or involving them in several crimes. Therefore, the peace promotion efforts and developmental endeavours planned by the Government or local communities are still unable to mitigate crime trends among youth. DEMOGRAPHY & CRIME TRENDS IN DISTRICT GUJRAT

Gujrat is an ancient district of Pakistan located between the two famous rivers, Chinab and Jhelum where almost 2.4 million people are residing. Urban population is 27.7 percent and rural proportion is 72.3 percent. The gender based bifurcation of population is 1.0 million males and 1.4 million females. The proportion of youth population ages (10-29) is 15 percent (District Population Office Gujrat, 2010).

Gujrat is known as the notorious district where crime trends have been significantly higher as compared to other districts of Punjab. According to Punjab Police Statistics (2010) most of the crimes are committed by young people in Gujrat. In 2005 about 7242 acute crimes were reported in Gujrat and this number reached to 10528 in 2007 (Punjab Police, 2010). The graph of crimes is consistently increasing with every passing day which is alarming for the peace promotion efforts and enforcement of law in the district. The political confrontations, agri-land disputes, domestic issues, unemployment, illiteracy, ignorance, caste based conflicts and personal grudges are causing increased crime trends in Gujrat. This study highlights major crime trends among youth (15-29) in Gujrat. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Lee (2002) examined the relationship between labor market conditions and various

crime series. The results of study provided a strong support for a long-run equilibrium relationship between unemployment and various crime series.

Deller et al. (2001) conducted a study in rural U.S. counties and found that crime rates were positively associated with higher levels of population and employment growth but not income growth.

Baron and Hartnagel (1997) conducted a study on street youth crimes where they found that long-term unemployment and sparse employment histories tend to undermine perceptions of equal opportunity and lead the youth to blame the government, private industry, and the economy for their present condition. The combination of these attributions with extensive joblessness, and a poor employment record increases youth participation in crime.

Hartnageul (1998) studied the labor-market problems with reference to crime trends among youth. He found that unemployment and job instability experienced by youth is causing

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criminal behaviour, particularly among those who have certain attitudes, beliefs and expectations with the labour market.

Welish, Schmidt, McKinnon, Chattha, Meyers (2008) discussed the developmental and experimental nature of adolescence with reference to crimes. They suggested that youth crime is more complex than adult crime. Dryfoos (1993) identified common characteristics among young people with respect to crimes e.g., low school achievements and basic skills, lack of parental support, low resistance to peer influences, early acting-out and residence in disadvantaged areas. Redmond (2009) reported that alcohol related offences are the single largest category of offences committed by young people in Ireland. However, temporal and situational factors influence on this offense. Intake of alcohol increases at different happy occasions and this offending behavior increases on weekends for specific hours. The main objectives of this study are: To find out the crime trends in Gujrat district To highlight the proportion of young criminals (15-29) in criminal cases To figure out the nature of crimes committed by young people (15-29) in Gujrat district To see the variations in crime trends among youth (15-29) with respect to gender, caste,

religion, residential area and profession METHOD AND MATERIALS

The study was conducted in the Gujrat District by analysing secondary data of sentences criminals (from January, 2010 to February, 2011). Data was obtained from Crimes Scene Cell, Civil Lines Police Station, Gujrat where all declared criminals are sent for criminal biography e.g., finger prints, picture, address and crime history. One year record was comprised of 14500 cases and 3 percent cases were analyzed randomly on selected variables to know crime trends among youth (15-29) in Gujrat. Total 426 cases were studied and data were analysed on the following variables- Age, Gender, Caste, Religion, Residential Area (Urban or Rural), Profession, and Nature of Crime. Data was analyzed by using Statistical Software SPSS.

FINDINGS

Table No. 1 shares the nature of crimes committed by offenders in Gujrat during the last year. Most frequent offences were related to intoxicants which were committed by 36.2 percent criminals. Theft and offences related to weapons were committed by almost equal (13 percent) criminals. Robbery, murder and abortion or attempts thereof were committed by 13 percent criminals. The percentage of crimes e.g., firing with criminal intent, kidnapping and abduction remained equal. There was a marginal gap between burglary and traffic related offences. Offenders of vehicle snatching were 1.9 percent. About 3.6 percent offenders were sentenced against crimes like hurt, injuries, fraud, property crimes and refusal to appear as witness. Less than one percent people were declared culprit against bribery, rape, fraudulent activities and threatening. Weapon crimes by drunkards, protection of proclaiming offenders, gambling and harassment of women were also reported offences during the last year.

