1Title Seven Revised Penal Code.Crimes Committed by Public Ofcers!. Introduction: Although the ofenders areprincipallypublicofcers therearecrimesunder this title !hich may also becommitted by private persons bythemselves as such li"e i# the crime o#$n%delityintheCustodyo# aPrisonerand&alversation by a Private person underArticle'''. Theymayalsobeliable!henthey conspire !ith the public ofcer or !henthey participate as accomplices oraccessories. II. Thetermpublic ofcer per article'() is any person !ho by direct provisiono# la! popular election or appointment bycompetent authorityshallta"epartintheper#ormance o# public #unctions in thegovernment or shall per#orm in saidgovernment or in any o# its branches publicduties as an employee agent orsubordinate ofcial o# any ran" or class A.There is no distinction bet!een a publicofce and a public employee so long as theperson* +i, ta"es part in per#ormance o# public#unctions or +ii, per#orms public duties-. $tisnotthenatureo# theappointment!hich counts but the duties per#ormed.They may be permanent temporary orcasual ofcers. .ence one appointed asmerelaborerbut !hose #unctionisto sortand %le money orders or emergency helperbut !hose #unctions include custody o#documents is a public ofcerC. They include members o# a special bodycreated by la! to per#orm a #unction #or thegovernment as in the CentennialCommission $$$. -reach o# Ofce are classi%ed into three #orms*A).Malfeasance/doinganactprohibitedby la! or that !hich ought not to be done ornot supposed to be done. As in arresting aperson!hohasnotcommittedacrimeorspending money under one0s custodyB). Misfeasance/ the improper or irregularper#ormanceo#anact!hichisallo!edtobe doneC,.Nonfeasance/ the non/per#ormance#ailureor re#usal toanact !hichoneisre1uired to do Dereliction of Duty by fcers !elatedto the Administration of "ustice $. $ntroduction* The ofenses covered byArticles '(2 to '(3 pertain to acts by4udges Prosecutors and 5a!yers + !ho areofcers o# theCourt,. Theyaregenerallyconsidered as prevaricacion or crimesinvolving betrayal o# trust $$. 6erelictionby4udges + Articles '(2t('(7, A. The4udges re#erredto areTrial Court4udges and not to 4udges o# Collegial orAppellate Courts 8 +$t, has no applicationto members o#collegial courts such as the Sandiganbayanor its divisions !ho reach their decision inconsultation and accordingly render theircollective 9udgment a#ter due deliberation: +Cortes vs. Chico/;an9ust 4udgment i.eone!hich is not in accordance !ith the la! andthe evidence*1. Knowingly or Intentionally (i). the intention is to favor a party or to cause damage to another; or rendered due to ill will, spite, revenge, or otherpersonal ill motive, but not through bribery (ii). It is not the fact that the decision was reversed on appeal which brings about the crimebut proof of the ill motive.. !endered through negligence which is manifest or ine"cusable, or through ignorance. #"ample$ applying a law which has been repealed or a decision which has been reversed.%udges are re&uired to 'eep abreast of latest developments in the law and in (urisprudence.

'). !endering an *n(ust Interlocutory +rder either 'nowingly,intentionally or through ine"cusable negligence or ignorance.1. -n interlocutory order is one which decides onan issue related to the case but does not decide the case on the merit or on the evidence. #"ample$ granting bail to a non.bailable offense; /. /elay in the -dministration of %ustice1. 0his must be malicious or that there is an intent to cause damage or in(ury to any of the parties. #"ample$ delay in the calendaring or cases; fre&uent grant of postponements, delaying the decision or failure to render the decision within the time allowed by law #.1owever, before a %udge can be charged for !endering an *n(ust %udgment or *n(ust Interlocutory +rder, there must be a 2 final and authoritative (udicial declaration that the decision or order in &uestion is indeed un(ust.3 0he pronouncement may result from either$1. -n action for )ertiorari or prohibition in the higher court impugning the validity of the (udgment or. -n administrative proceeding in the 4upreme )ourt against the (udge precisely for promulgating an un(ust (udgment or order ( %oa&uin vs. 5orromeo, 61 4)!- 67) $$$.6ereliction or Prevaricacion +-etrayalo#Trust, by Prosecutors under Article '(? -. -rticle 87 embraces all public officers whose officialduties involve the initiation of prosecution for the punishment of law violators. 0hey include$1. 9rosecutors and their assistants. 5I! agents who fail to report violations of the :I!);. . 5arangay )aptains 5. 0he essence of dereliction is that the public officer 'nows of the commission of an offense but $1. 1e does not cause the prosecution thereof i.e to gather evidence and then file the appropriate charges. 1e tolerates the commission thereof. :ote$ if ncase of an illegal numbers game, the offense would be under !-. ?7@ ). 0he crime committed by the law violator must first beproved as basis fro conviction for dereliction.D. #uery: &ay policemen or la! en#orcement agents be held liable i# they see a crime but do not arrest the criminal ordo not investigate gather evidence and charge the criminal@1. The vie! is that they are not liable under Article '(? but they are to be held as accessories under Article 13 i.e assisting in the escape o# the principal or that they may be liable under the Anti/Ara#t and Corrupt Practices ActBor under P6. 1?'3 #orobstruction o# 9ustice .'. Personal vie!* $# the ofense by thecriminal is punished by a special la! !herethere are no accomplices or accessories thechargeshouldbeunder Article '(?. Thesameshouldbetrueincasetheofensetolerated is a light #elony$C. 6ereliction by An Attorney* -etrayal o# Trust >nder Article '(3. -. 0he prevaricacion includes$)1. Causingpre9udicetotheclient throughmalicious breach o# pro#essional duty orineDcusable negligence. There must bedamagetotheclient. EDamples* #ailuretopay the appeal #ee or to %le an Ans!er or tosubmit a Formal Ofer o# Evidence'. Revealing the Secrets o# a Client learnedby him in his pro#essionalduty. +;ote* Thisis the second ofense involving disclosure o#secrets,. Secrets are to be construed asincluding the la!yer0s adviseB papersdocuments and ob9ects delivered by theclientB the la!yer0s impressions o# the client). Representing the opposing party !ithout the consent o# the client-. The crime is !ithout pre9udice to the administrative liability o# the attorney Art. $%&. B!IB'!( I. Introduction:-ribery connotes the ideao# a public ofcer utilineDplained!ealthaspropertymani#estly out o#proportion to the incomeo# a public ofcer. 1. Possession o# uneDplained !ealth is a ground #or removal or dismissal'. $t is a prima #acie evidence o# corruption). Prosecution #or uneDplained !ealth is an eDception to the Secrecy o# -an" 6epositsE. Section 1) o# the la! Provides #orSuspensionPendente5iteo# theaccusedpublic ofcer 1. A#ter an $n#ormation is %led in Court #or * +a, Ciolation o# R.A. )(13 or +b, under Title 7o# the RPCi.e. CrimesCommitted by Public Ofcers or +c, #or any ofense involving #raud upongovernment or public #undsthe ofcershall suspended #rom ofce. '. The suspension applies to any ofce!hich the ofcer charged might be holdingand not necessarily the particular