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Table No. 1 Proportion Of Crimes Nature of Crimes Percent

Offenses relating to Intoxicants 36.2 Theft 13.6 Offences related to Weapons 13.4 Robbery / Dacoity 8.7 Murder / Abortion or attempt thereof 8.7 Firing with Criminal Intent 3.5 Kidnapping / Abduction 3.3 Burglary 2.3 Traffic Offenses 2.1 Vehicle Snatching / Theft 1.9 Hurt / Injuries 1.2 Fraud / Property Crimes 1.2 Refusal to Appear as Witness 1.2 Bribery / White Collar Crimes .9 Rape / Fraudulent Activities .5 Threatening .5 Weapon Crimes by Drunkards .2 Protection of Proclaimed Offender .2 Gambling .2 Harassment of Women .2

Total 100.0

Table No. 2 shows the age structure of criminals. It was found that crime incidents were higher among young people aged (15-29) and gradual decline with respect to age in crime incidents was observed in subsequent age groups of 30-44 and 45+ years.

Table No.2 Age of Criminals

Age Group Percent

15-29 59.2 30-44 24.6 45+ 16.2

Total 100.0 Table No. 3 highlights the nature of crimes committed by youth aged (15-29) in

Gujrat. Crime incidents remained high in the age group of 25-29 where 46 criminals were involved in offences related to intoxicants. In this youth age group, offenses related to weapons, theft, robbery and dacoity remained common crimes. In the youth ages 20-24 years, offence related to intoxicants was committed by 37 people and weapons related crimes, robbery, theft, firing remained subsequently higher. Data indicates that crime trends among adolescent people (15-19) were not as high as among the mature age group (24-29). Theft and offences related to intoxicants were equally among young people (24-29). Murder, abortion or attempt thereof and weapons related offences were subsequently equal among adults (15-19).

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Table No. 3 Crime Trends among Youth (15-29)

Age of Criminals (Years)

Theft

Murder / Abortion

or Attempt thereof

Robbery / Dacoity

Offenses relating to Intoxicants

Offences related to Weapons

Firing with

Criminal Intent

Others Total

15-19 8 7 3 9 6 1 9 43 20-24 10 7 12 37 15 7 14 102 25-29 13 4 12 46 16 3 13 107 Total 31 18 27 92 37 11 36 252

Table No. 4 shows that majority of young criminals was belonged to Tehsil Gujrat

where offences relating to intoxicants were significantly higher. Theft, use of weapons during quarrel, robbery and murder come later. Tehsil Kharian comes at 2ndposition with respect to crimes among youth (15-29). In Kharian, the significant offenses were related to intoxicants and use of weapons, robbery, theft, firing with criminal intent, murder or attempt thereof. The crime trends among youth (15-29) were lowest in Tehsil Sarye Alamgir. Offences related to intoxicants and weapons were significant in this Tehsil committed by youth (15-29).

Table No. 4 Tehsil Wise Crime Trends among Youth (15-29)

Tehsil Theft

Murder / Abortion or attempt thereof

Robbery / Dacoity

Offenses relating to Intoxicants

Offences related to Weapons

Firing with Criminal Intent

Others Total

Gujrat 21 13 14 65 16 4 22 155

Kharian 8 3 12 19 12 4 12 70

SaryeAlamgir 2 2 1 8 9 3 2 27

Total 31 18 27 92 37 11 36 252 Table No. 5 shows crime trends among young people (15-29) in different castes. It

was found that the young people (15-29) belonged to “Jutt” community were more inclined towards crimes. The subsequent criminals were belonged to “Rana, Bhatti, Rajpoot”, “Gujjar”, “Malik, Awan, Aryien”, “Syed, Shah”, “Mochi, Rehmani, Naiee”, “Butt, Dar, Mir”, “Mirza, Mughal”, “Qureshi, Hashmi”, “Sheikh” and “Machi, Ansari” in Gujrat. Among all young criminals of these communities the most significant offences were related to intoxicants and weapons. Other crimes were theft, robbery, murder and firing committed by youth (15-29).

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Table No. 5 Caste and Crime Trends among Youth (15-29)

Caste Theft

Murder / Abortion

or Attempt thereof

Robbery / Dacoity

Offenses relating to Intoxicants

Offences related to Weapons

Firing with

Criminal Intent

Others Total

Jutt 9 5 6 10 8 2 4 44 Rana / Bhatti / Rajpoot 2 3 1 8 10 0 6 30

Gujjar 1 2 0 12 4 3 3 25 Malik / Awan / Aryien 4 2 4 7 3 1 2 23

Syed/Shah 1 1 3 9 1 1 3 19 Mochi / Rehmani / Naiee 2 0 2 7 1 2 5 19

Butt / Dar / Mir 5 1 0 8 1 0 3 18 Mirza / Mughal 1 1 2 6 3 2 2 17 Qureshi / Hashmi 2 1 4 4 2 0 2 15 Sheikh 4 2 0 5 1 0 1 13 Machi / Ansari 0 0 3 7 0 0 3 13 Others 0 0 2 9 3 0 2 16

Total 31 18 27 92 37 11 36 252 Table No. 6 shows that majority of young criminals were Muslims by religion.

Only 3.6 percent criminals were Christians.

Table No. 6 Religion of Young Criminals (15-29)

Religion Percent Muslim 96.4 Non-Muslim 3.6 Total 100.0

Table No. 7 shows that the crime trends were higher among young people (15-29),

belonged to rural areas. Offences relating to intoxicants were equal in rural and urban areas, but incidences of murder and use of weapons in criminal activities were higher in rural areas. Theft and firing were equal in both areas. However, disputes on agri-land were higher in rural areas.

Table No. 7 Crime Trends among Youth (15-29) in Urban & Rural Areas

Residential Area of

Criminals Theft

Murder / Abortion

or Attempt thereof

Robbery / Dacoity

Offenses relating to Intoxicants

Offences related to Weapons

Firing with

Criminal Intent

Others Total

Urban 16 6 14 46 13 6 14 115 Rural 15 12 13 46 24 5 22 137

Total 31 18 27 92 37 11 36 252

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Table No. 8 shows that incidents of crime were higher among young blue collar

laborers / workers. Offences related to intoxicants were significantly higher in this working community. Theft, robbery and offences related to weapons were equal among young blue collar workers but cases of murder / abortion were slightly lower in this working community. Incidents of theft, murder, drinking, use of weapons in criminal activities were almost equal among young people belonged to Zamindar families or those who were linked with agri-business. The majority of unemployed young people were found habituated to drinking but rest of evils were rare among them.

Table No. 8 Professional Associations and Crime Trends among Youth (15-29)

DISCUSSION

Varieties of crimes were committed by people in the Gujrat district during 2010. Almost 14500criminals were sentenced against different offenses during 2010. The offenders committed various crimes and most significant were use of drugs, drinking, theft, use of weapons during quarrel, robbery, murder, abortion, kidnapping, burglary, traffic violation, vehicle snatching, injuries, fraud, property crimes, refusal to appear as witness, bribery, rape, fraudulent activities, threatening, protection of proclaimed offenders, gambling and harassment of women. The proportion crimes remained high among young criminals (15-29). However, the involvement of middle-aged people (25-29) in criminal activities was much higher than younger groups (15-19 & 20-24). Middle-aged criminals (25-29) were involved in offences related to intoxicants, use of weapons during quarrel, theft and robbery. Among younger age groups (20-24) criminals, offences related to intoxicants, robbery, theft and firing during quarrel were significantly higher. The adults (15-19) were less involved in criminal activities. They were engaged in theft, murder, abortion, weapons related offences and use of alcohol / drugs.