ofceunder !hich he !as charged or under !hichthe act !as committed. ). The crimes maybe simple or compleD!ith another !hether attempted or#rustrated and even i# the ofcer0sparticipation is as an accomplice oraccessory only. 2. Theperiod!as#ormerly#or the!holeduration o# the trial but the period has been%Ded to be the same period as that provided#or under the Civil Service 5a! !hich is 3(days and !hich li"e!ise is the periodprovided #or under Section =' o# theAdministrative Code #o13?7. EDample* $n ;icart vs. Sandiganbayan + 23=SCRA 7),a &ayor !as charged #or&alversation be#ore the Sandiganbayan and!as imposed a 3( day preventivesuspension. .e argued that malversation isnot coveredbytheAnti Ara#t la!andheshould not be suspended and even then theperiod should be only K( days pursuant tosection K) o# the 5ocal Aovernment Code. .E56* &alversationisanofenseinvolving#raud against the government #unds and isclearly included among the crimes coveredby RA )(13. Section 1) o# said la! providesa suspension #or !hich the period is 3( dayspursuanttoeDisting9urisprudence notablySegoviavs. Sandiganbayan+'??SCRA)'?&arch '7 133?, ;otethat under theP;P5a!+ RAK37=,!hen a P;P member is charged !ith agrave ofense !here the penalty prescribedis K yearsand1day ormore he shall besuspended #romofce to last until theterminationo# thecase+.imaganvs. PP')7 SCRA =)?,

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The Suspension is &andatory -ut ;ot Automatic +a,. &andatoryinthattheofcermustbesuspended !hatever be his position.+b,. .o!ever the suspension is notautomatic because be#ore the Court+ note* only theCourt may order thesuspension, there must %rst be a &otiontoSuspend andi# theofcer does notvoluntarily place himsel# undersuspension but contests the &otion thenthere must be8Pre Suspension.earing 8 to determine the #ollo!ing* +i,The validity o# the $n#ormation +ii, $# theaccused !as aforded the right to aPreliminary $nvestigation +iii, $# there is agroundtoHuashthe$n#ormation+iv,$#the ofense charged is a Ciolationo#Title7o# theRevisedpenal CodeoriscoveredbytheAACPA. $t isonlythenthat theCourt issuesanOrder placingthe accused under suspensionO.o!ever i# the accused had ampleopportunity to be heard on theProsecution0s &otion #ro Suspension3Pendenti 5iteand!ereallo!edto%letheir comment or opposition thereto andagreed to submit the &otion #orResolution upon submission o# theircommentJopposition there !as no moreneedtosetthemotiontoSuspend#orhearing on a speci%c time and date.+ -edreyvs. Sandiganbayan 277SCRA'?K,F. Efect o# Conviction / 5oss o# retirement orgratuity bene%ts. $n case o# ac1uittal/reinstatement plus payment o# bac" salariesunless in the meantime the ofcer has beenadministrativelyA. Apublic ofcer maybechargedunderR.A. )(13 and under the Revised Penal Code#or the same ofense+Ramiscal vs.Sandiganbayan 233 SCRA 7=,.. 4urisdictionovertheofenseis!iththeSandiganbayan #or those public ofcersoccupying a salary grade o# 'K or higherArt. 213. Frauds Against the Public Treasury andSimilar Offenses A. Concept* The violations punished aree1uivalenttocheatingthepublictreasury.There are t!o "inds o# #rauds punished. -.FraudunderParagraph1* punishesanypublic ofcer !ho in his ofcial capacityenters into an agreement or scheme tode#raud the government. $t does not matterthatthegovernment!asnotdamagedasmereintent tode#raudconsummates thecrime.1. >sually !hen in connivance !ithsuppliers the government is made to pay#or morethan!hat it hasreceivedB orthereisoverpricingB or paying#or poor1uality o# articles or suppliesB or #ordouble paymentB or paying #or 8ghostdeliveries:'. Also ma"ing the government re#und morethan !hat it has to re#und).There must ho!ever be no %Ded amount!hich !as set aside or appropriatedbe#ore hand to be spend or to cover thepurchase. Thus i# the sum o# P1(((((.((!as set aside to purchase %ve computerseven i# said computers are o# poor 1ualityandare!orthonlyP7=(((.(( thereisno Fraud against the treasury.-ut i# theofcerpresentsabill o# P1(((((.((topay #or %ve computers and !hich amount!asgiven !henintruththecomputersare !orth only P7=(((.