The majority of young criminals (15-29) was belonged to Tehsil Gujrat. Use of drugs / alcohol was the most significant crime committed by youth (15-29) in this Tehsil. Other crimes were theft, use of weapons, robbery and murder. The second largest group of criminals was belonged to Tehsil Kharian, where significant offences were use of drugs / alcohol / weapons, robbery, theft, firing and murder. In Tehsil SaryeAlamgir, the crime incidents were found lowest. But the offences related to intoxicants and weapons were higher in this Tehsil also.

Four major castes exist in district Gujrat, which are Jutt, Butt, Shah and Mirza. The majority of young criminals (15-29) was belonged to “Jutt” community. The young

Profession of Criminals Theft

Murder / Abortion

or attempt thereof

Robbery / Dacoity

Offenses relating to Intoxicants

Offences related to Weapons

Firing with

Criminal Intent

Others Total

Laborer / Worker (blue collar)

22 10 24 74 26 7 27 190

Zamindar (Agri-business) 5 4 1 4 5 0 2 21

Unemployed 2 1 0 8 1 2 1 15 Others 2 3 2 6 5 2 6 26

Total 31 18 27 92 37 11 36 252

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criminals (15-29) from “Rana/Bhatti/Rajpoot” community were at 2nd position. Young people (15-29) of “Gujjar” community were in 3rd position with reference to crime incidents. 4th majority with reference to the crimes was comprised of young criminals (15-29) from “Malik/Awan/Aryien” community. “Syed/Shah” community stands at 5th position with respect to crimes. But crime trends were higher among people of 40+ in “Syed/Shah” community. A significant proportion of young criminals (15-29) also belonged to “Mochi, Rehmani, Naiee, Butt, Dar, Mir, Mirza, Mughal, Qureshi, Hashmi, Sheikh, Machi, and Ansari communities. Offences relating to intoxicants, use of weapons, theft, robbery, murder and firing were found common among young people (15-29) of these communities.

More than 94 percent young criminals (15-29) were Muslims by religion and the rest of 6 percent were Christians. The majority of the young criminals (15-29) belonged to rural areas. Unfortunately, the youth (15-29) was fond of drugs and use of alcohol both in urban and rural areas. The use of weapons for criminal activities and attempt for murder were higher in rural areas. Theft and firing with criminal intents were equal in both areas. However, disputes on Agri-land were significantly higher in rural areas.

Young people (15-29) attached with blue collar jobs were found highly motivated for criminal activities. Offences related to intoxicants were significantly higher in this working class. Offenses about theft, robbery and use of weapons were common among the young blue collar workers (15-29) but cases of murder / abortion were slightly lower in this community. Incidents of theft, murder, drinking, use of weapons in criminal activities were almost equal among the young people belonged to Zamindar families or attached with agri-business. Majority of unemployed young people were habituated of drinking but rest of evils were rare among them. CONCLUSION

Offences related to intoxicants, theft, robbery, firing with criminal intent and murder were salient crimes committed by youth (15-29) in Gujratdistrict during 2010. It is concluded that young people (15-29) were more involved in criminal activities as compared to the rest of the population. Among young people, middle-aged people (25-29) found more involve in criminal intents during the last year. Young people (15-29) belonged to rural areas were more involved in criminal activities relatively. Young people (15-29) from Jutt, Rana and Gujjar communities had more inclination towards crimes. Low paid jobs were causing criminal intents among young people (15-29) strongly. It is inferred that young people (15-29) associated with laborer profession were more inclined toward crimes as compared to other professions. Unemployment was also stimulating criminal activities among youth (15-29) in Gujrat. It is concluded that the involvement of young people (15-29) in criminal activities at large scale is threatening the law and order situation of the district. RECOMMENDATIONS The district police department should organize informative / counselling sessions with

youth (15-29) at different forms about adverse consequences of crimes. The district police department should devise a comprehensive plan to eliminate the

prevalence of drugs, alcohol and other intoxicants both in urban and rural areas.

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Peace promotion plans should be encouraged in the areas of Jutt, Rana, Bhatti, Gujjar and Shah communities / villages either by the police department or local peace promotion committees.

Government should provide education and employment facilities for youth (15-29) at maximum level.

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