(( then thiscrime is committed. C. $llegal EDaction >nder paragraph '1. Theofender islimitedtothosepublicofcers entrusted !ith the collection o#taDes licenses #ees and other imposts. .eis thus an accountable public ofcer $#other!ise the crime !ould be esta#a..o!ever ofcersunderthe-$Rand-oCare covered by the ;$RC and CustomsCode or the Administrative Code.'. There is no need #or misappropriation o##unds or intent tode#raudbecausetheessenceo# thecrimeistheimproper orirregular manner o# the collection. ). The acts are*a). /emanding the payment of sums different from orlarger than those authoriAed by law.+i,. .ere mere demand is sufcient eveni# the payer re#used to come across. $#hepoc"ets theeDcess hecommitsesta#a through illegal eDaction+ii,. Suppose the payor allo!s himto"eepthechangeandtheofcerdidnot turn it over to the government hecommits malversation. $t is to thegovernment that the change must goasanaccretiono# theamount due+ Principle o# Accretion, .+iii,. Suppose the ofcer demandsP1(((.((!hentheamount dueisonly P7((.((. .e spent the entireP1(((.((. .e is guilty o# illegaleDaction+#or demandingadiferentamount, Esta#a #or spending theeDcesso# P)((.((andmalversationas to the amount o# P7(((.(( !hichis government #unds b,. Failingtovoluntarily issueanofcialreceipt #or the money collected. Thecrimeis committedi# !hat areissuedare only provisional receipt c,. Collecting or receiving by !ay o#payment or other!ise things or ob9ectso# a nature diferent #rom that providedby la!. 1(+i,. Paymentsaretobeinthe#ormo#cashor thepayor0s personal chec". $tdoesnot matter that theob9ect hasahigher value than !hat is due. Art. $%;. ther )rauds. A. Concept* This article does not punish anyofense. Lhatisprovidedistheadditionalpenalty o# special dis1uali%cation upon apublic ofcer !ho commits esta#a by ta"ingadvantage o# his ofcial position. -. EDamples* The 4udge entices an accusedto hand to him money !hich the 4udge !illpost ascashbondbut hespendsit. Theheado# Ofce !hocollects contributions#rom his employees to purchase #orsupplies but spends the money #or himsel#i# #ound guilty !ould be imposed thisadditional penalty. Art. 21. Prohibited Transactions A. Concept* Thisprohibitsanyappointiveofcial !ho during his incumbency #rombecominginterestedinanytransactiono#eDchange or speculation !ithin his territorial9urisdiction. This is to prevent him#ormusing his inGuence in his #avor -. EDample* A 9udge is not to participate in an eDecution sale Art. '1K* Possession o# Prohibited $nterest. A. Concept* This punishes the act o#becominginterestedor participatingbyapublic ofcer virtute ofcii in any contractin !hich it is his ofcialduty to intervene.Actual #raud is not necessary but the act ispunished to prevent the possibility that theofcer may commit #raud or places hisinterest over that o# the government. -. .encei# heparticipatedinhisprivatecapacity he is not liable. EDample*The6irector o# the 6SL6 assumed themortgage eDecuted in #avor o# a creditor. .edid so as a private businessman. .e is notliable. C. EDample* The City is need o# a building torent. Themayor approvedthecontract o#lease!iththeA-Ccorporation o!ner o#thebuilding but heis adirector o# saidcompany. MA1>lement) Classi%ed into +1, Ordinary andTechnicaland +', $ntentional or culpable Art. 21!. Simple or Ordinary -. #lements$1. The ofender is a public accountableofcer'. .ehas custodyor control o# #unds orpropertybyreasono# thedutieso# hisofce). The #unds or property are public #unds orproperty #or !hich he !as accountable2. .eappropriated too" misappropriatedor consented or through abandonment ornegligence permittedanotherpersontota"e them

B. By 5hom committed: 1. 9rimarily only by an accountable public officer$ onewhohaschargeof publicfundsor propertiesandisanswerable therefore. If he ta'es property over whichanother officer is accountable, he is guilty of theft a,. -y reason o# the #unctions o# his ofce inthat his primary #unctions pertain to thereceipt care and custody o# #unds orproperty. EDamples* treasurers cashiersdisbursing ofcersB Property CustodiansCler"s o# Court -$RJCustoms CollectorsBEvidenceCustodians. Alsoapoliceman!ho con%scates contrabands orprohibited articles #rom personsarrested. Policemen in custody o# articlessei